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http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/1/1/loc_hilt_0000001_0000005a.pdf
51dbdfa00d4588ca87e07e24892dc802
PDF Text
Text
•
•
GEORGE C. MARSHAL L SP ACE FLI G HT C E~T E R
HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA
Memorandum
TO
All Employees
FROM
Manager. Mission Operatio ns Office.
PM-MO - MGR
SUBJECT
Abbrevi ated Apo llo 11 TiIne line
DATE July 9. 19 69
In reply refer to:
PM-M O - M c;R -114 -6 9
Because of the importance and hist o ri c al significance of the Apollo 11
Mission, we have prepared an abbreviat ed Apo llo 11 timeline fr o m Liftoff
Splas hdown to help you in fo llowing this miss i on from day t o day.
to
This timelinc is based on a nOITlinallifto ff time o f 8:32 a. m . eDT o n
July 16, 1 969. which cor r es p onds t o a 72° Launch Azimuth . A space is left
in th e t ime li ne (COT, Actual) to allow you to make any c o rrections t o this
nominal time. Highlights of this mission include the LM Lunar touchdown
at 3: 19 p.:m. CDT o n Sunday, July 20 . and then a t 1 ;17 a. m. CD T o n Monday.
Astronaut Neil Armstrong is scheduled to be t he first ma n t o step o nto the
moonrs surfac e . Liftoff from the lunar surface is schedu l ed to occur just
21 hours 36 minutes after touchdown, o r 12;55 p. m. COT, Monday , Ju ly 21.
The Mission p r oCHe for Apollo II is:
Laun ch Phase
Earth Par king Orbit
Translunar Coast (TLC)
Lunar Orbit (LO)
L M Undocked from CSM
T r ansearth Coast to Splashdown
hrs:min
0: II
2:33
7 3: 10
59:30
27:45
59:53
Ground E lapsed T im e (GET)
T -O to
0: 11
0: 11 to
2 :44
2 :44 t o
7 5 : 54
75:54 to 135:2 4
1 00: 15 t o 128:0 0
1 35 :2 4 to 195: 17
The Flight Crew Co r Apollo 1 1 is:
Commander ( C DR)
Command Module Pilot (eMP)
Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)
Ne il Armstrong
Michael Co lli ns
Edwin Aldrin
TV transm ission times were not available and will be annou n ced dur i n g the
mission . A list oC a c ronyms is includ e d Cor your informa t io n . If addi ti onal
information is required. please contact Mr . Beutjer . PM-MO-H. 4 5 3 - 2260 .
F. A. Speer
Di stribut i on:
SDL- 5
. . Fe _ y ........ 11 ( A ...... U60)
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~OlLO I
~
'/
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AS-506
LUNAR LANDING
Abbreviated Timeline
prepared by
MISSION OPERATIONS OFFICE
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
HuntsYille, Alabama
•
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
AOS
APS
Acquisition of Sig. nal
Ascent Pro pu l sion Suhsysto ·m
C DI-!
Constant Delta Alliludc
Conlmander
Command Module
COITlma nd Module Pilot
Check out
Coe llipti c Sequence Initiation
COITlmand Service Module
CDP
CM
CM P
c/o
CSl
CSM
OOl
DPS
DST
Descent Orbit Insertion
Descent Propulsion Subsystem
Daylight Saving Time
EASEP
El
EVA
EO l
Early Apo llo Scientific Equipment Package
Earth (atmosphere) Inte rface
Extravehi cu lar Activity
Earth Orbit Insertion
GET
Ground Elapsed Time
lVT
Intravehi c ular Transfer
LM
LMP
LPO
LV
Lunar Module
Lunar Module Pilot
Lunar Orbit
Lunar Orbit Insertion
Loss of Signal
Lunar Parking Orbit
Launch V e hicle
MCC
MSFN
Midcourse Correction
Manned Space Flight Network
PDl
Powered Descent Initiat e
RCS
RNDZ
Reacti o n Co ntr o l System
Rendezvous
SM
SPS
SS
Se rvic e Modu le
Servi ce Propuls io n System
Solar Wind Compo sition
Sunrise
Sunset
TEC
TEl
TLC
TLI
TPl
TV
Trans Earth Coast
T ran searth In sertion
Trans Lunar Coast
Translunar Inserti o n
Terminal Phase Initi at io n
Te levision
LO
LOl
LOS
SWC
SR
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AB BREVIATED APOLLO 1 1 TIMEUNE
LUNAR 1A NO ING
(BASED ON A NOMINAL LIFTOFF OF 8:32 a.m.
GET
Wed nesda
Jut
16
CDT CDr Actual
100,00 , 00
00:02:41
00:02:42
8 : J2 a
8 ,3 5
8 , 35
00:09: 11
8:4 1
8 , 41
8, 44
8 : 44
11 : 16
11,22
11:47
11 : 57
12: 4 2p
1, 12
1,33
8 : 17
10 : 0 2
00,09,1 5
00,11,40
00:11 : 43
02:44:26
02,49,46
03,15
03,25
04,09,45
04:39:45
05,01
11, 45
13,30
EVENT
Li ftoff
S- IC /S - I I Separation
S-II Ignition
5-1 1 /5 - 1V8 Separalion
S-IVB Ign i tion
S-IVB Cutoff
~: OI ( 100 om )
S- IV B Reigni t ion - TLI
S-IV8 Cutoff
LV/ CSM Se parat i on
CSM/LM Docking
LM Ejection
GET
76,19
78 , 27
80,09 , 30
cor
ON JULY 16, 1969)
cor cor Actus 1
EVENT
Saturday, J uly 19 (c ont 'd)
12:S1p
AOs:85 Min. ( 55-43)
2:59
AOS:85 Mi n ., ( 55 - 43)
4 :4 2
_ LOI 2 (S4x66 ) (SR+12)
REV
(SPS: 16 . 4sec )
80,37
81 : 32
81:46
82 , 35
83:41
83,45
84:33
CSM/LM Evasive ( SPs : 3seC) 1 85 , 00
6: 1S
AOS : 72 Min . (55- 33)*
Clear Tunne l - Ope n Hatch
LMP IVT To 1M
(Housekeep ing Chore s )
AOS:72 Min . (SR+39)
LMP IVT To CSM
Close LM Ha tch
AOS:72 Mi n ( SR+3S)
Beg i n Res t (9 Hour s )
1
5
S- IVB Slingshot
MCCI (SPS)
Begin Rest (9 Hours)
Sunday, July 20 (Luna r La nding Da y)
5 : 32a
End Rest
Thur s day, Ju ly 17
6,56
AOS:72 Min (SR+37 )
10
_ lMP IVT To 1M
22,30
7: 02a
End Rest
6,56
26 , 45
8 , 54
11:17
HCC2
ADS: 72 Mi n (SR+ 36 )
11
) 7,00
Begin Rest (10 Hours)
8,57
9:32 p
1M Powe r ON
9 : 22
CDR I VT To 1M
9:52
LMP IVT To CSM
_ 1MP IVT To LM
10,07
Friday , July 18
_ Close CSM & 1M Hat c h
10:27
47:00
7: J2 a
End Rest
10,53
ADS : 71 Min ( SR+37 )
12
53 ,5 5
11 ,37
2:2 7p
Dep l oy Landing Gear
MCC3
4,32
11 , 54
56,00
Cl ear Tunnel - Open Hat c h
GO/NO - GO For Und oc king
4,47
56 ,15
LM P I V! To 1M
12 : 47p
- Undoc ki ng
II
4 , 52
56,20
CDR I VT To 1M
12:51
ADS ( CSM/1M):71 Min(SR+36)
56,28
5, 00
1M Famil i arization
L 12
CSM Separat i on Burn(RCS:8sec )
5 7 , 45
1, 50
6 : 17
LM P IVT To CSM
GO/NO -GO For DOl
57,50
CDR I VT To CSM
2,11
6: 22
001 (DPS 2S . 5sec )(9x5S)
2 , 49
58, 00
Close 1M Hatch
6 : 32
AOS(CSM) : 72 Min( SR+36) ~
60,00
8,32
Begin Rest (9 Hour s )
2,51
AOS (LM) Cont i nuous l y
(22 Hours 51 Min.)
102,35,13
POI ( DPS:l1 Mi n 5Ssec)
102:47: 11
,
Touchdown( Lun.St a y21:3 6 :15)
1M Checkout & Si mulated
~~~___s
~a~t~u~r~d~a~Yw,~J~u~l~y~IZ9~-c____________-"
R~ev 102:50
69:00
5 : 32a
End Rest
Countdown
70 : 00
6 : J2
200,000 nm From Earth
103:50
4 : 22
Photograph Lunar Su rface
· 4 : 47
70:55
7: 27
MCC4
104 : 15
AOS(CSM) : 71 Min(SR+3 6) 15
71:18
7: 50
En te r Moon ' s Shadow
104: 2-2
4:54
GO/NO- GO For Lunar
73: 52
10 : 24
Leave }1oon' s Shadow
Surface Operations
' 105 : 30
6, 02
75 : 35
12 : 07p
GO/NO - GO For LOl l
Begin Rest -1M (4 Ho urs)
6 , 45
1106,13
75 : 46
12:1 S
LOSLM / CSM
AOS(CSM) : 72 Min ( SR+3S) 16
75 : 54:2S 12: 2 7
_ LOll (59x170)
1 107 ,05,)3
7,38
CSM Plane Change( sps: .8 g'·l·
7 , 52
(SPS:360sec)
11107,20
Begin Rest -CSM (4 Hours)
• Even t pe r forme d outside range of MSFN
"" After LOI2: Lunar day is aporo x. 72 mi n I on)".
Lunar night is approx. 46 mi n l Oll~
94,00
94 , 24
95,50
96,22
96 , 25
96,50
97 , 20
97,35
97,55
9S: 21
99 , 05
99,22
100,15
100:19
100 , 39 , 50
101: IS
101,38,48
102, 17
'1 102 •' 19
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ABBREVIATED APOLLO 11 TlMELINE (CONTINUED)
GET
109 , 30
110,09
110:32
111:21
CDT
CDr Actual
Sunday. Jul y 20 (Cont'd)
lO:02 p
10,41
11,04
11,53
EVENT
End Rest - 1M
REV
GET
127:28:08
1 127 ,36,57
Min(SR+34)
Begin Prep.For Egress.
End Rest-CSM
Hatch. Start EVA
(2 Hr. 40 Min)
1: 17
1,27
1,45
1 :47
1:52
1: 56
113:40
113:55
114: 08
114,42
11 5: 00
115 ,10
116,04
116: 12
116 : 18
116:20
116: 24
117 , 20
9 , 42
121,10
10,32
122:00
123,56
12,28p
124,23,26 12,55
124: 30 :44 1, 03
1 :42
125 : 10
125, 21, 19 1 :53
125,50,28 2,22
125,54
2,26
2 : 29
i..S: S7
126,19 , 37 2 , 52
126 , 58 , 08 3,30
1' 7,13,08 3:45
cor cor
4 : 00p
4:09
AOS(~SM) , 72
Actua 1
EVENT
• Rndz MCC2:LM ReS
• Be gin LM ReS Braking
AOS(CSM & LM)72 Mi n
(SR+32)
4,32
6 , 23
6:42
7,17
8,22
8,25
Docking
AOS : 72 Mi n( SR+3 2)
CDR IVT To CSM
3.1 sec)
135:24:34 11:57
AOS:72 Min(SR+3 1)
• TEl (SPS: 149 sec)
TV Deployment (CDR)
(CDR)
1M Inspection(CDR/LMP)
135 , 35
137,00
147 , 00
150 , 24
II
28
LMP I VT To CSM
ADS:7l Min(SR+32)
1M Jett is on(CSM-RC S:
Initial EVA(CDR).TV On
Sample Cotlect i on(CDR)
Initial EVA (LMP)
SWC Deployment (LMP)
Bulk Sample Collection
REV
(5 Maneuvers)
127,53
128,00
129 , 51
130: 10
1 130 , 45
Monday, July 21
1 131 , 50
AOS(CSH): 71 Min(SR+34) 19 131 , 53,05
Depress Cab i n, Open
112 :45
112,55
113,13
113,15
113,20
113: 24
Page 2
Tue sday. July 22
0:07a
ADS : Continuously
1,32
Beg in Rest (10 Hour s)
End Rest
11:32
2,56p
MCC5
EASEP Deployment
(CDR/ LMP)
AOS (CSM):72 Min
(SR+34)
Documented Sample
Collection(CDR/LMP)
Wednesday. Ju l y 23
160,00
Terminate EVA (LMP)
0: 32a
Begin Rest (10 Hours)
170,00
10,32
End Rest
Terminate EVA (CDR)
Close Hatch, Repress
172:00
12: 32p
MCC6
182,00
10,32
Begin Rest (7 Hours )
Cabin. End EVA
AOS(CSM) , 72 Min(SR+34)
Cab i n Depress
Duen Hatch-Jettison
Equipment
Thursday. July 24
Begin Rest - CSM(4 Hr.
5 : 32a
End Rest
189,00
50 Min)
192:06
8,38
MeC7
ReDress Cabin - 1M
194 , 50
Begin Rest-LM(4 Hr.
11 : 22
CH / SM Separation
195,03
, 27 11 , 35
E1 (400 KFT)
40 Min)
195 , 03 , 45 11 , 36
Enter S- Band Blackout
End Rest-CSM
195,04 , 49 11: 37
End Rest - LM
Peak G
Exit S-Band Bl ackout
AOS(eSM):72 Min(SR+32) 12 195 , 06,51 11,39
Drogue Chute Dep l oy
APS Lift o ff( 7 Min 18 Sec) 195,11,39 11 , 44
195,12,27 11:44
Main Chute Dep l oy
Orbit Ins ertion(10x45)
LOS (LM)
195: 17:22 11,49
Splashdown (25 Min
Pr i or to SR Loca l
• CS I :1M RCS(45 Sec)
1
Time)
• Plane Change:LM RCS
AOS(CSM):72 Min(SR+32) 26
AOS(LM),69 Min(SR.35)
CDH:LM ReS (1.9 Sec)
TPI :LM ReS (22.4 Sec)
• Rndz Mec :L~ ReS
29
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Dublin Core
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Title
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Heinz Hilten Collection
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/29" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Heinz Hilten Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
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Heinz Hilten Collection
Description
An account of the resource
At the start of the Second World War, Heinz Hilten (1909 to 2013) was drafted into the German army, where he worked with von Braun’s V-2 rocket team at Peenemünde. In 1954, Hilten made his way to America, where he rejoined von Braun.
Hilten helped plan the growth of Alabama’s Redstone Arsenal until 1960, when he began designing laboratories, control centers, test stands, and administrative buildings for the newly minted Marshall Space Flight Center; Hilten also helped design the Saturn rocket program.
Hilten was also a founding member of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Abbreviated timeline of the Apollo 11 mission.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Apollo 11 (Spacecraft)
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Space flight
Huntsville (Ala.)
Madison County (Ala.)
Description
An account of the resource
The timeline includes a memorandum from Friedjof A. Speer, manager of the Missions Operations Office, to employees of Marshall Space Flight Center. Speer notes that "astronaut Neil Armstrong is scheduled to be the first man to step onto the moon's surface." The timeline outlines the entire mission from liftoff at 8:32 AM on Wednesday, July 16, 1969 to splashdown at 11:49 AM on Thursday, July 24, 1969.
Creator
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George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Date
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1969-07-09
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Type
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Memorandums
Text
Identifier
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loc_hilt_000001_000005
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Language
A language of the resource
en
Source
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Heinz Hilten Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/4/4/nickerson_to_pickering.pdf
667c19f2b146a8cd78a3c34ac461507a
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Text
��
Dublin Core
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Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr. Papers
Dublin Core
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Title
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Letter from Col. John C. Nickerson at Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, to Gen. James A. Pickering in Atlanta, Georgia.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Ballistic missiles
Cold War
Courts martial and courts of inquiry--United States
Espionage
Redstone Arsenal (Ala.)
Huntsville (Ala.)
Madison County (Ala.)
Nickerson, John C.
Pickering, James A.
Description
An account of the resource
In this letter, Nickerson thanks Gen. Pickering for his support and explains why he believes the Army is the best service branch to develop ballistic missiles. He also discusses the need for missiles in case of war with the Soviet Union. Nickerson was a staff officer at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency at Redstone Arsenal assigned to work on the Jupiter, the United States' first mid-range ballistic missile. He was arrested and court martialed for espionage in 1957 after releasing sensitive documents about the United States missile program to the press. At the time, Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson granted the Air Force sole authority to develop intermediate range ballistic missile systems. Nickerson disagreed with this policy, and in response, leaked documents that demonstrated the superiority of Army missiles compared to those developed by the Air Force. He eventually pled guilty to lesser charges and was suspended from the Army for one year and was fined $1,500. Dr. Wernher von Braun was among those who testified on Nickerson's behalf.
Creator
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Nickerson, John C., Jr.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1957-03-28
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Type
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Correspondence
Text
Identifier
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spc_nick_000001_000002
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1950-1959
Language
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en
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Col. John C. Nickerson, Jr. Papers
Box 1, Series 1, Folder 1
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/5/12/loc_robf_farm_production_booklet.pdf
17123e0e7b7c0dce3f54a16d0a6c18a8
PDF Text
Text
,
•
.
FARM PRODUCTION
,
,a n d
•
•
•
MARKETING
.In -
•
ALABAMA
•
•
••
•
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,
,
,
•
•
•
•
•
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Farm Production and
Marketing in Alabama
Committee Report on Alabama Farm
Commodities and Appraisal of
Marketing Facilities
The Alabama Polytechnic Institute
EXTENSION SERVI CE
P. O. DAVIS, Director
MARCH 1943
AUBURN, ALA.
CIRCULAR 241
Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics, Th e Alabama Polytechnic
In s titute and the United States Department of Agyiculturc Cooperating Acts of May
Eighth and June Thirtie th, Nineteen Hundred Fourteen.
�•
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
3
Introduction _______________________________________________________________ _
5
D ·
.
ltlrJ{ln~
________________________________________________________________________ _
Meltt Animltls (Beef Cltttle,
7-17
ltnd Sheep) ___________________
18-27
_______ .___ ___________________________ _____________ _________
28-36
Field Crops ________________________________________________________________
37 -58
Fruits ltnd
59-82
PoultrJ{ ltnd
E~~s
Ve~etltbles
Ho~s
______________________________________________
Forestry _____________________________________________ _________________ 83-104
Mltrket !N ews Service ___________________________________________________ 105-109
Con cl usi ons ________________________________________________________ .J.1 0-111
�,
Foreword
To Mr. John M. Ward, Chairman,
Special Agricultural Committee on
1. Alabama
Chamber
of
Commerce.
Marketing Farm Products:
2. Alabama Departm ent of Agriculture and Industries.
.
You will recall that on W ednesday,
November 11, 1942, a group representing various organizations in Alabama met at the State Chamber of
Commerce Office in Montgomery to
consider farm marketing problems in
Alabama.
3. Alabama Farm Bureau Federation.
4. Farm Products Division, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.
5. Agricultural Committee,
bama Ba nkers' Association.
You, as chairman of this group, appointed a committee to make a survey and study of commercial crops
and livestock production, existing
marketing facilities, and recommendations for improving market conditions.
Ala-
6. Experiment Station of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
7. Extension Service of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
Much assistance and information
also was given by the Forestry Division of the Alabama Department of
Conservation, the managers and gfficials of packing plants, stockyards,
poultry and farm produce dealers,
State Milk Control Board, and managers of various processing plants.
County agents f:1rnished much
hither-to unpublished county information and data on production and
marketing. ' Likewise, the home demonstration agents furnished valuable
information on curb market facilities
and sales.
Special thanks and appreciation of
this Committee are due:
F. W. Burns, dairyman; W. H.
Gregory, livestock specialist; J. C.
Lowery, agronomist; John C. Witherspoon, assistant forester; John E.
Ivey, poultryman; Lyle Brown, hor-
This r eport is being transmitted to
you in the form of a bulletin published by the Extension Service, Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
1
State
This report does not include specific recommendations as to which of
the existing agricultural agencies will
perform the additional work outlined.
It is believed this phase can best be
developed through conferences between m embers of your committee,
r epr esentatives of agricultural agencies, and other inter ested groups.
The Committee has had access to
studies of marketing programs in
other southern states, as well as the
active help and cooperation of many
agencies and individuals.
We are particularly indebted to the
officers and members of the:
3
�••
ticulturist; J. T. Belue, cotton specialist; W. W. Cotney, assistant
agronomist; J. A. Beaty, mal'keting
specialist; L. O. Brackeen, editor, all
of the Extension Service of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute; D. D .
Whitcomb and C. T. Bailey, farm
products marketing agents, T. C. 1.;
A. B. Hope, representative of Alabama Bankers' Association; Ben F.
Alvord, head professor of agricultural
economics, J. N. Mahan, associate
agricultural economist, L. M. Ware,
head horticulture and for estry department, all of the Experiment Station, Alabama Polytechnic Institute,
Respect fu lly subm i tted,
MARJ"",'rING COWUTTEE
em.e.~
•
wson.
~ , lW{'\~
Luther F ullar
V/~dOlPh
T. C.
eid
~"L
B~
--------*-------
4
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INTRODUCTION
ALABAMA has an area of 32,689,920
acres of land with 19,143,391 acres
in farms. Of this farm land (according to 1940 Census) 7,009,164 acres
are woodland; 2,173,731 acres plowable pasture; 1,736,954 acres, "other
lands"; and 8,223,542 acres cropland.
According to the 1940 Census there
were 2,832,961 people in Alabama of
which 1,338,664 or 47 percent were
rural farm people. The cropland
amounts to only about 6 acres per
farm person or around 34 acres per
farm .
These data show clearly that Alabama farm people have little productive land from which to gain an income. The farm population is relatively more dense than in the United
States, as a whole, but compares in
this ,respect to other southeastern
states. Not only do Alabama farmers
have less land, but they also have
relatively less machinery and equipment to use in farming this land.
According to the 1940 Census, Alabama farmers had $128 worth of machinery and equipment per farm. This
contrasts with a machinery value of
$502 per farm in the entire United
States.
The Alabama situation may be contrasted with that of one of the higher income farm states like Iowa. In
1940, 34,148,673 acres of farm land
were reported in Iowa. This land was
divided into 213,318 farms, on which
lived 930,810 farm people. The average size of the Iowa farm was 160.1
acres and the average size of the Alabama farm was 82.6 acres. That is,
the Iowa farmer operated twice the
land operated by the Alabama farmer.
At the same time, the cropland per
farm in Iowa amounted to 99.3 acres
and in Alabama about 34 acres.
Thus, the Iowa farmer had three
times the cropland in his farm that
the Alabama farm er had. Furthermore, the Iowa farmer had $1,135
worth of machinery and equipment,
or about nine times the amount the
Alabama farmer had. The Iowa farmer used, according to U.S.D.A. Bulletin 1348, about 1.1 horsepower hours
per man hour in his farming operations. By contrast, the Alabama
farmer used about one-seventh of a
horsepower hour for each man hour
in his farm operations.
The fact that Alabama agriculture
is composed largely of small farms
may be further emphasized by the
table indicating the number of AAA
payees receiving checks of various
sizes (Table 1).
Table 1 - Distribution of AAA
Checks by Size of Check in
Alabama (1940)
Range in size
of check
.00
20.01
40.01
60.01
100.01
160.01
200.Ql
300.01
400.01
500.01
1,000.01
2,000.01
$
20
40
60
100
150
200
300
400
500
1000
2000
3000
$
Number
payees
Per
cent
95,558
97,267
46,074
34,616
9,488
2,996
1,378
586
360
460
109
25
33.1
33.7
16.9
12.0
3.3
1.0
288,918
100.0
.5
.2
.1
.2
However, when we take the income
per acre of cropland in Alabama, we
find that it compares favorably with
that of other sections. The average
income per acre (crops only, 1941
figures) in the United States IS
$12.02, while that from Alabama is
$12.64 per acre.
Alabama has been particularly
weak in her income from livestock.
In recent years considerable progress
5
•
�has been made in this respect. The
income from livestock was estimated
at nearly $42,000,000 in 1942. This
is more than 20 percent of the estimated total income for that year
even including government payments (Table 2) . The total value of
crops and livestock produced was estimated at $293,537,756 and the
cash income at $195,855,000. The
latter figure is more significant since
a large portion of the crops was fed
to livestock and entered into the Income from livestock production.
Table 2-Farm Production, Av e rage Price, Value of Crops, and Estimated
Cash Income from Sales, Alabama-1942
Crop
Average
Price1
Production'
883,056
Cotton (bales)
603,001
Cottonseed (tons)
378,000,000
Peanuts (pounds)
Livestock and Livestock Products, including Poultry
Fruits and Vegetables
6,670,000
Pecans (pounds)
Forestry
43,960,000
Corn (bushels)
4,800,000
Oats (bushels)
169,000
Wheat (bushels)
Hay (tons)
829,000
Tobacco (pounds)
235,000
Sorghum Sirup
(gallons)
1,767,000
Sugarcane Sirup
(gallons)
2,645,000
Legume seed (pounds),
including Kudzu
Crowns
11,149,558
Estimated Earned
Government Payments in 1942
$
Value
Estimated
Cash Income
78,026,828
29,167,158
19,656,000
78,027,000
21,000,000
19,656,000
.92
.69
1.19
11.49
.26
83,844,000
16,066,000
1,133,900
7,360,000
40,443,200
3,312,000
201,110
9,525,210
61,100
41,922,000
8,382,000
1,133,900
7,360,000
4,000,000
100,000
70,000
1,300,000
61,100
.75
1,325,250
350,000
.80
2,116,000
500,000
1,300,000
950,000
.188
48.37
.52
.17
11,043,000
293,537,756
Total
195,855,000
lEatimated from F.D.A., A.A .A. and Census Reports .
According to the 1940 Census, there
were 231,746 farms in Alabama. They
had an average income, including
Government payments, of $488.
Due to farm families shifting to
war industries and more profitable
occupations, it is estimated that there
were not more than 220,000 farms
operating in Alabama in 1942. It
is estimated that these farms had an
average income, including Government payments, of $890. This increase in income may be attributed to
increase in production, as well as In
price of farm products.
The number of livestock on the
farms in Alabama is constantly increasing. The cash income from cotton and cottonseed is accurately determined by census data and annual
estimates of sales based on the known
production.
The number of livestock on Alabama farms is much greater than the
census figures and annual estimates
indicate. These data have not been
adjusted to the rapid growth in the
livestock industry. This also is true
with many farm products other than
cotton, cottonseed, and corn.
6
�DAIR Y INC
Historical Background
supply is as good as any state in the
Union.
Growth of the dairy industry was
rapid from 1914 to 1930 with creameries and ice cream plants paying
good prices for dairy products. During 1932 and 1933 the prices of dairy
products declined rapidly. This caused
the value of dairy products sold to
drop $9,583,000 in 1929 to $5,491,000 in 1932. Lower prices during the
next few years was more than many
farmers with low producing cows and
poor feed crops could stand. As a result many cream stations and creameries were forced to close or combine
their busin ess with ice cream or pasteurizing plants. Many farmers who
ANY STUDY of dairy marketing
problems would be incomplete without a brief review of the progress
made and the problems that have confronted the industry. Prior to 1914
the only available markets for dairy
products were around cities. It was
not until the coming of the boll weevil that farmers and business men
began thinking seriously of dairy products as a means of supplementing
the farm income. Small creameries
were established at Auburn and Decatur in 1914 to be followed rapidly
by others in most sections of Alabama.
During this early development no
check was made on the weight of
milk nor test made of cream sold. It
was not until the agricultural Code of
1923 was passed by the legislature
that an accurate history of manufacturing plants was available. Records
reveal that in 1924, 34 creameries
and milk plants were in operation in
the State.
During this early period of development the Alabama Health Department began to regulate the fluid milk
industry. The 1914-15 h ealth ordinance required only a T.B. test of
dairy cattle for milk to be sold. No
check was made on barns or equipment by the inspectors. Pasteurization of milk in the state was started
in Montgomery in 1915.
When America entered the World
War, the U. S. Department of Agriculture became active in checking
milk used in army camps. While this
was not the first rigid milk inspection in the State, it probably was responsible for the rapid expansion of
this work. Today, Alabama is recognized as one of the outstanding states
in health work and certainly its milk
TOTAL MILK PRODUCTION
1941 •
MAP t
-E stimates based on Census and AMA
repo rts.
7
�plants were established in 1940 at
Athens, Decatur and Boaz. These
were in addition to the ones that had
survived the depression in Central
Alabama. Unfortunately a shortage
of material has curtailed this new
market development. Several areas of
the State are now ready for markets.
As soon as established, farmers will
supplement their income by milking
a few cows.
The following maps give a graphic
picture of the dairy industry in the
State.
COWS AND HEIFERS MILKED
1940 •
Type$ of Market$
Gra de A Milk - Grade A milk can
be sold by a limited number of dairymen around cities and towns after
they m eet the requirements of the
local board of health. In addition, a
number of farmers supply this type
of milk to cooling stations at BurkWHCLE MILK SOLD 1941 •
M AP 2
"Estimates based on Census and AMA
reports.
•
•
had been selling cream were forced
to change to beef cattle production.
It was during this critical period
that the legislature passed the milk
control act in 1935 to insure a safe
supply of grade A milk and to insure
the dairymen of a fair share of the
consumer's dollar. Through its efforts the board has done much to
show that milk markets can be stabilized to ret urn producers and dealers
a fair margin of profit and to insure
the consuming public an adequate
supply of pure, wholesome milk.
During this trying period Alabama's agriculture began changing
from an all cotton economy to more
pastures and feeds . Small farmers
again b egan to need animals that
would give them a mark et for this
fe ed and profitable employment for
labor on their farms. Small cheese
f---r'--f----=e=--c,. •
•
e
•
•
~--f
•
•
• •
•
---------
-------
----------
~-------
--
MAP 3
"Estimates based on Gensu8 and
reports.
8
AMA
�sota is being shipped into Alabama
to help supply the present demand.
O.P.A. price ceilings, increased labor
and feed costs, and uncertainty of
this market, have held back many
dairymen from entering this field.
The Grade A phase of the industry
is undergoing a change with the outcome uncertain. Out of it all should
come an opportunity for more farmers to enter this market. It is probable that in the future a greater proportion of the milk needed by the
industrial areas of North Alabama
will come from the adjoining counties. Small cooling stations strategically located in this area will provide markets for farm ers with only
10 to 15 cows. Farmers in the area
have the advantage of location,
higher yields of feedstuffs and a home
TOTAL MILK SOLO 1941 •
(MILK EQUIVAI..£NT)
\
•
•
•
•
• •
•
GRADE 'A' MILK MARKETED
1942 •
•
MAP 4
·E stimates based on Census and AMA
reports.
ville, Harrell and Gallion. This milk
is hauled b'y trucks to Birmingham
where it is pasteuri zed and distributed. A similar cooling station at
Greensboro furnishes milk for the
Mobile market. Much milk from Baldwin County also is trucked to Mobile
and Pensacola markets. During the
emergency considerable milk is being
hauled to Camp Rucker, Anniston
and Childersburg from Montgomery
and surrounding counties. Additional
milk from T ennessee is helping to
supply the increased demands at the
Tri-Cities, Huntsville, Gadsden and
Decatur.
It is conservatively estimated that
Alabama dairymen have increased the
production of Grade A milk over 10,000 gallons per day during the past
year. Fully this much additional milk
is needed at this time to meet demands. Ungraded milk from Minne-
•
•
•
MAP 5
·Estimates of grade "A" milk marketed
in cities. This milk may ha ve been produced
in counties other than one in which it was
sold. Based on estimates from the State
Health Departm ent, State Milk Control Board.
and Alabama Extension Service.
9
•
�~-
--
POUNDS OF SWEET MIL K SOlJ) BY DISTRIBUTOR PLANTS. 1941-42 •
••
•
.,
"
..
~ l e4O-~1
~
,
0
z
m)
"
0
L
1U I-42
Z
0
"
•"
•
•
ANNISTON
WONTGOtM:RY
GADSDCH
TUSCALOOSA
CHART 1
•
·Based on data from annual reports at State :Milk Control Board for fiscal years endinll
September 5.0'
supply of labor. For these reasons
they can produce milk more economically than many of the large commercial dairies now attempting to
supply this demand.
regular milk routes in about 25 counties. This solves the problem of many
small producers getting their milk to
market. At present some of the
routes are so long that they are expensive to operate but this will probably be corrected as the volume of
milk is increased or as additional
plants are built.
Careful guidance to this new phase
of the industry should be given to
avoid a r epetition of early over-expansion. Un less a minimum of from
10,000 to 20,000 pounds of milk per
day can be secured within a radius
of 25 miles of the proposed new plant
it is a risky proposition. Eventually
it will be necessary to compete with
older dairy sections of the country in
the sale of cheese, without the benefit of the present inflated prices. A
Cheese
plants are now in operation at Ardmore (Tenn.), Boaz, Decatur, Fayette, Scottsboro, Montgomery, Uniontown, Demopolis and Safford. In addition, some cheese milk is going to
plants in Tennessee and Mississippi.
A check of these plants showed an
increase in production of 25.9 percent during 1942 over 19 41. Only
two plants showed a decrease. This
was caused by a diversion of milk
from the larger producers to Grade
A channels.
Whole milk is picked up daily on
Chee. e
Milk
Markets -
10
�..
POUNDS OF SWEET MILJ<. SOLD BY PRODUCER-DISTRIBUTOR
2.
21
I.
~ I040 - ~1
~ .1141-42
~
z
o~ "
L
Z
o
" .
=
>
•
ANN ISTON
GADSDeN
8 1"loItNGHAW
CHART 2
. Based on data from annual report8 of State Milk Control Board for fiscal years ending
September 80.
as a sideline to ice cream or pasteurized milk plants.
Cream stations were set up in an
attempt to increase cream volume to
creameries but as a whole they have
not proven satisfactory. Generally
they are operated as a sideline by
someone who does not push cream
production. Often these stations only
open once each week and the quality
of the cream received does not permit the production of quality butter.
In many cases the price paid at the
station is below the price farmers can
get for country butter.
If small skim milk drying plants
can be operated in connection with
creameries they may be able to compete with cheese plants because this
would permit daily pick-up of milk
and would permit the creamery to
produce skim milk powder for Iive-
careful survey of the territory
should be made before a cheese plant
is advocated.
There are possibilities of using
cheese plant facilities and daily milk
Jrucks to handle other products, especially eggs. This would reduce the
hau ling cost and help to keep down
overhead on small plants. During
1941 Alabama cheese plants produced 3,278,000 pounds of cheddar
cheese worth about $1,183,400.
Creameries and Cream Station.-
Creameries were the first type of
market established in Alabama. Since
it requires more milk to successfully
operate a creamery than is needed
for a cheese plant, creameries suffered for a lack of volume to operate
economically. As a result many have
closed and others are operating only
11
�stock feed in addition to quality butter. In 1941 Alabama only produced
1,231,000 pounds of creamery butter.
No roller or spray process skim milk
powder was produced in the State.
Generally, farmers do not realize
the value of skim milk on the farm
for feeding other livestock. As a result they prefer to sell whole milk. It
is doubtful if much progress can be
made in expanding the number of
creameries in the State until inexpensive drying equipment can be
made available.
COOLING STATIONS
19 4 2
With the exception of Texas, Alabama led all other
states in the country by producing
32,000,000 pounds of country butter
in 1940. Probably the main reason
for the heavy production of this product is due to the fact that more satisfactory markets are not available. It
is also due to the fact that 75 percent
Country Butte r -
BUTTERFAT SOLD 1941 •
MAP 6
(MILK EQUIVALENT)
CHEESE PLANTS
1943
•
-C::-~
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
.• •
•
•
•
MAP 8
· Es timates based on Ce ns us and AMA
reports .
MAP 7
12
�ery produce both sweet cream and
semi-solid skim milk for ice cream
production. In addition, several cheese
plants are shipping their surplus
sweet cream to ice cream manufacturers.
It appears that there is a need for
several plants to locate in some of
the manufacturing milk areas to help
supply the demand for sweet cream
and semi-solid skim milk. Thousands
of dollars are sent out of Alabama
each year by ice cream manufacturers for these products that can be
produced locally. A larger volume of
milk would be required than is needed for a cheese plant to justify the
purchase and operation of drying
equipment.
of our dairy cows are in herds of from
1 to 3 cows, which permits the sale
of a very limited amount of dairy
products after home needs are supplied. At present some of this butter
is being collected by rolling stores at
low prices and hauled to renovating
plants located at Birmingham and
Cullman . The production of country
butter for sale is decreasing in areas
served by whole milk markets as the
price generally received is below the
price paid by manufacturing plants.
BUTTER SOLD 194 1 •
(MILK EQUIVALENT)
•
•
•
• •
• •
Condenleri el-Condenseries usually pay slightly higher price for milk
than other manufacturing plants and
employ field men to help develop the
territory. The Carnation Company
already has made a survey of the
Piedmont section of Alabama and it
is possible that it will locate there as
soon as materials are available. This
plant, with several cooling stations,
could serve at least 10 counties in
this area and would find a ready
market for products in the cities of
the Southeast. A production of from
50,000 to 100,000 pounds of milk
per day is necessary to make the operation of such plants profitable. Few
areas in the State produce this volume of manufacturing milk.
•
•
•
•
•
MAP 9
·Estimates based on Census and AMA
reports.
Marketing Problems
Ice Crea m Plant. - Ice cream production far exceeds creamery butter
production in Alabama. During 1941
a total of 3,633,000 gallons of ice
cream was manufactured. Most of the
sweet cream and milk powder used in
ice cream are shipped in from other
states because they are not available
here. Southern Dairies in Montgom-
MAICKETI G problems tie in closely
with production of all types of
dairy products. It is difficult to induce commercial plants to locate in a
territory and lose money for several
years while production is being developed. It also is difficult to try to induce farmers to increase milk production without some assurance that
a market will be available.
13
�It seems that it would be advisable
to make a careful study of Alabama
to determine the counties with potential ability to produce dairy products. This would include ability to
produce economically the necessary
feed and pasture and to provide an
ample supply of labor. Where natural
advantages are found a long time
program should be developed aimed
toward obtaining an increased farm
income from two or three main
sources.
Follo\ving the survey all agricultural agencies, local business men
and bankers should provide the necessary marketing facilities and stimulate the production of well-adapted
crops and livestock products. In a
few cases farmers may be in position
to set up their own cooperative markets but generally this is not true.
The interest of the local business men
will be tied in closer to the program
if they have some money invested.
They also will have to help finance
and plan landlord-tenant programs
that will permit the inclusion of dairy
cattle in the farming system.
A State-wide program encouraging
business men to give preference to
Alabama-produced d air y products
will do much to assist in finding markets for these several products.
to $4380 per farm . The average was
$1476. They spent an average of
$819 on barns, $220 on milk houses,
$231 on water systems, $89 on water
heating equipment and $117 on other
supplies such as cans and buckets.
These dairymen had an average of
39 cows and the increased cost per
cow for equipment was $38.85. Additional labor cost for producing
Grade A milk was $12 per week.
Depreciation and interest on the
average increased investment was
$1. 71 per week.
The average increase in price received was $1.22 per 100 pounds of
milk. The increased income per week
affected by the conversion averaged
$34.22 per week.
Small producers milking 10 to 15
cows may hesitate to make this investment. However, it is from such
producers that the bulk of our milk
must come in the future . Simpler
equipment for farmers, with cooling
stations available to receive this milk,
may be the solution to getting a more
adequate supply of milk for pasteurizing purposes around many of our
cities.
2. A thorough study of the cost of
collecting, pasteurizing and distributing milk by our milk plants would do
much to assist the State Milk Control Board in arriving at a fair price
to allow the distributors for this service. Farmers producing this type of
milk do not feel that they are getting
a fair share of the consumer's dollar.
3. Both the Health Department and
the Department of Agriculture employ men to check dairy manufacturing plants in Alabama . It seems that
this is an unnecessary duplication of
work. By having full time men checking quality, running butterfat tests
and examining sanitary conditions of
the milk plants, doubtless farmers and
plants would receive better service.
At large plants it might be advisable
Summary and Recommendations
1. A careful study should be made
of milk ordinances in Alabama with
the view of elinilnating all requirements not absolutely essential to the
production of a safe, wholesome supply of milk.
At present, milk which meets the
requirements of one milk shed may
not be acceptable in another shed in
Alabama. In a study made in 1942
at Greensboro where 17 dairymen
converted their equipment to grade A
production the capital outlay in making the conversion ranged from $610
14
�for state men, paid jointly by plants
and producers, to do all weighing and
testing.
4. To be in position to compete
with out-of-state Federally graded
cheese and butter it is advisable to
have at least one licensed grader on
the inspection staff of the Alabama
Department of Agriculture. Each
plant could be required to pay for
this service when requested.
5. Several privately-owned cheese
plants are dependent on the large
distributors for markets. They may
be squeezed out of business as demands for cheese decrease after the
war. Such plants need advice on proper methods of manufacturing cheese
that will permit them to produce a
product that can be sold on the Alabama markets without reprocessing.
Since this might not be a full-time
job, a trained man might be jointly
employed by the Experiment Station
and Extension Service to devote part
time to field work and the remainder
to working on new types of cheese
best suited to local conditions. He
also might assist in training men for
new plants as they are n eeded.
6. Many have t.h e erroneous opinion that all that is necessary to increase milk production is to increase
feed and pasture. While feed represents approximately 50 percent of the
cost of producing milk, farmers cannot pay for feed and obtain a reasonable return on the investment with
low producing cows that average only
130 pounds of butterfat per year.
Since 75 percent of the Alabama dairy
cows are in herds of from 1 to 3 cows
it is very difficult to get pr oductionbred sires available to do the job of
breeding up small herds. Artificial
insemination associations, subsidized
by the State, offer one of the most
promising solutions to the problem.
With State-owned herds at Auburn
and Kilby available it appears that
DAIRY PRODUCTS SOLD FROM FARMS
PERCENT AGE OF TOTAL VALUE OF SALE S
ALABAMA, 1924-1941
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
19 38
1939
1940
1941
-------
----
-------------------
----------
-------
Milk & Cream
Retailed
by Farmers
Milk Sold to
Plants,
Dealers. Etc.
at Wholesale
Cream Sold to
Plants,
Dealers, Etc.
as Butterfat
Butter
Sold
Combined
Sales of
Dairy
Product!
46.2
45.1
45.3
46.1
46.8
43.1
43.6
50.3
53.0
53.6
53.0
51.5
46.0
41.7
43.1
44.3
44.1
39.2
24.7
26.6
26.9
28.3
29.2
32.2
33.4
26.8
24.8
26.0
27.0
27.9
33.8
36.7
36.8
37.7
40.7
43.7
8.5
9.1
8.1
7.3
6.8
9.0
7.2
6.3
6.6
6.4
6.1
6.6
7.1
7.0
7.4
6.6
5.2
6.3
20.6
19.2
19.7
18.3
17 .2
15.7
15.8
16.6
15.6
14.0
13.9
14.0
13 .1
14.6
12.7
11.4
10.0
10.8
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Farm
SOURCE: Farm Production. Disposition and Income from 1I:lilk
1924-1940. 1940-1941. AMS. USDA.
Extension Economics
August 14. 1942.
15
�-------.~-
GROSS INCOME FROM DAIRY PRODUCTS
ALABAMA, 1924-1941
Tota l Value
Dai ry P roducts
Sold
1924
1925
192 6
1927
1928
1929
193 0
1931
1932
1933
19 34
1935
19 3 6
1 937
19 38
1939
1940
194 1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -------- - ------------------------
Valu e Dairy Prod.
Used In
Farm H ouse hold
(000)
$5,107
5,677
6,561
7,232
7,748
9,583
8,798
6,744
5,491
5,543
6,054
6,890
7,715
7,574
7,805
7,689
7,937
9,101
(000)
$23,195
23,607
24, 806
25,447
26,034
26,243
24 ,450
21,311
16,836
17,017
18,752
20,381
2 1, 23 1
21 ,7 04
20,635
20,779
18 ,786
20,615
Gross Farm Income
From
Dai ry Products
(000)
$28,302
29 ,28 4
31,367
32,679
33,782
35,826
33 ,248
28,055
22, 327
22,560
24,806
27,271
28,946
29,278
28,440
28,468
26,72 3
29,716
SOURCE: F arm Production, Disposition and Income from Milk
19 24 -1 940 , 1940-1941, AMS, USDA.
Extension Economics
August 14, 1942.
9. As dairying is still a n ew industry in Alabama, much stress must
b e placed on educating p eople in all
phases of t h e work. All inspectors of
dairy prod ucts s hould a ssu m e an attitude of friendly, constructive criticism where n eeded and plant operators need to do as much field work as
their time and money will permit.
Needless to say, the ed u cational forces
working in counties where dairying
is one of the major sources of incom e, should be well grounded in
dairy fundamentals and should devote a considerable portion of their
time to practical dairy demonstrations. A combinati on of f eed production, better dairy cattle, practical
da iry skill and managem ent together
with adequate markets are n eeded to
make dairying successful in Alabama.
10. Whil e a most friendly attitude
exists at the present time between
a ll agencies dealing with edu cational
and r egulatory work there is still
an appropriation to start this work
would b e advisable.
7. A uniform plan for pa ying for
m a nufacturing milk seems advisable.
Some plants are at present paying a
bonus f or quantity, others f or quality. Oth er s pay a straight butterfat
price, while others p a y on a basis of
a price for 100 pO,unds of 4 percent
milk with a point differential. If this
could be standardized it would make
it possible to quote daily prices in
m ark et r eports and in radio market
broadcasts.
8. Due to the growing interest in
dairy cattle and oth er livestock on
Alabama farms it is becoming increasingly importan t that livestock
statistics in the state be improved.
Errors of 50 percent or m ore occur
in many counties when census figures
are compared wit h B an gs test r eports .
Thi s situation makes it difficult to
make accurate surveys n eeded in determining the location of n ew mark ets or plants.
16
�some overlapping of responsibility
that might be eliminated in the interest of greater efficiency. All educational forces should use recommendations of the Experiment Station,
as far as they are available, and
should agree on other recommendations before taking them to the field.
These forces need to know marketing
problems and work toward their solu-
tion but should not attempt to engage in actual buying and selling.
Regulatory and inspection work
should be kept separate from educational work, except where cooperation is needed in handling educational problems. Occasional meetings of
all these forces to study their common problems should prove beneficial
to the group and to the industry.
----*----
17
�MEAT ANIMALS
(Beef Cattle, Hogs and Sheep)
Production
IMPORTANCE of livestock production in Alabama has increased in
recen t years. Classes of livestock are
being concentrated in definite areas
largely as a r esult of the cropping
system which influences the amounts
and types of feed available for producing livestock.
Beef Cattle
BEEF CATTLE production in Alabama has developed most rapidly
in areas where large acreages of pasture land and forage crops are
grown. The heaviest concentrations
of cattle are in the grazing area including the Black Belt from Russell
County across the State through Sumter County, in the Tenn essee Valley
and the open grazing areas of Southwest Alabama. (See Map, No. 10.)
Beef cattle production has increased
faster and steadier than any other
livestock enterprise, which is r eflected by the volume of business
done by t he Union Stock Yard of
Montgomery. (See Charts 3 and 4.)
Estimates by the U. S. Bureau of
Agricultural Economics place Alabama's cash income at $7,660,000
from cattle and calves in 1940. This
PASTURE fOR,L>C£ FEED UNITS PER SQ MILE
was 81 percent larger than the aver1939'
age income received during the period 1928-37. From informati on secured from th e stock yards and packers in the State this figure is undoubtedly very much too low.
The quality of beef cattle has
shown a marked improvem ent in the
past few years through the use of
purebred bulls and by retention of
better heifers in the breeding herds.
The State Veterinarian reports that
4,995 r egistered beef animals were
shipped into Alabama for breeding
purposes in the past two years. In
addition a large number has been
shipped in without the official State
health certificate. Too, a larger number than those shipped into the State
has been produced by the 186 purebred beef cattle producers. At presUNITS· •
ent, practically every herd in Alac=J O'~'"' '''''''''''
bama is headed by a purebred beef
~.ooo
bull. Farmers are doing more winter
MA P 10
feeding and this has done much to
-Estimates based on Census and AMA
improve quality even though there is
reports .
•• One feed unit rep resents the amount of
considerable room for further Imtotal digestible nutrients in one bushel of
provement in this respect.
corn or its eQ.uivnlent.
18
�RECEIPTS OF CATTLE AND CALVES AT UNION STOCKYARDS
MONTGOMERY, ALA. JUNE 1918-1940 '"
200
17
15
:g 12
z
<{
<f)
6100
I
I-
75
50
2
CHART 3
*Based on reports from Union Stockyards Company.
RECEIPTS AT UNION STOCK YARDS, MONTGOMERY'"
32
28
24
<f)
o
20
z
<{
<f)
=>
o
I
16
I-
12
8
4
MAY
JUNE
1942
CHART 4
·Based on reports from Union Stockyards Company.
19
JULY
�=
ALL CATTLE
1940 •
influence of periodic price changes.
This has caused peaks in numbers at
intervals of about 4 or 5 years and
low points during other intervals.
Sheep
•
LEGEND
I'IUW.'"
SHEEP numbers in Alabama are too
small to be of much influence on
the economy of any area. There were
365,000 sheep in Alabama in 1860.
This number gradually decreased until at present there are only 48,000
head. This decr ease has been caused
very largely by the passing of the
county and State stock laws abolishmg open ranges.
Alabama is now in the transition
stage between the production of
range sheep and the more profitable
farm sheep flocks. Sheep production
is of some importance on the ranges
of Washington, Mobile and Baldwin
SWINE
_ ,l 9 4,.:,
0_' _,.-_-,
re
MAP 11
-Estimated number on farms on January 1. 1940. based on Census and A'MA reports.
Hog s
MOST Alabama hogs are in areas
which produce concentrate feedstuffs, especially in the old and n ew
peanut areas, and in the Tennessee
Valley. (See Map, No. 12.) Greatest
expansion in recent years has been
in the peanut producing counties.
Quality of Alabama hogs has increased greatly in the last decade
through the widespread use of purebred boars. These boars have been
introduced largely through 4-H Club
pig chain projects. The carcasses of
many Alabama hogs, however, are affected by serious infestations of internal parasites.
This makes large
numbers of livers, kidneys and loins
unfit for human consumption.
Hog numbers have increased irregularly in recent years in Alabama.
This irregularity has been due to the
MAP 12
-Estimated number on farms on January I, 1940, based on Census an d AMA reports.
20
�Missouri and sold to Alabama farmers by regular mule dealers. (Map
13 shows the number of Jacks and
Stallions reported to be in Alabama
in 1941 and reflects the areas where
colts are produced.)
JACKS AND STALLIONS
1941 •
•••
· 0
•• ~t-::~
••
Areas for Expanding
Production
-V_
. 0
00
••••
••
T enn easee Valley: Increased acreages of pasture, forage and concentrate feedstuffs in the Tennessee Valley area offer an excellent opportunity for expanding all classes of livestock production. The valley is well
adapted to the growing of grain as
well as forage and pastures.
Cattle numbers are increasing in
this area. Many farmers are producing beef calves on pasture and forage
and finishing them on grain in the
• ••
••
0 . 00
0 0
~ 0
TOTAL FEED UNITS PER SQl..W1E MIl..£
(iNCLUlINGMNOROU'S ).
1939 •
MAP 13
-Reports from county agents.
Counties. The largest concentrations
of farm sheep flocks in the State are
in the Black Belt and the T ennessee
Valley. Much is being done to improve the quality of sheep and many
purebred rams have been brought
into the State in recent years.
Work stock
WORKSTOCK numbers are closely
associated with the number of
farmers in an area, ranging from 1.8
head per square mile in Mobile to
16.6 in Marshall County. Machines
have displaced many workstock but
at present farmers have more money
invested in workstock than in all
other classes of livestock combined.
They are buying large numbers each
year for replacements. Some colts
are produced in the Black Belt and
Tennessee Valley, but most of them
are shipped in from Tennessee and
MAP 14
-E stimates based on Census nnd AMA
reports.
• ·One reed unit represents the amount ot
total digestible nutrients in one bushel of
corn or its equivalent.
21
�•
There is some promise of farmers
HARv'ESTED Fa'tl>GE FEED UNITS PER SQJA.RE ML.£ utilizing surpluses of both corn and
1939 •
cottonseed meal for feeding out
cattle. Hogs appear to be the class of
meat animal which should be in ere ased most in this area.
Piedmont: The Piedmont is suitable
for growing small grains, lespedeza,
kudzu, and alfalfa. It has some smaH
good pastures but very low yields of
corn and peanuts. Livestock expansion in this area should be centered
around the types of feedstuffs. which
can be produced. Sheep are efficient
users of the types of feedstuffs grown
in the Piedmont. Cattle may be increased some but the size of farms
is not conducive to a large mcrease
in beef cattle production.
LE GEND
"'"IT'S • •
Do~'-.OO
TOTAL GRAN FEED WITS PER SQ. MILE
(INCLUDING MINORCR:lPS).19~9 •
~ ""'-'"...,o.oo
•
MAP 15
.Estimates based on Census and AMA
reports .
•• One feed unit represents t he amount of
tota l digestible nutrients in one bushel of
corn or its equivalent.
feed lot. With the successful introduction of peanuts and increased
yields of corn, the Tennessee VaHey
may develop into a major hog producing area. Feedstuffs produced in
this area are conducive to profitable
use of a limited number of sheep on
many farms. Sheep numbers are now
increasing in the VaHey.
Sand Mountain : Farm production
on Sand Mountain is centered largely
around cotton and corn which produce r elatively high yields. The
farms are generaHy very smaH. Consequently, the farms are not weH
adapted to extensive systems of farming like beef cattle production. There
is a very definite trend toward the
production of hogs which require less
space and are efficient users of corn.
LEGtND
c=::J
Vfoun ....
l_1OO~""OI.2JOO
~1OI~ _2.lOI-VOO
MAP 16
*Estimatcs based on Census and AMA
reports .
• • One feed unit represents the amount of
tota l di gestible nutrients in one bushel of
corn or its equivalent .
22
�Upper Co as tal Pla in : The Upper
Coastal P lain, extendin g from Elmore
and Autauga Counties northwesterly
to Franklin County and bounded on
the south by the Black Belt, contains
a large variety of soils and farming
practices. Beef cattle production in
this area is largely confined to the
more fertile bottom lands. There is
opportunity for more expansion of
beef cattle production on more farms
with good bottom land.
Many farmers who have increased
their corn yields by the use of winter
legumes are producing hogs for market. There is a great need for increased yields of corn marketed
through hogs in this area.
Bla ck Belt: The Black Belt is considered by many authorities as one
of the best beef cattle producing
areas in the Nation. It has been reported that there are more beef cattle in the Black Belt than in any
area of equal size in the United
States. This development has taken
place over a period of years but has
been accelerated during the past decade by the development of more improved pastures. Not only has there
been an increase in numbers but a
great improvement in the breeding
and quality of the cattle.
Crops produced in this area are
conducive to the production and sale
of beef calves rather than to the finishing of cattle in the feed lot. In
the past few years cattle producers
have been feeding their cattle better
during the winter and giving them
more winter care but there IS still
room for much improvement in this
part of the program.
Many cattle producers are increasing their income by the addition of
a small flock of sheep to their farm
operations. This area is well adapted
to sheep production and producers
report substantial profits. There is
room for a large expansion in the
sheep industry in the Black Belt .
Systems of farming practiced on
t he clay lands of t h e Black Belt offer
little opportunity for expansion of
hog production. However, those with
sandy soils are producing hogs for
market; there is room for additional
expansion on these farms.
Sou theast Alabama: Southeast Alabama is operating largely on a cotton-peanut-hog economy supplemented with some beef cattle. Past trends
indicate that peanut-hog and beef cattle enterprises will be expanded, however, expansion of beef cattle will be
limited by the extent to which it supplements peanuts and h ogs. With a
large amount of peanut hay produced,
comparatively good yields of corn,
and available supply of cottonseed
meal and peanut meal, there is an
opportunity for more farmers to feed
cattle for the market. The Black Belt
offers an opportunity to supply large
numbers of good quality feeder cattle for Southeast Alabama producers.
Sou thwest Alabam a : Its large size
farms, its abundance of bottom lands
with lime out-washings from the
Black Belt, and its large timber
tracts make Southwest Alabama well
adapted to production of more meat
animals. During recent years there
has been an increase in number and
improvement in quality of both cattle
and hogs. With this trend, together
with a development of near-by markets, there is a greater appreciation
among farmers for the opportunities
offered in this section.
Packing Plants
ALABAMA has 18 packing plants
which use Alabama livestock so
long as volume and quality are available for supplying their demands. In
addition, the plant at Columbus, Georgia, buys about 88 percent of its cattle and 51 percent of its hogs in Alabama. Most of them import livestock
during slack seasons and small vol-
23
�ume of better quality livestock at
regular intervals throughout the
year.
Swift's packing plant at Montgomery imports from three to four cars of
good to choice steers from the MiddleWest each month because the number
of steers of good to choice quality offered on State markets is not sufficient to meet its demand for highquality meat. Other plants are
forced to import livestock in slack
seasons in order to obtain a volume
sufficient to keep their plants in operation.
In rush seasons, Alabama livestock
are' placed on the market in such
numbers that many of them ar~
moved to plants in adjoining states
for slaughter. Alabama cattle and
hogs are killed at such places as
Ocala, Tampa and Marianna, Florida;
Moultrie, Albany, Tifton, Thomas-
ville, Rome and Atlanta, Georgia;
and Nashville, Memphis, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, Some are shipped
to points as far away as Jersey City,
N. J.
Markets
MOST AREAS of Alabama producing
a volume of livestock are serviced
by some type of market. Marginal
areas where there is insufficient volume are served by livestock dealers.
(See Map, No. 17.)
Terminal Markets: Alabama has
one terminal livestock market. It is
the Union Stock Yards, Montgomery,
where five commission firms sell livestock for farmers. One order-buying
firm operates on this yard. It is the
largest firm in the United States and
provides a continuous and daily widespread outlet for all classes of livestock in unlimited quantities. This
yard is considered to have the largest volume of cattle sales in the
Southeast.
LIVES TOCK MARKETS
1942 '
, .4
Auction Markets: Alabama has
about 40 small stockyards where cattle are sold and traded. Usually
from one to two auctions are held
each week at each yard. (See Map,
No. 17.) In addition, there are about
17 producer cooperative hog sales in
the peanut areas.
Most of the small stockyards have
been built since 1938. It is estimated that these cattle were worth
$12,958,384 and the hogs worth $11,846,542, a total of $24,804,926 to
Alabama producers. In addition to
these figures, there was a considerable volume of livestock sold directly
to packers within the State and to
yards and packers outside the state.
•
•
•
•
•
•
.6 6.
.
II
l:J.
"
(). 6
...
•
LEGEND
®
Tt~t.! rKAL
•
,"v alle STQCII.YAI'I.D$
Sale. Point. : The marginal areas
are served by livestock traders and
dealers who use either the packing
plants, the auction markets, or the
Union Stock Yards as outlets for
their purchases.
IoIAAII,cn
.... .....clUNG "U.HTS
•
LIVUTocr; OUJ..tllS
6.
COOI"(ItAT IY [ HOG SALlS
MAP 17
.. Based on marke t reports and reports
of in s pectors.
24
�one auction is necessary to market the
cattle in anyone county. In some
counties markets are being established which cannot expect to draw a
volume sufficient to maintain an efficient market.
Cooperative hog sales in the peanut
area handle approximately 25 percent
of the hogs going to market in the
State. They have had a favorable influence on the quality of hogs produced.
Many of the packing plants have
located in Alabama and adjoining
areas since 1933. As a result, many
farmers sell direct to the packer.
Marketing Practices
ALABAMA FARMERS have several
methods of placing their livestock
on the market. They sell through a
commission firm on the terminal market, through one of the auctions, to
a livestock trader, or directly to a
packer. Generally the method used is
influenced by both proximity to market and the volume to be marketed.
The auction market is relatively
new but it is a very popular market
with farmers. Farmers get satisfaction from seeing the actual sale of
their cattle and from the opportunity to sell near home. The livestock
at these auctions are bought by
packer buyers, traders, order buyers
or other farmers.
,
Prices
Seasonal Variations:
There is a
very definite seasonal variation in the
volume and prices of livestock sold
on Alabama markets. The indexes
of seasonal variations of prices are
given in Table 1.
Some of the counties have from
two to four auctions. These handle
a comparatively small volume of livestock. It is doubtful that more than
Table I-Sea50nal Price Variations of Meat Animals as Indicated by Annual
Averages of Past Ten Years (1931-41)"
Class
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Hogs
Beef Cattle
Veal Calves
Sheep
Lambs
91 92 94
90 93 97
92 94 98
97 101 103
94 96 97
94
104
101
101
101
94
105
102
98
102
97
104
101
98
104
105
105
101
99
103
109
102
102
97
102
113
103
105
100
104
109
102
104
102
100
103
99
101
103
99
98
99
98
104
99
• Mahan, J. N., and Mars h. J ohn F .. "Prices Re ce ived by Alabama Farmers lor Farm
Products. Au g us t 1909-Augus t 1942", Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin
26 8, Auburn , Alabama.
Based upon receipts at the Union
Stock Yards, the bulk of the hogs is
sold in December, January, February
and March with the extreme low
movement of hogs for market in May,
June and July. Bulk of the cattle
and calves is marketed from August
through November with large quantities carrying over into December
and January. The lowest movement
of cattle and calves for market is in
the period from April through Jun e.
Generally speaking, it will be noted
from the above table that the prlces
on beef cattle and calves are relatively high during the peak months
of movement. During such months
there is a sufficiently large volume of
livestock offered to permit the fulfillment of substantial orders to distant markets. This results in more
or less stabilized prices. However,
during the late spring and early summer when there ar e light offerings
of cattle, the market is generally
good. It will be noted that during
25
•
�the months of peak movement, the
prices of hogs are considerably lower
than they are during the months of
light movement.
The livestock programs of the Peanut and Black Belt areas are organized in such a manner that many
farmers find it difficult to change the
season in which their livestock must
go to market. But farmers in the
Tennessee Valley and portions of
other areas can arrange their feed
crops and livestock enterprises so as
to take advan tage of seasonal variations in prices. They should be encouraged to do so.
Price Diff er enti als : A very controversial subject is price differentials
between markets for animals of comparable grade and weight, especially
as between Alabama markets and
markets in the Mid-West. It is a
known fact that there are differences
in prices for livestock of comparable
grade and weight in the two areas.
The debatable subject is whether or
not the existing differentials are justified.
It is commonly believed, and area
differentials tend to support the belief, that livestock prices in Alabama
are Mid-west market prices less
transportation cost from Alabama to
the Mid-West. People having this
opinion contend that, so long as Alabama is a deficit producing area and
livestock are being shipped from the
Mid-west to supply present demands,
livestock prices for comparable grades
and weights in Alabama should be
Mid-west market prices plus transportation costs to the area.
Livestock buyers from the Midwest and packing companies deny the
Mid-west plus contention. Instead,
they justify the differentials on the
basis of quality and dress-out percentages of livestock as compared
with those in the Corn Belt. It is
claimed that slaughter steers of comparable grade and weight produced in
Alabama yield less meat and are not
of as high quality as those from the
Mid-west.
Many Alabama peanut-fed hogs
produce soft hams and bacon which
shrink when cured. The soft bellies
and fat backs do not have a wide outlet, and a high percentage of the casings and livers are unfit for human
consumption because of parasite injury. Consequently, many Alabama
hogs have a lower dress-out percentage, shrink badly and have a higher
loss of by-products than Mid-west
hogs. Various cuts of soft pork sell
at prices less than hard corn fed
pork. Packers also contend that hard
hogs in Alabama have more parasite
injury, a lower dress-out percentage
and lower quality cuts than the Midwestern better-bred corn fed hogs.
Neither group has shown sufficient
reliable data to completely substantiate their argument. Objective research is needed to reveal the facts
so that both groups may know what
adjustments are needed to make livestock enterprises in Alabama more
successful.
Price margins on Alabama markets
between different grades and weights
of the same class of livestock have
been insufficient to emphasize the
importance of producing quality livestock. For example, barrows and gilts
are sold on many Alabama markets
by weight groups and very little attention is given to whether or not
they are choice, good, medium or cull .
A 180-240 pound barrow or gilt is
considered a top hog on Alabama
markets and little emphasis is given
to the degree of excellence in relation to the entire range of excellence
possible for such animals.
Consumption
EVEN THOUGH there are marketing
peaks when Alabama produces a
temporary surplus of some classes of
meats, there is considerably more
26
�a study be made of methods for controlling diseases and parasites of cattle.
4. Generally speaking, most areas
of Alabama have sufficient near-by
outlets for all animals produced.
Most areas have outlets for much
more production.
5. Alabama and adjoining areas
have sufficient killing plants to absorb a substantial increase in production if marketing is more evenly
distributed throughout the year.
6. There is a demand in Alabama
and adjoining states for much more
meat than is now being produced
with an almost unlimited market for
feeder cattle in North and Southeast
Alabama and in states to the North
and East. To these markets Alabama
producers are many hundreds of
miles nearer than Western feeder cattle producers.
7. Compared with other Southern
States and quality considered, Alabama producers are apparently receiving a fair price for their livestock.
8. Research work should be done
on transportation costs and price differentials
between markets and
grades of the same classes of livestock to determine the comparative
level of prices received by Alabama
farmers for their livestock.
9. Believing that increased sheep
production would be profitable to Alabama farmers, it is recommended that
the Alabama Experiment Station do
additional sheep work at the sub-stations located in the Black Belt, the
Tennessee .valley and the proposed
station to be located on the Piedmont
plateau.
beef, veal, pork and mutton consumed
in Alabama than is produced in the
State.
One packer operating a killing
plant in Alabama imports annually
about 50,000 hogs, 8,000 calves and
3,000 cattle to enable him to use his
plant the entire year. In addition,
he imports 23,000,000 pounds of beef,
4,000,000 pounds of veal, 3,000,000
pounds of lamb and 69,000,000
pounds of pork. All of this meat is
consumed in Alabama and adjoining
states and is a potential market for
Alabama producers. This condition
has proved true with the other packers operating in Alabama.
Based on figures supplied by the
packing industries, Alabama consumes about 185,000,000 pounds of
packing house meat annually. It is
estimated
that this 185,000,000
pounds would provide a market for
about $37,000,000 worth of Alabama
livestock if all of it were supplied by
Alabama producers. This does not include meat killed by local butchers or
raised for home use.
Summary and Recommendations
1. Greatest needs in Alabama are
for larger production of all classes of
meat animals, pastures and feed, with
improvement in the quality of animals
produced.
2. Changes are needed, especially
with hogs, in systems of production
which will permit a greater distribution of marketing throughout the
year.
3. Better hog production practices
are needed to control parasites and
diseases. It also is recommended that
27
•
�POULTRY AND EGGS
Historical Background
CENSUS FIGURES of 1920 show
that the yearly production of each
Alabama hen was only 47.5 eggs, a
production far too low for poultry to
be an economic factor in Alabama
agriculture. To help change this picture the Extension Service of the
Alabama Polytechnic Institute on
June 1, 1923, appointed the first fulltime extension poultry specialist.
During the early twenties the State
was so engrossed in a cotton economy
that little thought was given to the
possibilities of poultry in a sound agricultural program.
A forward step in bringing about a
realization of the importance of poultry in Alabama agriculture was the
establishm ent of the Alabama National Egg Laying Contest in 1924,
the first egg laying contest in the
South. The 1000 hens entered in the
contest produced an average of
153.23 eggs each, the highest of any
contest in the country up to that
time. Soon, egg laying contests were
established in Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. In
these contests hens· consistently produced more eggs than hens in contests in other sections of the country. Results showed that egg production can be maintained on a satisfactory level in Alabama and the
South.
Since the poultry department of the
Alabama Polytechnic Institute was
established and combined with poultry research in 1925 the staff has
been enlarged and the scope of research work broadened. This has
been of great value in expanding the
poultry industry.
Records reveal that from 1937
through 1941 a total of 1,077 farmers, with 178,509 hens, in 65 Alabama counties, conducted poultry
demonstrations and kept an accurate
record on production, expenses, and
income. All these producers made a
profit except 84. A summary of the
results from the 1,077 farms fo llows:
Average number of eggs per hen per yeaL __ ____ _ ___________ __ _
170.3
Average sale price per dozen eggs _ ____ __ __ __ _ ____ __ __ _ _______ _
24.7c
Gross income per 100 hens per year __ ___ __ ___________________ _ $342.51
Income above fe ed cost per 100 hen s ____ _ ___ _________________ _ $153.51
Average sale price of cotton per pound (same period) ___________ _
10 .lc
Pounds of cotton to equal gross income of 100 hens __ __________ _ 3459.8
(Approx. 7 bales)
Average sale price of corn per bushel (same period) _ __ __ ___ ____ _
65c
Hen market per bushel of corn after paying $3.50 for supplem ent
$2.55
Gross daily income per 100 hens _ ____ __ _ _____________________ _
93.4c
ber of birds increased each year until
1930-31 when 51,937 birds were involved. A gradual decline in number
of birds was noted until a low of
30,277 birds was reached in 1934
when an improved program was perfected. The following comllarison of
1935 and 1942 tells the story since
that time:
Poultry Improvement Program
IN 1925 the State Department of Agriculture, Montgomery, and the Extension Service, Auburn, started a
joint breed impr ovement and pullorum (B.W.D. or Bacillary White
Diarrhea) testing program. During
the first year approximately 10,000
birds were on the program. The num28
�Number counties having hatcheries _______ _
Number official hatcheries _____ _________ _
Number birds pullorum tested __________ _
Hatching egg capacity ____________ ._____ _
Number certified flocks __ ______ ___ _____ _
Number certified birds ___ ______ ____ ___ _
Objectives of the project are:
1. To encourage the use of hens of
known values and livability for the
purpose of obtaining desirable males
for breeding purposes, which will
NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVE~NT
PLAN HATCHERIES 1942'
•
••
LEGEND
.... c.wcm
if~-"'-=-~T2-=e", - e48 -~
-
-------200_ 267
_~~'j~il
o
o
(1-1936)
(13-1936)
1942
57
93
198,361
2,855,600
370
71,058
affect the economy of egg production
by lowering flock mortality.
2. To encourage and assist poultrymen in breeding of birds capable of
economical egg production over a
period of years, which will affect the
entire poultry industry in Alabama,
including the three definite recognized groups-home flock, farm flock,
and commercial flock.
3. To encourage and assist in progeny testing, to isolate and distribute
males of known superior breeding
ability to hatcheries producing and
selling commercial chicks.
4. To secure accurate data relative
to the egg production ability of fowls
of different breeds and from different
sources during their pullet, yearling
and later years, for study and research.
As an integral part of the Alabama
poultry improvement program, 13,491
individually wing banded chicks
were produced and distributed from
this project in 1940-41. Records also
r eveal that in 1936 there was only
one flock of 13 hens in Alabama
mated to R.O.P. males. In 1942 this
number had jumped to 370 flocks
with 71,158 hens mated to R.O.P.
males.
The following, quoted from a letter from the Alabama State Hatchery and typical of what is happening
in other sections, illustrates the farreaching effect of the Auburn R.O.P .
project:
"From the 1,855 wing-banded
chicks you shipped me from my two
pens of birds, I have selected 484
males. They are mated to 6,000 females from which I will secure my
hatching eggs for 1943.
On September 13, 1937, the Auburn Record of Performance Project,
the first of its kind in the United
States, was started. This is a co-operative breeding project conducted by
the Alabama Poultry Breeders, cooperating with the Alabama Extension Service, State Department of Agriculture and Industries, Alabama Experiment Station, and United States
Department of Agriculture.
•
1935
17
19
32,509
118,574
32: ' )
MAP 18
Report of State Dept. Agr. & Ind.
29
�mortality are expected real contributions to farmers and economy of the
State."
The following figures give some
evidence of the influence of Ala.bama's poultry program:
"On the basis of my last year's
operation these 6,000 hens will produce 180,000 chicks that will be distributed to 1,800 farmers. From this
increased egg production and lower
1920
Number chickens on farms ___________________ _ 5,915,429
*Egg production per hen ______________ _______ _
47.5
Average egg production per hen in Auburn R.O.P.
Project _________________________________ _
1942
7,525,000
85.9
189.3
·From Bureau Agricultural Economics.
During 1942 Alabama hens produced 30,451,218 dozen or 2,537 'h
carloads more eggs than they did in
1920. At 24.7c per dozen, (the five
year average 1937-4 1 inclusive) this
increase in production meant $7,411,450.84 for the Alabama farmers.
Hatching Eggs
FIGURES from the Alabama State
Hatchery, Dothan, Alabama, show
that 19 farmers in Henry County increased their cash income in 1942 by
$254.00 each from the sale of U. S.
Alabama Approved Pullorum tested
hatching eggs.
CHICKENS ON FARMS
CHICKENS RAISED
1942 •
•
1942 •
~-r'
•
•
•
LEGEND
LEGEND
1000 .......
1000 .......
-- ~'1I2-~1
*-3;,
128-19;
MAP 19
MAP 20
-Estimates based on Census and AMA
reports.
·Est imates based on Census and AMA
reports.
30
�Value of Alabama Poultry
Industry
EGGS PRODUCED
1942 ·
ACCORDING to 1940 census the
value of the poultry industry (poultry and eggs) in Alabama was $12,134,000. With the increase in number of hens, larger egg production,
and increase in prices the 1942 value
is well over $16,000,000.
Egg Production
A STUDY of the map (Map No. 21)
reveals the fact that egg production is distributed throughout the 67
countries with heavy production concentrated in the area north of Jefferson
County and in Baldwin
County. The census shows that 46.4
percent of all farms in Alabama receive some cash income from the sale
of poultry and poultry products. The
distribution of this income by counties is shown in (Maps No. 22 and
23).
PEKENTI>GE Of FARMERS SELLING
POULTRY AND POLLTRY
MAP 21
- Estimates based on Cens us and AMA
reports.
It would take a hatching capacity
of at least 6,700,000 eggs to adequately supply Alabama's needs for
high-quality baby chicks. At present
the 93 official hatcheries in Alabama
have an egg capacity of 2,855,600 at
one setting. It is estimated that
about 25 percent of all hatching eggs
used are imported.
The mild winter climate would enable Alabama farmers to produce and
ship large quantities of hatching eggs
to the Northern hatcheries. The Poultry Improvement Program of the
State should be expanded to make it
possible for Alabama farmers to receive this additional income from exported chicks. Already we have a
program recognized as outstanding
in the Nation but it is expanding.
MAP 22
-1 940 Census.
31
PFIDJ:::TS. 1939 •
�PERCENTAGE Cf" AYERK£. ALABAMA
EGG PRICE F¥>.ID BY DEAlER·
MAP 23
The problem of egg marketing in
Alabama is serious. On a twelvemonth basis, an insufficient number
of eggs is being produced to fill the
needs in the state.
A glance at Chart No. 5 reveals
that during the fall and winter
months the production of eggs in
Alabama is very low and is below the
rate of consumption in the state. On
the other hand, production is high
during the early spring and summer
months and exceeds the state's rate
of consumption.
This means that for one period of
the year eggs are imported into Alabama to meet consumption requirements while during the remainder of
the year there is not a satisfactory
market outlet for the excess production. It is this uneven distribution of
production that complicates the marketing problem.
It is almost impossible to get an
increase in egg production during the
period when there is an unsatisfactory market. It is equally as difficult to establish a market for eggs
unless there is a relatively steady
source of supply throughout the year.
It is estimated that five percent of
all eggs produced in Alabama is a
total loss due to careless handling and
inadequate marketing facilities. In
dollars and cents this means that
Alabama producers lost approxImately $795,000 in 1942 .
Reports from Montgomery indicate
that approximately 500 cases of eggs
are handled by jobbers each week.
Local production takes care of this
requirement from February to September. From September to the following February the local production is approximately 30 percent
short of market needs.
Birmingham markets con sum e
about $2,000,000 worth of eggs annually.
It is estimated that between 40,000
to 50,000 thirty-dozen cases of Alabama produced eggs are sold in Birmingham annually.
In addition
large quantities of eggs produced in
other states are shipped into Birmingham. This means that Birmingham
offers a tremendous market for Alabama eggs.
In 1942, an egg drying plant with
a capacity of 2,000 cases of eggs per
day was established in Birmingham
primarily to produce dried eggs under
Government contract for Lend-Lease
purposes. This plant buys eggs during the surplus season and places
them in cold storage and dries them
on a regular schedule throughout the
year.
Through the dehydration process,
(only water removed) a 30-dozen
case of eggs with a net weight of 45
pounds is reduced to a 10-pound
package. This dried product, which
can be kept for a long time under
32
�EGGS-SEASONAL VARIATION OF PRICES AND PERCENTAGE
PRODUCED BY MONTHS'
160
I
I
",
I
150
\
/
I
,
,
I
oZl40
';(
14
13
\
I
'
I
I
:§
:
II
,
PRODUCTION\
I
;t 120
12
\
/~\
II
crl30
"
AVeRAGE: 1925-1934 \
I
Z
o
If)
\
I
I
<110
\
\
I
w
\
I
If)
'
90::
8
,,
,
7
' ..................... ,
/
/
.... ....
/
70
/
"
JAN.
W
,
~90 //
80
VARIATION
w
U
0..
,
I
t5
10~
A"eRAGE: 11U2-19 41
,
I
l)100
~
SEASONAL
!
fEB.
,
MAR. APR!.
,
MAY
•
!
JUNE JULY
•
AUG.
t
I
SEPT. OCT.
6
....
..... ....
....
I
NOV.
5
"-
.....
•
DEC.
CHART 5
·Mahan, J. N. and Marsh, John F., "Pric es Received by Alabama Farmers for Farm
Products, August 1909-August 1942," Ala. Agr. Exp. Bul. 268 and "Crop s and Markets ,"
U. S. D. A .• April 193 8.
average weather conditions, is being
shipped to our fighting force s and
allies all over the world. Plans are
being develop ed for using this plant
after the war to take care of the surplus production during the spring
and summer months. It can handle
about 20 percent of Alabama's present production.
Mobile has used approximately 40
tons of frozen eggs per month. The
quick-freezing plants at Camden,
Selma, and Grove Hill processed eggs
in this form in 1942. Here is an example of how this plan works:
About the first of May, 1942, eggs
were selling in Clarke County from
lIc to l8c a dozen, mostly in trade
at country stores. The Central Refrigeration Cooperative of Grove Hill
worked out an arrangement with the
Malbis Bakery in Mobile to deliver
them frozen eggs. The co-operative
paid the farmers 24c a dozen for
standard weight eggs of "standard"
grade, one cent per dozen premium
for each ounce over 24 ounce, and
lc per dozen less for each ounce
under 24 ounces. Immediately eggs
all over the county advanced to 24c
per dozen.
Frozen Eggs
EST ABLISHMENT of local quick
freezing plants in Alabama has provided another way of relieving congested egg markets during the spring
of the year. At the same time the
plants provide farmers with an outlet for their eggs at a higher price
than they would otherwise get. Handling the eggs also increases the income of the plants.
For several years one bakery m
33
�From May 1, to July 1, the Central
Refrigeration Cooperative shipped
the Malbis Bakery of Mobile 129
cans (40 dozen each) of frozen eggs,
a total of 5,160 dozen eggs. In addition to raising the price to farmers
from llc and 18c a dozen to 24c, a
nice profit was made on the transaction.
A program of t his kin d is of value
to the farmer and sharp freezing
plants alike. It would help for some
system to be worked out for concenb'ating the frozen eggs in the central
markets to attract larger buyers.
Small bakeries in interior points have
expressed an interest in buying locally
frozen eggs. An advantage of this
system is that it requires a relatively
small amount invested in equipment
and little expense to do the job.
uses about 50,000 chickens per week
valued at $25,000 to $30,000.
Broiler production in Alabama has
grown very rapidly during the past
few years. In 1942, 21 Monroe
County farmers produced 68,000
broilers which brought $40,000 . In
Lowndes County, 10 farmers sold 40,000 broilers for $22,000. The Tallapoosa County Exchange handled 91,438 broilers and paid the farmers
$51,870. An additional 25,000 broilers were produced in the county and
sold to independent dealers. It is
conservatively estimated that Cullman County produced 200,000 broilers in 1942.
Expansion of the broiler production
in these and other areas is being
planned to meet Alabama's requirements.
Broiler Production
Turkey Production and
Marketing
OFFICERS of one killing and dressing plant in Montgomery state that
they kill approximately 10,000 pounds
of broilers each week. Local production takes care of the requirements
from April to July, but during August, September, October, November,
December, January, February and
March, they buy about 3,500 pounds
each week from Georgia and Tennessee.
In Mobile there is one dressing
plant that kills 12,000 pounds of
broilers per week. About 90 percent
of them are produced in Alabama;
the other 10 percent comes from
Georgia and Mississippi.
To take care of the needs for the
boats leaving Mobile it requires about
12,000 pounds of frozen broilers per
week. At present this requirement
comes from out of the State, graded
and properly packed.
A large poultry plant in Birmingham kills approximately 25,000 broilers per week, 98 percent of whicn
comes from Georgia, and 2 percent
from Alabama. Birmingham alone
34
TURKEY production in Alabama is
largely within the area known as
the Blackbelt, with heavier concentration in Hale, Sumter, Greene, Marengo, Perry, Montgomery, Lowndes,
and Russell Counties.
There are a few large producers
in other parts of the State. (See
Map, No. 24.)
Until a few years ago turkey was
thought of as a Thanksgiving and
Christmas delicacy. It is now being
served in many leading hotels and
cafes every day in the year. Six leading hotels in Chicago in 1941 carried
,
turkey on the menu from three to
seven days each week, thus increasing consumption of turkey meat in
Chicago 4,000,000 pounds that year.
The present emergency is creating
demands for turkeys, which should
stimulate production. At present it is
the most economical meat obtainable,
replacing high-quality steaks that are
unavailable.
There has been a change in the
system of marketing turkeys. Until
�I
keys sold his "live" basis at an average of 22c per pound. The man who
sold on a dressed basis said his shrinkage and additional cost was 5c per
pound which was equivalent to 28c
live weight, or 6c more per pound by
killing and dressing. This is an additional income of $1.20 on a 20pound turkey. He sold 500 turkeys
which brought him $600.00 more than
if he had sold them on foot. The
other grower sold 2,000 turkeys at
22c per pound. Had he marketed
them "N. Y. dressed" he would have
received $2,400.00 greater income.
Lack of proper facilities is a big
problem in handling dressed turkeys
in the concentrated production areas.
It is believed that this could be
solved by shipping to large storage
plants in Mobile, Montgomery, and
Birmingham in ice packs, dry cold
packs, refrigerated trucks or cars, or
by establishing cold storage holding
rooms in local storage plants.
All turkeys should be sold on a
grade basis. As farmers become acquainted with the value of quality
they will appreciate and profit by a
grading system. Official grading is
necessary because Government regulations now require packers and distributors to sell on graded basis.
TURKEYS "RAISED
1942 ·
•
•
•
• •
•
•
LEGEND
MAP "24
·Es timates based on Census and AMA
reports.
recently they were all marketed alive.
Leading markets are now on a "dressed basis". Due to this change and
the fact that there are no turkey
killing and dressing plants in the
State, larger dealers have been forced
to secure much of their supplies out
of the state.
•
Offering dressed and graded turkeys would increase the number of
buyers on local markets, which would
result in higher prices. The present
marketing system (live basis) interests only a few buyers. This means
that farmers have no advantage of
competitive prices.
One Russell County producer and
shipper who follows good production
methods sold his turkeys dressed at
an average of 33c per "N. Y. dressed" (bled and feathers removed)
basis, while another produc\!r and
shipper with comparable quality tur-
Recommendations for Improving Poultry Production
and Marke ting
IT IS DIFFICULT to separate problems involved in marketing from
those in production, therefore, the
two phases will be considered together.
I. Since the Poultry Improvement
Program now in operation in Ala,..
bama has proven its value, it is recommended:
(a) That an official hatchery be
established in every county or closely
accessible to it. This has proved to
be the best method of stimulating
interest in getting increased produc35
•
�tion of quality products. These hatcheries also may assist in marketing
poultry and eggs.
(b) That the present breeding and
disease control program be enlarged
to help meet the requested increase
in poultry and egg production.
II. Standardization and grading
being essential in any sound system
of marketing, it is recommended:
(a) That at least one or more limited licensed egg graders be made
available to every county producing
eggs in quantities greater than local
consumption.
(b) That a full-time State-Federal
egg grader be placed in each of the
three central markets at Montgomery,
Birmingham and Mobile. These graders would operate under the existing
marketing agreement of the State
Department of Agriculture, Alabama
Extension Service, and United States
Department of Agriculture.
(c) That a plan be formulated to
expedite the movement of eggs from
interior points to the central markets.
(d) That the two activities of
standardizing and grading of poultry
and eggs and conducting improvement
work be combined and the Poultry
Division of the State Department of
Agriculture, co-operating with the
Alabama
Extension Service, and
United States Department of Agriculture, be responsible for the combined
program.
(e) That adequate cold storage facilities be maintained at central markets to care for the increased poultry
and egg production and to provide a
better
distribution of
surpluses
created during seasons of peak production. It is desirable to encourage
the system of financing whereby producers of eggs during seasons of peak
production can retain their equity in
them until they are sold. At the
presen t time this system is actually
in operation by some banks, cold
36
storage plants, and private operators.
(f) That egg production be increased to make it possible for the
Birmingham egg drying plant to secure sufficient eggs in Alabama for
continuous operation.
(g) That present quick-freezing
plants offer opportunities for processing eggs for market, and that additional quick-freezing plants be established when materials are available.
III. Since it has been found that a
large number of broilers is imported
each year to meet Alabama's requirements, it is recommended:
.
(a) That expansion of broiler production be on a community or area
basis so that sufficient volume will be
produced to attract large buyers.
(b) That volume of production in
these community areas be planned
to meet seasonal requirements.
(c) That community poultry killing and dressing plants be established to prepare broilers for market.
(d) That broilers be properly packed and officially graded to meet U. S.
Standards.
IV. Believing that turkey production has a bright future, it is recommended:
(a) That increased production of
turkeys be done on an area basis.
(b) That killing and dressing
plants be established to take care of
area production.
(c) That the turkeys be properly
packed and officially graded to meet
U. S. Standards.
V. It is further recommended that
appropriate legislation or regulations
be passed to make "U. S. Grades" of
turkeys, eggs, and broilers, the "official grades" in Alabama. This will
enable Alabama turkeys, eggs, and
broilers to enter all competitive markets on equal basis.
VI. It is also recommended that a
State-wide poultry and egg market
news service be set up for keeping
producers informed daily on prices.
�FIELD CROPS
Cotton
COTTON is, and for more than 100
years has been, the backbone of the
economic system of Alabama. In
1942 Alabama farmers produced
883,056 bales of cotton which sold
for $78,026,828. The cotton industry has directly or indirectly furn ished employment and income for
a. big proportion of the population .
Out of a total cash farm income of
$137,254,000 in 1941, $64,462,000
came from sale of lint cotton and
$11,356,000 from sale of cottonseed.
Nearly 40,000 people earning $27,799,213 in wages were employed in
1939 by 103 textile manufacturing
plants, largely engaged m cotton
manufacturing
of various kinds.
These establishments used $68,000,-
000 worth of material, fu el and electric energy, and manufactured products valued at $123,979,606.
The Black Belt was the principal
cotton producin g area in Alabama up
to the advent of the boll weevil in
1914. The heavy producing areas a r e
now the Tennessee Valley, San d
Mountain and Wiregrass while the
Black Belt has shifted lar gely to cattle and hay crops.
For generations much of Alabama's cotton crop went to foreign
markets. Several foreign countries
have become strong competitors within the last fifteen years, especially in
quality and uniformity of packing.
This, plus disturbed economic conditions, practically closed foreign cotCOTTON ACREAGE •
COTTON YIELDS ·
MAP 25
* AMA and AAA reports.
MAP 26
• AMA and AAA reports .
37
,
�\
ton markets to Alabama before
World War No.2.
Furthermore, the cotton acreage in
Alabama in 1941 dropped to 1,760,000 acres, the lowest since 1876. The
average acreage 1909-1914, just before the invasion of the boll weevil,
was more than 3,500,000 acres.
Military requirements are for better quality and longer staple cottons.
The supply of short cotton is far in
excess of needs.
Whether for military needs during
the war, for meeting requirement of
domestic consumption in war or
peace, or for regaining foreign markets after the war, high quality, good
staple cotton, properly ginned and
packed must be produced economICally in Alabama.
COTTON
1941·
--,,---,
•
•
Bales
6,580
1,040
8,330
2,610
19,680
4,330
6,710
5,320
5,950
17,390
5,030
2,950
1,850
3,890
3,410
13,470
22,530
5,720
1,030
10,330
7,370
36,240
7,670
18,350
42,250
12,610
5,420
14,590
6,620
11,360
14,800
5,820
11,030
12,680
•
• •
B ales of Cotton Produced in 1941
Alabam a By Counties
County
Autauga
Baldwin
Barbour
Bibb
Blount
Bullock
Butler
Calhoun
Chambers
Cherokee
Chilton
Choctaw
Clarke
Clay
Cleburne
Coffee
Colbert
Conecuh
Coosa
Covington
Crenshaw
Cullman
Dale
Dallas
DeKalb
Elmore
Escambia
Etowah
Fayette
Franklin
Geneva
Greene
Hale
Henry
•
County
Bales
Houston
22,620
Jackson
23,940
Jefferson
2,530
Lamar
8,010
Lauderdale 24,770
Lawrence 31,740
Lee
6,580
Limestone 39,830
Lowndes
6,690
Macon
11,040
Madison
49,710
Marengo 11,120
Marion
8,280
Marshall 43,150
Mobile
1,140
Monroe
7,950
Montgomery 7,960
Morgan
27,500
Perry
8,440
Pickens
11,530
Pike
9,300
Randolph
7,780
Russell
6,290
St. Clair
5,250
Shelby
2,960
Sumter
6,470
Talladega 6,440
Tallapoosa 5,100
Tuscaloosa 11,730
Walker
5,130
Washington 820
Wilcox
6,170
Winston
7,070
LEGEND
100 IIALU
MAP 27
·AAA records.
Percent age S taple L e n gths
A labama
Year
7/8
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942*
24.1
44.8
38.3
9.9
14.7
8.7
21.0
34.7
5.2
17.1
4.9
1.9
2.9
.2
1.2
7/8 and 15/16 and
29 / 32 Longer
69.5
52.7
55.5
75.4
70.4
73.0
61.3
51.7
60.3
46.9
33.6
23.7
20.8
7.1
13.9
6.4
2.5
6.2
14.7
14.9
18.3
17.7
13.6
34.5
36.0
61.5
74.4
76.3
92.7
84.9
• Agricultural Marketing Administration
Report released December 8, 1942.
Penalties of some $10,000,000 were
inflicted on Alabama cotton growers
in 1929 and 1930 because a high
percent of the cotton averaged less
than % inch due to the planting of
38
�short staple varieties. Domestic mills
and foreign markets did not want
Alabama cotton because of its short
staple length and inferior quality.
By practically eliminating short
cotton and producing largely 15 / 16
and longer the reputation of Alabama
cotton for better quality and longer
staple has been r estored and farmers
no longer suffer heavy pen alties.
Consumption and Production
1000 8,t,L[5
THE CONSUMPTION of cotton in
Alabama during the season 1939-40
exceeded, for the first time in history, the production of t otton in Alabama. For the season 1940-41, the
excess of consumption over production was very materially increased. A
total of 1,124,700 bal es was consumed in t he State as compared with a
production of 768,500 bales.
srAI"U: LLI'IGTHS
/""""""-_.--_- ~ ~~
" s \J
V ~ ...,.. D LLSS
- ,. W -\t-1l
~~L- _ _ W
' INCH ANtI CW£R
MAP 28
• AMA and AAA reports .
PERCENT.A.GE OF CarTDN BY STAPLE LENGTHS.ALAEWv1A.l928-41 ..
-x•
-J.:-
•
CHART 6
• AMA report s.
39
�1939-40
Growth and staple
length (inches)
Consumption'
Upland:
Minus 7/8'\
7 /8 & 29 /32
15 / 16 & 31132
1 & 1-1132
1-1116 & 1-3 /3 2
1-1 /8 & 1-5 /32
1-3 / 16 & 1-7/32
1-1 / 4 & longer
Total
1940-41
Produc- Consumption'I
tion'
1,000
bales
P er
cent
1,000
bales
1,000
bales
Per
cent
7.1
87.4
362.3
329.0
74,7
3.8
1.3
.2
1
10
42
38
9,
14.7
182.6
379.6
183.4
8.2
.8
.4
,
10.1
147.3
476.3
398.0
84.9
4.5
2.2
1.4
1
13
42
35
8
1,
769.7
1,124.7
865,8
,
,
100
,
100
1941-42
Produc- Production 2
tion'
1,000
bales
1,000
bales
25.2
160.3
318.2
251.1
13.4
.3
,
1.5
54.6
289.3
407.8
16.2
768.5
769.4
,•
,
,
lEstimate based on data obtained from cotton mills, adjusted for classification according
to the official cotton standards.
!!Dased on pubHshed reports of Agricultural Marketing Se rvice.
3Compiled from preliminary report of ginnings through November 30, 1941.
4.Include s cotton, 'w hich, becau se of characte r defects , is clas se d as "no staple" .
IILess than 0 .5 percent.
eLess than 50 bales .
U ,S.D ,A. - A .M ,A. -
March, 1942.
Cott on, Uplan d : E s tima t e d S upply, D isa ppearance, an d C a rr y aO ver, by Sta ple
L e n g th, Un ited S t a t es, 1 9 4 1-42 Seas on
Staple
length
Inches
E stimated
Carrydomestic
1941
over Produc- Total
disapAug. 1
supply pearance
tion
1941
of
American l
1,000
bales
Shorter than
7 /8
704'
7 /8 and 29 /3 2
2,855
15/16 and 31/32
3,254
2,779
1 and 1-1 /32
1-1 / 16 and 1-3 / 32
1,688
598
1-118 and 1-5 /32
1-3 / 16 and 1-7/32
84
49
1-1 / 4 and longer
Total 1-1 /8" and longer 731
Total
12,011
1,000
bales
1,000
bales
1,000
bales
Probable carryover
August 1, 1942
Total
P ercent
of disappearance
1,000
bales
Percent
,
436
1,213
2,263
3,857
1,955
487
138
79
704
1,140
4,068
5,517
6,636
3,643
1,085
222
128
1,435
330
1,340
2,910
3,980
2,330
865
160
85
1,110
810
2,728
2,607
2,656
1,313
220
62
43
325
245
204
90
67
56
25
39
51
29
10,428
22,439
12,000
10,439
87
IDomest ic consumpt ion and exports (including lend -l ease s hipm ents) .
.2Includes cotton re ported as "n o staple" .
Cotton Divi s ion, A.M.S., and est im ates of Cotton Goal Committee of the D epartment,
January 12, 1942.
Southern Divi s ion , AAA.
July 6, 1942 - NEA.
40
•
�of longer staples. This is far more
important than ever now since the
Military requirements demand longer
staple and better quality.
COTTON MILLS
1942 •
o
Non Wilt Soils
FOR THE VALLEY section of North
Alabama, the DPL variety leads;
with Stoneville second and other varieties developed from Stoneville,
such as White Gold and Coker 100,
following .
The Sand Mountain Section of
North Alabama IS predominantly
Stoneville with the exception of
Jackson County which is DPL.
For the upper Coastal Plain and
Piedmont Area, the DPL variety
leads, with Stoneville second, and
Cook 144 in isolated wilt spots.
o
00
o
o
o
Wilt Soils
IT IS ADVISABLE to plant only a
wilt-resistant variety of cotton in
Central and South Alabama on account of the prevalence of wilt in
those areas. The planting of such varieties will tend to check the spread
of the disease and will help promote
the one-variety program. There are
several wilt-resistant varieties that
compare favorably in yield and other
qualities with the best of non-wilt
varieties.
Some of the leading wilt-resistant
varieties are: Cook 144, Sand C Big
Boll, Early Wilt Cleveland, Cokers 4
In 1, and Coker 100 Wilt.
MAP 29
·Records of Extension Agronomist.
Cotton Varieties
USUALLY the greatest return from
the cotton crop is obtained by
growing varieties that will produce
staple 15 / 16 inch and longer in
length. The production of cotton
shorter than 15/16 inch exceeds the
consumption of such cotton within
the State. On the other hand, consumption now greatly exceeds production for 15 / 16 inch cotton and all
of the longer staples. For the season 1939-40, the production of 15 / 16
inch and 31 / 32 inch cotton slightly
exceeded consumption. During the
following season, however, the production of cotton of these staple
lengths decreased somewhat, whereas
consumption was very materially increased, making it necessary for Alabama mills to go outside of the State
for a considerable quantity of this
kind of cotton as well as for cotton
One-Variety Communities
A ONE-VARIETY community is a
group of farmers in a fairly well
defined natural community or larger
area, who organize to increase the
yield and improve the quality of their
cotton crop. One-variety growers
agree to follow the latest improved
methods of production necessary to
produce high yields, maintain the
purity of planting seed, and preserve
the quality of lint.
41
�,
Increaaed Value from One-Vari e ty Prog ram
Year
..""
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
(5)
Aver.
Average Av.
State inc. in
yield lint per
lint per acre
acre
Ibs.
Ibs.
10 0/0
251
182
190
216
261
1100
220
25
18
19
22
26
A
Av.
Av.
Value
premium Amt. rec'd
inc.
)'Ie
points as premium
market
price
yield 6~~~~:. received on qneper lb. per acre c tton
for
VarIety
lint
lint
I·nt
One-Varcotton
I
cotton
·ld
8.4
9.4
9.2
16.0
18.5
$2.10
1.69
1.75
3.52
4.81
276
200
209
238
286
1,209
242
40
40
30
30
20
$1.10
.80
.63
.71
.57
Total amt.
r ec'd for
extra
yields
a!1d premIUm per
acre
$3.20
2.49
2.38
4.23
5.38
17.68
3.53
Total
One-Variety
cotton
acreage
Total
increase
yield.and
premIUms
rec'd.
170,282
111,587
234,943
424,508
513,485
$544,902.00
277,852.00
559,164.00
1,795,668.00
2,752,589.00
5,930,155.00
1,186,031.00
•
~
___________________________ ..________
~
-= ~
______________-=======a
�One Va rie ty Prog r e ss R e port
Extra yield of lint per acre from
the adopted varieties in the organized
communities is estimated as 10 percent of the state average yield. This
extra yield is undoubtedly much
higher than thls in most places.
Estimated premiums received on
the one-variety cotton are very conservative as it is realized that not
more than one-half of the one-variety
growers get anything like the market
premiums on their one-variety cotton, and some of them get no prem-
In
Ala bama
No.
Comr CounYea
ties muni- Acreage
ties
1931
1932
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1
2
16
31
33
49
57
63
53
56
21
74
66
110
132
181
232
254
Bales
Classed
10,000
40,000
69,127
170,2 2
111,587
234,943
420,341
513,485
40,000
80,000
171,877
192,162
IUm.
Growers outside the one-variety
communities are receiving extra yield
and premiums as a result of the onevariety program.
Smith Doxe y Act
THE SMITH-DOXEY ACT which
was passed by Congress in 1939
provides for free classing service for
members of regularly organized onevariety cotton improvement associations.
Marketing On Basis of Staple
Length and Grade
ONE VARETY c.ont:N c.otvM.NTES
1942 •
,..--,
,...
LEGEND
~
--------"-2.
_ II _ I a
~ .
- _____ :'-\0
,-
-w-..........
, COTTOH CLU$N:)
KllVU
MAP 30
*Records of Exte ns ion Agronomi s t.
43
THE BIGGEST problem in improving the quality and staple length
of cotton is the feeling among farmers that little or no consideration is
given staple length in the price they
receive for their cotton. It is difficult
for markets to refl ect staple values
when many different varieties of
varying staple lengths are grown in a
trade territory.
When a community builds a reputation for commercial quantities of
quality cotton, buyers are attracted,
competitive bidding is stimulated, and
growers are in position to bargain for
premiums on their better cotton.
In order for farmers to secure additional marketing advantages, they
should produce improved one-variety
cotton in large even-running lots
which can be made available to the
trade from year to year.
Through a cooperative educational
program conducted by the Extension
Service of the Alabama Polytechnic
Institute and other agricultural agencies, cotton buyers, Alabama Gin Association and cotton mills, remarkable
progress has been made in Alabama
in the last 10 years in obtaining rec-
�lowest percent of roughly prepared
cotton.
ognition of staple length and grade
values on local markets where quality cotton is produced in volume.
When the importance of grade and
staple lengths is fully understood by
both farmer and local buyers it is
believed that this problem will be
largely eliminated.
Staple Production Problems : Use of
"gin run" seed, seed from irresponsible seed "peddlers" and many different vari ~ties being planted in same
community, make it impossible to produce uniform quality and staple.
Some communities are kn own to have
been growing a dozen or more different varieties or strains. The ginner
cannot do a good job of ginning if
he must gin mixed varieties and a
uniform cotton in quality cannot be
put on the market.
Summary of Lint Problems
GINNING: War demands are for
longer staple and better quality
cotton. The trend for years has been.
to better staple and higher quality
for civilian needs.
Good gin preparation is essential
to quality. Rough ginned cotton results in the farmer being penalized.
Up to four or five years ago much of
Alabama's cotton crop was "rough"
in preparation. This has been improved to where Alabama ranked first in
the Southeast in 1940-41 with the
S tap I e Recognition Problem. :
Grade, staple length and gin preparat ion should be well recognized cotton
marketing factors by farmers, cotton
buyers and others. The grade and
staple length of each bale should be
definitely established while the cotton
is still in t h e farmer's possession.
Quality cotton should be so identified that it can be followed easily
from producer to mill. Some form
of metal tag should be used to identify bales. Each bale carrying an
identification tag showing grade and
staple length and sold on its merit
would do much to assure production
of high quality cotton.
NUMBER OF GINS
1942 •
Cottonseed Sold
IN 1942 ALABAMA farmers produced 603,001 tons of cottonseed
which brought $29,167,153.
The question of quality is not generally recognized, especially on the
part of farmers, in marketing cottonseed. Farmers realize that they are
docked for damaged and high moisture content at some seasons. The
importance of selling cottonseed
strictly on the basis of grade is not
well understood. In f act, it is questionable wh ether the present system
of cottonseed grades reflect fully the
economiC gain of farmers.
o
LEGEND
NVWIIOt
~
----'7: 2 & -- 29 _44
. J-_- 7 -- 6-10
-
-- --1-2
MAP 31
-Records of Extension Agronomist.
44
•
�COTTONSEED SOLD
1941 •
cotton is dried before being packed
in wagons or storage the danger of
moisture damage is reduced. It is essential to have proper operation of
dryers or else both the lint and seed
may be damaged.
Corn
IN 1942 ALABAMA produced 43,961),000 bushels of corn valued at
$40,443,200.
Since the annual corn production in
Alabama is not sufficient to meet
needs, corn is not considered a cash
crop for Alabama. However, there are
many localities in which corn is of
considerable importance as a cash
crop. Total corn sales in the State
amount to more than $5,000,000
some years.
High yields being made in the Sand
Mountain and Limestone Valley areas
enable many farmers to sell some
corn. Observations at the elevator at
Guntersville show that a considerable
•
MAP 32
COTTON DRIERS
1942 •
-Estimates based on AAA records of cotton produ e ti o n and current reports o't the
Bureau of the Census on quantities of cotton s eed crushed.
...r.......
o
o
Composition of a ton of Cottonseed is as follows:
300 Pounds oil
900 Pounds cottonseed meal
600 Pounds hulls
100 Pounds linters
100 Pounds waste
Swapping cottonseed for meal is
practiced in many localities. This
practice, when done fairly, is good
business for both the farmer and the
purchaser. In too many cases, however, farmers do not understand the
values involved and they trade at a
heavy loss to themselves. A definite
regulation setting forth the basis for
trading should be in effect so that
farmers and purchasers would make
sound business transactions.
Much can be done to improve the
quality of cottonseed by proper
methods of picking and handling. If
, g g go~
0
0
00°0
0
0
0
o
o
0
0
0
00
0
00
00
00
0
M A P 33
-Records of Extension Agronomist.
45
�manufacturer of grits and meal is
the prevalence of mixed and colored
corn. Yellow corn is preferred by
livestock feeders on account of high
carotene con ten t. Those who are
producing corn for the market need
to grow a pure white corn for the
meal and grits trade.
OIL MILLS
1942 •
o
o
o
o
o
•
Bagging: Corn selected on the
farm for marketing should be packed
in uniform bags.
How Sold: Here are the ways most
corn is sold in Alabama:
a. To neighbors and local grist
mills.
b. To local merchants who assemble small lots and sell in large lots
to mills.
c. To elevators.
d. To large mills manufacturing
feed, meal, or grits.
e. To large livestock feeders on ton
basis. This practice is common, especially in South Alabama.
o
MAP 34
CORN
1939'
-Recorda of Extension Agronomist.
volume of Alabama-grown corn, especially from Sand Mountain, is handled at this point. In the Birmingham area a number of manufacturers
make meal and grits. Then, there is
the feed business throughout the
State.
Weevil Damage: A serious handicap to the marketing of Alabama
corn, especially in the Southern half
of the State, is the heavy weevil damage. The lack of storage facilities results in corn frequently being offered
for sale which has been practically
destroyed by weevils. In South Alabama much of the corn is damaged
seriously by weevils before it is harvested. Weevil control through the
use of weevil resistant varieties and
the use of carbon disulphide are essentials to marketing corn.
Grading: Much corn IS poorly
graded; frequently it is not graded
at all. A serious problem for the
..
LEGEND
1OOO1IJ5HEL.S
1.2 4 1_L!l3 1
7!i1 _ ~
384 - !I!l1
136 - 24!1
MAP 35
-1940 Census.
46
�largely to the southern half of the
State. By using good varieties, proper
cultural methods, and proper rotation,
high yields of sugar cane are obtained.
The following will help Improve
market conditions:
1. Growers in whole communities
or areas plant and produce single
varieties so that each syrup mill can
make a uniform product.
2. Plant syrup crops on the proper kind of land and use the right
fertilizer.
3. Use equipment that removes all
foreign matter and manufacture to
reduce sugaring; pack in uniform,
neatly labeled glass or tin containers.
Sorghum production is confined to
North and Central Alabama. The
multitude of varieties makes uniform
manufacturing impossible and the
SWEET SORGHUM SYRUP
1939 •
LEGEND
1000 o.o.LLOHS
SUGAR CANE FOR SYRUP
MAP 36
1939·
-1940 Census.
Syrup
IN 1942 ALABAMA farmers produced 2,645,000 gallons of sugar
cane syrup valued at $2,116,000 and
1,767,000 gallons of sorghum valued
at $1,325,250.
Production of high quality sugar
cane and sorghum syrup offers considerable opportunity to Alabama
farmers. Experience shows that urban
consumers like to buy high quality
syrup direct from farmers. Too often
syrup is packed in various types of
containers and may contain foreign
material. For several years a group
of farmers in DeKalb County has
placed high-quality sorghum syrup' on
the market in neat uniform containers. This syrup has been very popular. Farmers in other sections are
finding a ready market at syrup
plants.
Sugar cane production is confined
MAP 37
-1940 Census.
47
�¥
/
War needs f or vegetable oils became so acute that a goal of 810,000
acres for Alabama was set for 1942.
Peanut production for oil had to be
expanded to all counties. War needs
for oil were such by the close of 1942
that a goal of 850,000 acres of peanuts was assigned to Alabama for
1943.
The peanut industry was badly upset in 1942. To meet the production goal for oil, farmers in the commercial peanut area of the State made
big increases in their acreages. Many
other farmers planted peanuts on a
commercial scale for the first time.
For several years a government
production control program had been
in effect in the commercial peanut
area. Extra peanuts for oil in 1942
were known as "excess" peanuts because they were in excess of the peanut acreage allotted under the government control program.
PEANUTS
o
o
•
=L:-'-_'---'::.
1943 Go.oJ..S
MAP 38
*1939 acreage adju s te d on basis of Census
and AMA reports and 1943 goala fr om State
War Board.
PEANUTS
1939 •
•
small areages per farm and small
mills seriously limit uniform large
scale commercial production. Sand
Mountain sorghum is very popular
on the markets.
•
•
•
Peanuts
PEANUTS are second to cotton in
impor tance in Alabama as a cash
crop.
The average acreage of peanuts in
Alabama from 1929 through 1938 was
449,000 acres with an average of
231,000 acres picked. In 1940, total
plantings were 540,000 acres with
310,000 acres picked and 195,341,000
pounds sold for $5,860,000 .
Peanut production for harvest and
for hogs has been confined largely
to Southeast Alabama up to 1942,
when Alabama farm ers produced
189,000 tons of peanut s which sold
for $19,656,000.
•
• •
•
•
•
• •
• •
•
'00''''''_
!8,497 -2Q241
lI,tillg-I2j54
f.061 - 7.2H1
-
MAP 39
*1940 Cens u s .
48
~I_
810
�(4) Placement of pickers in counties was delayed .
(5) Operators of pickers in new
producing areas failed to receive adequate training in operation of machines .
(6) Many counties had inadequate
warehousing facilities.
(7) Scarcity of pickers and inefficient routing of pickers delayed the
completion of picking.
(8) There was a wide difference
between price of "excess" peanuts
and quota peanuts. This gave rise to
widespread dissatisfaction. Growers
felt that peanuts for oil, if essential
for the war effort, should sell for as
much as peanuts for any other purpose.
No doubt most of these problems
can be worked out in 1943. It is necessary that they be solved to enable
farmers to produce ample peanuts to
meet war needs.
PEANUT PICKERS
1942 •
o
o
o o
•
~-.,..L-l--L.. 0
o
o
•
o
.-1---(
•
o
o
,
MAP 40
PEANUT BUTTER MILLS
• AAA records.
1942 •
To effect the program for increased acreage for oil in 1942 the government projected a program of distributing seed, pickers, weeders, and
providing grading, warehousing and
marketing facilities.
Many difficulties naturally will
arise with a big program affecting
so many individual farmers. Some of
the problems wer e:
(1) Many
seed of the recommended small type white Spanisb had
mixtures of improved Spanish and
other varieties. This was contrary
to explicit information given farmers
as to variety standards.
(2) Seed was delivered too late to
permit shelling before planting.
(3) Labor shortages and limited
supplies of weeders made rapid and
cheap cultivation of peanuts necessary.
I
- Recorda
49
or
MAP 41
Extension Ag ronomist.
�Oil Content
nut grades has been made in Alabama within the last five years on
proper time and methods of digging,
correct stacking, proper curing, picking and cleaning.
A TON of Spanish peanuts produces
approximately 600 pounds of oil
and 900 pounds of meal, and runners
570 pounds of oil and 850 pounds of
meal. These yields vary somewhat
with seasons. The average yield of
peanuts in 1940 was 725 pounds per
acre.
Soybeans
SOYBEANS is one of the main war
crops for oil and livestock feed.
Yields of soybeans for oil were too
low to justify Alabama farmers in
growing them prior to World War
Number Two.
The present war has made the need
for oil so great that many farmers .
with machinery and large acreages
can afford to grow soybeans.
Problems with soybeans for oil in
Alabama are largely production problems. First, yield s of most varieties
are low. This is shown by the following tests:
Marketing
NORMALLY, markets are readily
available to Alabama farmers producing commercial lots of peanuts
sold on basis of Federal grades.
Grades and values are established
while the peanuts are still in possession of the producers. Most farmers
are familiar with the grades and factors which determine grades.
Outstanding improvement in pea-
M a in Station -
Yield
Variety
Ogden
Volstate
Tenn. Non- Pop
Mammoth Yellow
Clem son
Hayseed
Arksoy
McCoupin
White Biloxi
Charlee
Auburn
Bushels
1940
1941
1942
3 yr. avo
28.8
26.8
14.3
11.2
14.9
Failed'
Failed'
8.2
11.6
11.8
Failed'
Failed'
20.3
7.0
11.8
Failed'
Failed'
12.8
12.8
8.6
Failed'
8.5
25.3
7.0'
11.8'
4.8
3.7
12.0
12.8'
8.6'
3.5
6.8
l Only 1 y.ear average.
2Destroyed by w orms.
Sand Mounta in Statio n
Yield - Bushels
Variety
Ogden
Mammoth Yellow
Clemson
Hay Seed
White Biloxi
Charlee
Palmetto
1940
1941
1942
3 yr. avo
Shattering
resistance
20.2
15.8
11.8
11.6
15.8
9.6
10.4
22.8
14.8
10.3
15.6
13.0
8.8
11.1
21.6
29.1
'20.1
22.8
20.0
20.8
18.7
21.5
19.9
14.1
16.7
16.3
13.1
13.4
Good
Poor
Poor
Good
Fair
Fair
P oor
50
�from other states. As a result of a
seed producing project in Baldwin
County and in the Piedmont area,
Alabama not only produces enough
O-too-tan for its own needs but the
bulk of the O-too-tan seed for the
Nation. In Baldwin County O-too-tan
seed is produced after spring truck
crops. In the Piedmont area the seed
is interplanted in corn. Frequently
the cash income from these seed
amounts to as mu ch as farmers in
these areas get from the sale of other
crops .
Through the one-variety cotton improvement community program normally ample cottonseed of good varieties are available to farmers at
fair prices .
Ample peanut seed is available.
Men experienced in commercial peanut business point out that the small
type runner and the small type Spanish grown in Alabama are more UTIl-
SOYBEANS HARVESTED
1939 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
...........
•
LEGEND
_______ 181_222
...
- --~
- =--
..
1 7-~e
-""10- ,,- 3.
Q..:....: .3- II
1_
WINTER LEGUMES
MAP 42
1942 •
-1 940 Cenlua.
Second, shattering, with many varieties, r esults in heavy losses. Most
farmers do not have sufficient equipment to harvest soybeans when they
mu st be harvested. A few promising
shatter-resistant varieties have been
developed.
Third, volume of production, except in two or three counties, has
been too low to establish a market.
See ds
ALABAMA is rapidly changing from
a seed-buying to a seed-producing
State.
Approximately $1,250,000
worth of legume and pasture crop
seed was saved in Alabama in 1942.
Seed production is rapidly becoming
a considerable source of supplemental cash income in a number of counties in the State.
Fifteen years ago Alabama bought
all of the O-too-tan soybean seed
MAP 43
-Reco rd s of Exte nsion Agronomi st.
51
•
�vetch, and Williamette vetch and
crimson clover in the northern half
of the State. Monantha vetch is successful in most sections. This combination will go a long ways toward
solving the winter legume seed program in Alabama.
Production of white Dutch clover
seed was practically unknown until
seven years ago. White Du tch seed
saved in 1941 amounted to nearly
$150,000.
Anoth er crop, lappacea
clover in the Black Belt, is a valuable
pasture crop n eglected until five
years ago.
Harvesting and re-cleaning machinery is being purchased in increasing amounts. Records show that
in 1942 there were 1,515 combines
and 202 re-cleaning machines in the
State.
The following figures for 1942 indicate volume of seed production in
Alabama:
WHITE DUTCH CLOVER
HARVESTED 1942'
•••
•
LEGEND
10001"OUI'Cl)
MAP 44
•
COtvitilNES
194'2 •
-Records of Extension Agronomist.
form and more desirable for the
trade than In most other producing
areas. Only In a few localities IS
the mixture of varieties a problem .
It will mean much to the State to
continue the present varieties and
avoid bringing in any new ones until
they are proved by Experiment Station tests and peanut trade to be
superior.
Blue lupine, a winter legume
which produces seed abundantly, has
been introduced In South Alabama.
Caley pea (Lathyrus Hirsutus) has
been developed into a standard winter legume of the Black Belt. Monantha vetch, hairy vetch, and cnmson clover are being produced In
volume, especially in North Alabama.
The winter legume seed program
In Alabama IS based on production
of: (1) Blue lupine In South Alabama, (2) Caley pea In the Black
Belt, (3) Monantha vetch, hairy
o
o
o
0
0
o
o
~ 0"--'10
o
o
•
o
o
o
LEGEND
'''1;101Il0l
~
- "' -'n
------30-""
- II - 29
-------- 57 _ 0 1
-------
1_
7
MAP 45
-Records of Extension Agronom ist.
52
,
�Winte r Leg umes
..,
Pounds Harvested
Hairy vetch
Monantha vetch
W iIIamette vetch
Austrian Winter peas
Crimson clover
Blu e lupine
Caley peas
TOTAL
Value
1,814,573
231,164
298 ,438
36,240
1,352,133
599,295
338,200
$199,603
21,961
23,875
2,174
141,974
59,9,29
33,820
4,670,043
$483,336
Othe r Leg um es
Pounds Harvested
White Dutch clover
Lappacea clover
Kudzu
Sericea '
Annual lespedeza
Crotalaria
Valu e
92,596
15,400
8,914,000 crowns
696,500
2,749,659
1,011,360
TOTAL
13,479,515
SEED RECLEANERS
1942 •
$ 55,557
7,700
75,769
104,475
412,448
151,704
$807,653
SEED SCARIFIERS
1942 •
/--.-'--t--'" 0
o
o
LEGEND
NUIoI!I[A
o
~:~~:l.~
- 9 - 16
-
o
r---~~-L-----L---J
o
3- 8
I - 2.
MAP 46
-Rec ord s of E x te ns ion A g ronomi s t.
MAP 47
-Records of Extension Agronomis t.
53
I
�with planting and harvesting equipm ent.
4. There is an insufficient number
of harvesting and re-cleaning machines.
5. There is n eed for better gl"ading.
6. Bagging is a big problem.
CROTALARIA HARVESTED
.
1942'
Hay
•
THE BIG hay problem in Alabama is
to increase hay production to meet
present needs of the farm and to
provide for expansion of the livestock
industry. In 1942, Alabama farm ers
produced 829,000 tons of hay valued
at $9,525,210. In general, hay produced in Alabama should be marketed through livestock.
Alabama is on a deficit hay basis .
This is partly due to weather conditions and partly to a lack of perennia l hay crops. Less than 23 percent
of the total hay acreage in 1934 was
• •
•
•
0 ------·. . .·
-
:.... !2:)~ _~
2-8
MAP 48
*Records of Extension Agronomi s t.
ANNUAL LESPEDEZA SEED HARVESTED
1942 •
Expansion of seed production In
Alabama depends upon the type of
educational work in the future and
the financial returns to the farmer.
Fundamentals in seed production are:
1. Seed must be produced in sufficient volume to establish markets.
There will always be an opportunity
for the farm er to produ ce seed for
his own needs. Conditions in Alabama
are such, however, that cerj;ain groups
in some areas will likely never find
it economical to produce seed.
2. Charges for harvesting, recleaning, bagging, warehousing, and
marketin g must -he reasonable. Excessive profits at any point between
producers and other consumers handicap or destroy seed production program. Failure to keep this principle in
mind has defeated seed producing
programs as a source of cash.
3. Many farmer s are inexperienced
,
•
•
•
LEGEND
1000 fi'OUlC>S
--- - - - -
-()e8 - 13~
. ~08-:411_ISI_2fS1
_== B _~ ~~_ 18- (17
--
MAP 49
-Records of Extension Agronomist.
54
•
�adequate to take care of large quantities of hay.
(4) Weather conditions make it
difficult to cure high quality hay.
SERICEA SEED HARVESTED
1942 •
•
I
Tobacco
•
IN 1942 ALABAMA farmers produced 235,000 pounds of tobacco
valued at $61,100. For the year tobacco allotments for Alabama were:
•
Bri gh t Toba cco
Autauga _ .. _.
1.0
Butler
24.4
Conecuh _____. _______ 30.7
Dale
14.5
Geneva
14.7
Henry _. ____ .____ 2.0
Houston ____
53.6
Covington
131.3
Total
.272.1
_._00_00_ _ _ _ _ _
0 0 _ . _ . _ 0 0 _ 0 0_ _ _ _
•
• •
•
00_00_00.
00 _ _ 00.
00
_'_00_
•
•
Acre
Acres
AcreS'
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acres
Burle y Tobacco
Lauderdale __._.____
Limestone
Madison
Marshall
Winston . _____ .. __.
Total
•
1.7
6.4
.69.4
1.4
.6
79.6
00 _ _
000000000000""' _ _ " ' _ 0 0
LEGEND
00"_ _ _00""_00._ _
0 0 " " 0 0 " ' _ "_ _ _ " , , _ , _
00.
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acres
Acre
0 0 " ' _ 0 0 0 0 _ ' _ '_ _00_. _ _
MAP 50
-Records o! Extension Agronomist.
•
,
ALL HAY OTHER THAN ANNUAL LEGUMES
1939·
accounted for by perennial crops, but
perennials have been materially increased in recent years.
Hay needs in industrial areas have
dropped to a very low figure . Many
livestock farmers, especially dairymen, are producing a high percentage
of hay requirements compared with
20 years ago . The Black B elt formerly
sold a considerable volume of hay
but the trend has been to more grazing with less dependence on hay as
a source of cash.
Some problems in commercial hay
production in Alabama are:
(1) Volume of production is too
small to justify use of machinery essential to saving hay on a commercial
scale.
(2) Volume at marketing centers
is too small to establish a market
that will attract buyers.
(3) Warehousing facilities are m-
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
LEGENO
IOOTONS
MAP 51
-1940 Census.
55
�ANNUAL LEGUME HAY
---.-:-'9 3 9 •
Tobacco marketing problems are:
1. Lack of volume at any given
point.
2. In experience in prop er curing
and grading.
Small Grain
•
•
•
•
•
. •
)
LEGEND
IOOTOMS
•
ALABAMA is a deficient small grain
producing state. The problem with
small grain in Alabama is increasing
the acreage and production to meet
present feed n eeds and to provide
for n eeded livestock expansion. More
small gram is n eeded to furnish
grain, grazing, and erosion control.
Increases in small grain should be:
(1) Oats througho ut the State.
(2) Barley on the more fertile
soils to use as a supplement to and
a substitute for corn.
(3) Wheat for food, grazing and
poultry, especiall y on the h eavier
soil s of the State.
BARLEY THRESHED
MAP 52
1939 •
-1940 Census.
•
All of this allotment was not
planted. In Houston County only
five or six gr owers planted 15 to 20
acres in 1942.
A f ew farmers in Covington and
Geneva have been growing bright
tobacco sin ce World War No. 1.
Bright tobacco was tried out in
sever al sou theast Alabama and Sand
Mountain counties from 1937 to 1941.
Results indicate that good yields of
high quality tobacco can be produced
in these areas.
Under
pre-war conditions the
United States had a surplus of tobacco so a government acreage control program was put into operation.
Thi s prevented expansion of tobacco
acreage in Alabama. Labor shortage
prevents expansion during the war.
After the war the crop should be
fully considered .
)
•
LEGENO
1000 MlSl4l.S
\
'i.--r:r.r -
MAP 53
-1940 Census.
56
I ~- ~:.
�..
OATS THRESHED
FL OUR MILLS
194 2 •
1939 ·
-~~
•
•
MAP 54
- Records
-194 0 Census.
WHEAT THRESHED
1942 ·
•
•
MAP 56
Extension Agron omi st.
COMMERCIAL FEED MIXING PLANTS
1939 •
•
or
o
•
...........
LEGEND
n °'
1 -I "
MAP 57
MAP 55
-1 940 Census.
-R ecord s of Exten s ion Agronomi s t.
57
•
�Problems with small grain for sale
are:
1. Limited acreage resulting in
volume too small to establish good
markets.
2. Low acre yields and high production costs.
3. Lack of harvesting machinery.
4. Inexperience with planti!,g and
harvesting machinery.
5. Inadequate facilities for cleaning and grazing.
During 1942, Alabama produced
4,800,000 bushels of oats worth $13,312,000 and 169,000 bushels of wheat
worth $201,110.
--------*--------
58
•
�•
FRUITS AND VECETABLES
Introduction
in Alabama. The group around Birmingham takes in the lower end of
the Sand Mountain territory with
Birmingham and Tuscaloosa counties
added . In the Montgomery area there
are four counties. Some of the products grown in this area are marketed in the Birmingham area, but
a large part of it is used in Montgomery and elsewhere. Southeast
Alabama has three counties growing
large amounts of vegetables but has
no nearby large consuming centers.
This area is dependent upon more
distant markets to take its products.
Large amounts of vegetables are produced in four counties in the Baldwin
and Mobile area. Wilcox County is
COMMERCIAL fruit and vegetable
industry in Alabama returns to
growers approximately $10,000,000
annually. Of this amount, general
truck crops bring in about $1,500,000,
fruits and nuts about $4,000,000,
Irish potatoes about $3,000,000 and
sweet potatoes about $1,500,000.
These are from all sales by farmers,
including everything from small lots
on local markets to car and truck
lots shipped out. All statistics used
in this report, unless otherwise
designated, are based on the 1940
census.
In making a study of the commercial fruit and vegetable industry in
Alabama a number of trends are of
special interest. The 1939 commercial vegetable acreage of 38,000
acres was about 2500 acres over the
1929 total. At the same time farms reporting dropped from 18,587 in 1929
to 11,634 in 1939. This indicates
that fewer farmers are growing vegetables but that these few are increasing their acreages.
Another point of interest is that
the value of vegetables harvested for
sale in 1929 was $2,540,000 while
the returns from the 1939 crop was
only $1,335,000. This shows a tremendous decrease in returns from a
7 per cent larger acreage. Returns,
of course, are determined by a large
number of factors but efficient marketing can mean a great deal to
growers in making their business
profitable.
VEGETABLES HARVESTED FOR SALE
1939 •
-• •
1--""-+---';..
- •
•
•
•
.-J--(
•
.
-
-
-.
Producing Areas
I T WILL be seen from the accompanying maps that there are four
areas of major importance in the
commercial production of vegetables
M AP 58
-1940 Cens us.
59
�products. Farmers, unless they are
NJvf3ERCf" FARMSAN)PERCENlJIG(GROWf\JG TR..JC:I<. large independent operators have
CROPS. 1939 •
,
rT\
been forced to concentrate their proU
duction operations.
The accompanying map. No. 61,
shows the locations of the various
concentration markets or outlets for
the products which are now being
grown in Alabama. These markets
range all the way from the small
farmer cooperatives to the large markets which ar e operated by independent individuals. As might be expected, these are located almost entirely within the areas where the
important commercial production is
found.
A clearer understanding may be
had of the entire problem of production and marketing of perishables
In Alabama when it is observed that
1---10
o
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 1939'
MAJOR AREAS, vot...J.JME PRODUCED A"" RAIL
~
MAP 59
*1940 Census.
,
rather set apart because it has a
canning plant which takes a large
part of the produce grown in that
county.
Of these four groups there are 10
counties with 1000 or more acres of
vegetables per county. There are
eight counties with 500 to 1000 acres
per county. Other counties in the
State have 500 acres or less per
county in general truck, exclusive of
sweet and Irish potatoes.
These maps also show where the
various fruit and vegetable pr oducts
are grown in quantities. Of much
interest is the fact that production
of these various products is concentrated in one or more of the counties
in the general heavy producing areas.
Such developments have usually been
brought about by the problems involved in marketing these perishable
CAIILOADS
~--<..
-
2 21111-2.&00
- 1.313-1 ,1 92
449 - 100
"T'
000_.
ts:s:I
IWt. YOYtl.C:W'T
)0 _II II
~ 1 00~0.QI
MAP 60
·Unpublished data (rom files of the Department of Agricultural Economics which
were based on 1940 Census, AMA reports
and data Cro m county agents.
60
�the heavy producing areas are located in sections with suitable soils,
climate, people, and markets. Each
area has some advantage.
In the Birmingham area, Birmingham is the market place for a large
part of the produce from the six
counties surrounding it. Jefferson
County, with le ~s advantR g e in the
way of soils, grows rather large
quantities because it has professional
truck gardeners who understand the
science of vegetable growing. It also
has the advantage of being near to
the markets.
Counties such as Cullman, Blount,
Etowah, and St. Clair have the advantage of excellent soils, some advantage in weather conditions, and
close proximity to a ready market in
the Birmingham area.
Some counties still further back
have th e same advantages as Cullman, Blount, and Etowah, except
that they are far enough away from
the markets that the farmers to the
south of them are in a more advantageous position with reference to
market. Tuscaloosa County is in the
heavy-producing column. It has a
rather satisfactory outlet in Tuscaloosa and Birmingham.
In the Montgomery area the counties of Chilton, Autauga, Elmore, and
Montgomery have special advantages
in soils. Chilton has a large population skilled in the production of perishabl e crops. Montgomery furnishes
a ready market for a large portion
of the goods produced in this territory but many of them are trucked
to Birmingham and other points.
Good highway systems and railroad
facilities make transportation of
minor imp ortance compared with sections.
In counties like Houston, Geneva,
and southern Dale, the exceptionally
fine soils account for the commercial
development. Large sections of these
counties are admirably suited to the
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE MARKETS
0
1943 ·
O""TTAI'II()();3A·
• •
•
o
Al'"\..ANTA
••
""
o
I
.""
LEGEND
()
(5
rAII.IoI[I~S '
WHOU:Ul.C
~ns
r AII.'UII.S · 1.I ... 'UI,Cf'S
•
CU"'I IoO"''IIUT'S
..
C"''''''' I No. I"\...,IoIT5
COLO-I'I\.CII. AND sO, "'-'NT'S
1'1[11.1..11010 I'L ... NTS
t:,.
eUYCAS ' IoIAAII.CT S
o
•
MAP 61
·Re cords of E x te nsi on Hortic ulturi s t.
~
production of vegetables. They have
considerable advantage in earlin ess
as early spring weather permits the
starting of crops quite early.
Earliness, naturally fine soils, and
predominance of people experienced
in vegetable gr owing, make Baldwin
County an ideal spot for the production of early vegetables. Good
highways and railroad facilities are
adequate for moving the crops. Also,
an efficient marketing system has
been developed.
In Mobile County is found the advantages in earliness, mild temperatures, fairly good soils, experienced
growers, and a ready market in Mobile for a large part of the produce
grown .
Developments in Wilcox County
may be attributed to the lo cation of
a canning plant which packs largely
okra. This crop is especially well
61
�TURNIPS AND TURNIP GREENS
1939 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
burgh will form a 30 0 triangle in
which about 85 to 90 per cent of
Alabama's export products are marketed. See Charts 7 and 8. Convenient
diversion points in cities like Cincinnati, which is the beginning of
the real consuming area, makes it
possible for those who move produce
into that area to direct it into the
cities where there is greatest demand. This is true of truck movements as well as of car lots. Of
course, it is necessary for those marketing fruits and vegetables to keep
up with the current demands in consuming centers.
Another reason for the movement
of this produce into the Great Lakes
section is the fact that the large producing states on the Eastern Seaboard supply the East, the largest
consuming center in the country.
Those states have the advantage of
near ness to Eastern consumers. AnCOLLARDS
1939 •
MAP 62
*1940 Census.
suited to Wilcox and Black Belt farmers and soils.
Peaches are grown in commercial
quantities in Chilton, Elmore, Autauga and DeKalb counties. Facilities for
handling the present volume seem to
be qdequate.
Truck Crop Markets
WITH REFERENCE to outlets or
consuming centers, the bulk of su rplus produce moving out of Alabama goes naturally into the densely
populated section south of the Great
Lakes. Railroad and highway Charts
No. 7 and 8 show that this is a natural movement. These heavy consuming centers are located nearby
compared to eastern markets and are
well served by transportation facilities.
Lines drawn from Birmingham,
Alabama, through Chicago and Pitts-
•
LEGEND
"'CII[i
M A P 63
·1940 Census.
62
�RAILWAYS OVER WHICH ALABAMA PRODUCTS MOVE TO MARKET
CHART 7
. ..
HIGHWAYS -OVER WHICH ALABAMA PRODUCTS MOVE TO MARKET
,
.
.
,
"'--J1-~~r-\\-u
i,
,
:...... .......
i .
:
1' ........... ".
!r~;:j2·~·
..
r········,
"1~Eh""~H
c.."c, ~
~~"
!
--
- . ---~
100
__ ._
t5
'"
CHART 8
63
"-W
•
�•
BEANS (LIMA)
WATERMELONS
1939 •
1939'
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
LEGEND
•
"' CfllC~
•
MAP 66
MAP 64
* 1940 Census.
*1 940 Census.
PEAS (GREEN)
PECANS
1939 '
1939 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
f--,L-+----L" •
LEGEND
"' CRt ~
________ 1ISg _Q72
~
-
- 43.3 -~
30
432
:=:I~{=J~: '~i:'~~
--
I_! 2
MAP 6 7
MAP 65
· 1940 Census .
* 1940 Census.
64
•
•
.--J--f
�•
formation includes location of each
market, present volume of goods
handled, potential capacity of the
markets, what increases or decreases
in production might be expected
with assurance of satisfactory prices,
advantages and disadvantages, physical facilities, and things needed to
make
operations more efficient.
Other facts give a clear picture of
the future of these or similar markets in their particular areas. This
study should enable anyone or any
group to understand more fully the
recommendations made with reference to locating markets or supplementing those already established .
CUCUMBERS
1939 •
•
•
•
•
Blount County: Blount County To-
• •
mato Growers Association handled
17,500 bushels of tomatoes during
the 1942 season. Association membership increased from 68 in 1941 to
186 in 1942. L. J. Vogel, manager,
reports that its present capacity IS
LEGEND
•
...CIIICS
• - - - - - - - - 863- U:'2
CORN (ROASTING)
1939 •
MAP 68
*1940 Census.
other factor of considerable Importance is the mountain range barrier
running from New York State into
Georgia and Alabama. Mountains
rising to a height of 5000 feet are
quite an obstacle in the paths of
trucks and railroads hauling from
the East to the Middle West. Hauling heavy loads over the mountains
is difficult. At certain seasons of the
year it is dangerous. So the area
just south of the Great Lakes is not
only most convenient but less competition is found.
Competing states to the west move
large quantities of their goods into
the cities west of Chicago. This is
natural and most economical in distribution.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
LEGEND
4 ell[S
Market Facilities
DETAILED information of the market set-up in Alabama has been
compiled and is given here. This m-
MAP 69
*1940 Ce ns us.
65
..
�OKRA
1939 •
POTATOES
1939 •
• •
•
•
•
•
LEGEND
.con
MAP 72
MAP 70
·1940 Census.
'1940 Census.
CANTALOUPS
1939 •
CABBAGE
1939 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
LEGEND
LEGEND
ACI'IU
r
- - - - - - - -481-(100
- 217-2i4
... CIIICS
- - - - -1~1-21(1
9"_
r-:""CC_
..:. _~.:-=-_~4__ 2~-_ ~4If
MAP 73
MAP 71
*1940 Census.
*1940 Census.
66
�tinue to grow. The volume obtained
for the sh ort season of operatio n
makes it possible for the association
to employ good sales help and to operate efficiently and profitably.
An obstacle lies in the fact that
some growers prefer, for various
reasons, to adhere to the old method
of selling field-run fruit to local
dealers. Possibly some of this is due
to financial arrangements which reduce the freedom of action of individ ual growers.
TOMATOES
1939' .
•
•
•
•
•
Cullman County: United Strawberry Growers of Cullman has h andled up to 65,000 crates of berries
per season. In 1942 it h andl ed 35,000 crates. Capacity of the association's facilities is about 150,000
crates. Even if satisfactory prices are
assured, the serious labor shortage is
expected to cause a slight reduction
in strawberry acreage this year.
•
•
LEGEND
AC
~
,,~s
• - _ _ _ _ _ 1,"1':'9 - 1,900
1«'3-288
19_ 12
COWPEAS (GREEN)
1939 •
MAP 74
·1940 Census.
about 30,000 bushels with the sizing
machine now in u se. It has ample
shed space and facilities to take care
of any expected increase.
With normal prices assured an increase of 10 percent might be expected in acreage.
The association is fairly close to
market outlets with much of the crop
moving to Atlanta, Jacksonville,
Tampa, and
other Southeastern
points. Most of the crop is moved
by truck.
The area has advantages in climate
and soil which enables it to produce
good yields of superior quality tomatoes. This quality, together with
the fact that the higher altitudes and
plateau formations in the Sand Mountain section usually cause t h e tomatoes to frost out later than in surrounding regions, probably means
that this project will endure and con-
•
• •
•
LEGEND
A,CllltS
MAP 75
·19 40 Census .
67
,
�... .
duction problem is the failu r e of
growers in the Cullman area to follow practical recommendations which
would improve greatly the quality of
their fruit.
Lack of grading enforcement has
made it possible for farmers to topoff ungraded fruit with berries of
fair size and quality. Enforced grading regulations will prevent this inferior fruit from being used to depress the market for better quality
ber ries. Failure to regulate per mits
enough freedom of action of individual growers and the unscrupulous
buyers to demor alize the whole thing.
BEANS (SNAP)
1939 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Conecuh County: In the Castleberry area about 26,000 crates of
strawberries are sold annually. Three
groups have been handling the crop
at Castleberry through auctions and
consignment selling. Some berries
are marketed at Evergreen while
•
LEGEND
"'CItCS
SWEETPOTATOES
1939 •
MAP 7 6
-1940 Census.
This market IS located very favorably to outlets. Most of the bernes move over a truck-line railroad
and highway to large consuming centers south of the Great Lakes. The
association has ample shed space,
warehouses, sidings and loading platforms to handle the present volume
very efficiently.
Chief competing areas are Tenn essee and Arkansas which place berries
on the market immediately following
the Cullman crop. Some years the
crops are marketed at the same time .
Their combined acreages are possibly
10 times that of Alabama and offer
truckers greater opportunities for
getting immediate loads. Stricter
grading in Tennessee and Arkansas
and near ness to market cause many
truckers to move out of the Alabama
territory as soon as the other berries
come on the market. A serious pro-
•
•
l--t--==•
•
•
LEGEND
. V.lMtLS
- - ----
MAP 77
'1940 Census.
68
--- 8202og..~~
�which may be expected to r emain
about as it was in 1942 . B ecause of a
shortage of la bor a nd supplies the
trend in vegetable crops will be
downward. The 1943 production of
general tru ck crops is expected to be
very small.
These markets are all well located
with reference to transportation facilit ies. They have the advantage of
earliness. Most of the crops move before the competing section s to the
north start t h eir h arvest.
Possibly the biggest obstacle in the
way of ord erly h andling of t h ese
crops, especia lly strawberries, is the
lack of volume. It is difficult to attract truckers to handle the major
port ion of th e crop. After berries are
available in sections to the north, or
where t h er e is a larger volume, the
truckers desert the small markets because it is difficult for them to obtain sui table loads without con siderable delay. If producers in all of
these small producing sections could
incr ease their volume by 300 or 400
percent they would be in much better position to attract and hold buyers and pay the expense of any
n eeded marketing organization. Better assembling and grading of the
product would be a help to the industry.
Combining the efforts of the various agencies and individua ls now
handling t h ese berri es would be beneficial. There is ample sh ed space and
other faciliti es to take car e of a 100
p ercent increase in volum e of berries.
Chilton Coun ty: J emi son Strawberry Association handles annually
3,000 to 3,500 crates of berries. They
could handle 100 p er cent more with
present facilities.
The Thor sby Strawberry Association handles annually 3,000 to 3,500
crates of berries and could increase
this 100 p ercent with present facilities.
STRAWBERRIES
1939 •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• 4.----. ,l.---j.
•
•
•
•
LEGEND
A C 1'1£$
MAP 78
*1940 Ce nsu s .
berries from 60 acres In northern
Co n e c u h County are marketed
through the associations at Garland.
Ther e is a serious n eed for assistance
in organi zation and selling on the
Castleberry market.
With satisfactory price assurance,
improved labor conditions, and efficiently operated mark ets, a 75 per
cent increase of strawb erry acreage
might be expected for Conecuh
County. This also h olds true for general truck grown in the vicinity of
E vergreen.
About $60,000 worth of sn ap an d
lima beans, squash, tomatoes, fi eld
p eas, English peas, and corn was handled on the Evergreen market in
1942. Physical facilities are very poor
at t his point. Strawberries are handled in the open.
During the present emergency an
attempt is b eing made in Conecuh to
maintain the strawberry acreage
69
�The Clanton Strawberry Association handles 20,00.0 to 25,000 crates
annually and could handle double
that amount with present facili t ies.
These markets are ideally located
with reference to railroad and highway outlets and the consuming centers to the north. This section normally has a ten days to two weeks
period when berries move without
competition from sections further to
the north. When other sections start
moving berries there is usually a
sale for the remaining berries to
processing plants in Birmingham and
Mon tgomery.
Strawberry production could well
be increased 300 percent in Chilton
County. Facilities for handling such
a crop are now available or could
readily be supplied by these a ssociations. However, with assurance of
satisfactory prices and necessary
labor a 50 percent increase may be
expected. Larger volume of berries
would have the effect of attracting
buyers as well as r educing the perunit cost of market ing the crop.
The Clanton Peach Association
handled 4,000 bushels of peaches in
1942. It has equipment and facilities
to handle 150,000 bushels. The county
crop sold for $750,000 with various
individual methods of marketing
used. Principal competing areas are
Georgia and South Carolina, where
large acreages are found. Chilton
County produces peaches of quality
as good as any other section. With
the proper market set-up and fair
prices, producers can operate very
profitably.
Present production and marketing
problems are: Lack of trained labor,
scarcity of f ertilizer and insecticides,
n eed for better marketing facilities
for the minor crops, reduced expense
of marketing for individual growers,
educational work on grading and
packin"', and a workable state law on
compulsory federal-state inspection
on selected crops entering or leaving
the State.
Lack of proper facili ties for handling the $340,000 worth of minor
crops grown in Chilton County offers
a considerable probl em.
Records
show that in 1942 each of 12 crops
brought: roasting-ear corn $38,780,
peas $13,560, beans $25,480, turnips
$29,020, tomatoes $158,600, watermelons $31,360, cantaloupes $3,980,
okra $8,280, lima beans $3,880,
squash $12,500, cabbage $1,252,
potato es $13,580. For an association
to profitably handle these crops there
would undoubtedly have to be an increase in the volume of certain items
to justify the operation of a market
over a period long enoug h to handle
them. With normal transportation
these crops are trucked away by individuals to nearby markets of their
choice.
Coun ty : Last year two associations at Garland and one at Georgiana in Butler County handl ed 51,750 crates of strawberries-15,000
as fr esh berries and 36,750 as processed fruit. The estimated capacity
for these associations is 150,000
crates. They have satisfactory shed
space, warehouses, and loading facilities.
If labor becomes available and satisfactory prices ar e assured, an acreage increase of 50 percent may be
expected. Growers are trying to maintain their present acreage.
These markets are well located with
refer~ nce to transportation and outlets. They have the advantage of relatively early crops and usually experience good demands and prices.
Their soils are suitable and people
experienced. Louisiana is their chief
competitor.
Chief obstacle to production of perishables in this area is lack of faith
that crops can be disposed of at a
profit. The farming system can be
Butl e r
70
•
�changed if this assurance is given.
The big problem at present, as with
other small areas, is failure to follow
recommended practices in producing
quality products, lack of standardization and grading, lack of sufficient
volume to attract buyers, and inability to pay for the operation of an
efficient selling organization.
Escambia Coun ty : About 25 cars of
general truck (except Irish potatoes)
are handled from Atmore, Brewton,
Canoe, and Pollard. Apparently the
facilities are unlimited for handling
all that can be produced in the
county. Undoubtedly facilities used
in handling the Irish potato crop can
be employed in the preparation and
handling of other crops. One association is operating at Atmore where
general truck is produced and assembled.
With assurance of satisfactory
prices, an increase of 10 percent may
be expected in acreage. With plentiful labor it might reach 25 percent.
While this section enjoys some advantages in soils and climate, competition of the Carolinas and other
states nearer to market may be a
handicap. Transportation is quite
ample with two railroads and a good
highway serving the area, but markets are at a distance.
surrounded by the wholesale districts
of Birmingham. Good highway and
railroad facilities are available. It
serves, as do most markets of this
nature, as a place where truckers
meet from various sections of the
country to exchange goods 01' to buy
and sell. It naturally serves the local
demands, and is used as an outlet for
much of the produce from the counties surrounding it.
In addition to other services performed, the association makes available supplies such as fertilizer and
containers to those who use the market.
Baldwin Coun ty: Practically all
markets in Bald,vin County are operated by individuals and are commonly
known as buyer's markets. These are
operated independently of any help
from the State or any other public
agency.
Mobile County: The Mobile Farmer's Market, star ted at Mobile in
1939, serves principally Bald,vin and
Mobile counties. Last year it handled
$2,000,000 worth of products. Present facilities are adequate for handling as much as 50 percent more. It
has the advantage of being located
between the Florida and Texas trade
areas. With assurance of normal
prices it appears that an increase of
25 percent may be expected in production for this mar ket. One of the
principal pr oblems encountered is in
the grading and preparing goods
handled through it.
J efferson County: T he J efferson
County Truck Gr owers Association
owns the facilities of the 23-year-old
Birmingham Farmer's Market which
handled $2,000,000 worth of products
last year. Present lot and buildings
serve farmers from all points in Alabama. The association has additional
space which is ample to take care of
expansion as it may be needed. Farmers from anywhere can sell on this
market by paying a nominal fee assessed all itinerants.
This market is located in the center
of the shopping district of Birmingham, Ensley and Bessemer and is
Houston County : Markets in Ashford, center of the vegetable growing
section of Houston County, handle
15,000 to 20,000 tons of vegetables
per year. This is exclusive of the
watermelons and tomatoes handled
through the local markets. The addition of these two prod ucts would
double the initial figures. The facilities there consist of one shed, 25 by
50 feet, operated by the farmers, and
•
71
�•
berries during the 1942 season and
stor ed these in Montgomery.
three or f our private temporary sheds
or warehouses operated by local
buyers or brokers. These facilities are
entirely inadequ ate for the volume
handled during the h eight of the season.
Local farmers believe that the
acreage might be increased 100 percent if an adequate market were established to get the farmers full value
f or their goods. Lack of information
on the current value of perishables
and established efficient meth ods of
handling leaves most farmers with
distant markets or local buyers as
their only outlets. Distance to market
is a serious handicap for this section.
Greatest needs in t his area are increased han dling capacity of the
farm ers' market, assistance in grading and packing, latest market news
f or all, competent sales assistance to
h elp in locating best outlets.
There were about 18,000 crates of strawb erries put up at
Georgiana by the sulphur dioxide
method in 1942. These w ere put up
in barrels for lend-lease u se.
A n ew quick-freezing plant with
a capacity of 7,500,000 p ounds of
various products is being installed at
Geor giana. Thi s plant will offer the
n eeded marketing faciliti es in this
area.
G e org i a n a:
For a number of years one
operator h as been packing strawberries by the cold pack method at Garland. During 1942 he packed approximately 10,000 crates. The capacity
of his plant would permit the packing
of doubl e that amount.
G a rl a nd :
A canning plant
at Roanoke packed abou t 18,000
cases of miscellaneous goods in 1942.
This came principally from Randolph,
T allapoosa, and Chambers counties,
with a small amount from n earby
sections in Georgia .
Different items packed were about
as follows: pimentoes 3,8 00 cases,
snap beans 3,400 cases, okra 5,000
cases, blueberries 2,800 cases, blackberries 600 cases, field peas 1,70 0
cases, turnip greens 2,000 cases. All
of these crops are grown in the count ies mentioned with t h e exception of
a portion of the pack of blueberries
which comes from extreme South
Alabama and N orth Florida.
Present capacity of this plant, with
possible additions, will undoubtedly
permit a reasonable expan sion of
acreage. Such needs will be dared for
by the owner as demands increase.
Difficulties of such plants are increased by obstacles thrown up by
the large canning concerns which
d ominate the industry in the North
and West. Small southern packers
have an uphill fight against these
R a nd o lph County:
Processing Plants
AT SEVERAL points in Alabama
there are facilit ies for processing
vegetables or fruits grown for processing plants. These plants are located as follows:
During the 1942 season processors in Birmingham packed
700,000 pounds of strawb erri es principally from the Cullman and Chilton
areas. They also han dled 100,000
pounds of blackberries. They state
tha t they could pack triple the
amount packed last year if t h e fruit
w ere available.
B irmin gham:
About 17,000 crates of
b erries were put up in barrels with
sulphur dioxide for lend-lease use.
This outlet could have handled 35,000 to 50,000 crates. Formerly many
of these berries have b een shipped to
Birmingham for cold packing.
Cullma n :
One concern coldpacked about 12,000 cr~tes of strawMont g om e r y:
72
�Expanding Production
large interests, and certain natural
disadvantages found in this section.
MAP 60, Pg. 60 shows the present
heavy fruit and vegetable producing areas with their r elative importance. These section s are located with
r eference to certain advantages of
soil, climate, people, and markets. In
view of the fact that these areas are
not operating at capacity it goes without saying that wise expansion might
first take place in these areas where
people are already accustomed to the
production of these crops and have
the necessary equipment. Since scient ifi c facts must be followed in growing, handling, and marketing of perishables it is extremely dangerous for
new hands to attempt such work without close supervision . Producers in
most areas have indicated that if th ey
are assured normal price levels r easonable increases in production may
be expected. Increases would materially lessen vegetable marketing problems. On the oth er hand, increased
acreages in new areas might create
problems similar to those in other
small-producing a r eas. Lack of facilities and unfamiliarity with perishables might create problems very difficult to handle.
Commercial vegetable production
in the United States has increased
about 200 percent since 1919. With
large developments in the W est, improved transportation facilities and
r efrigeration, competition has become very keen between the various
sections. With the return of normal
times those producing perishable
crops will have t o do so in competition with well-equipped and highly
train ed producers in other sections.
Unless producers in n ew sections can
show that they have advantages and
will employ r ecommended practices
in producing and handling they might
do well to leave this job to those who
are experienced and have set-ups for
handling such crops.
W ilco x Coun ty: A company operat-
ing a canning plant at Catherine had
a pack last year of 90,000 cases, all
okra, except 2,500 cases of blackberries.
This plant has a capacity of 150, 000 to 200,000 cases, and is very well
equipped. Th e government's refusal
to permit the packing of okra in tin
will apparently close down this plant
for the duration of t he war. The company's set-up in land and labor is not
suited to the production of other
products which might be canned.
A dehydration plant is n ow being
installed in Alabama by the King
Pharr Company, Camden, to dehydrate sweet potatoes. It will have a
capacity of about 1,000,000 pounds
of dehyd rated potatoes per season if
operated at full capacity. Thi s will
require about 100,000 bushels of raw
potatoes.
Any program involving processing
plants should not overlook t he possible future development of the sweet
potato for dehydration as a stock
feed, hum an consumption and starch
manufacture. This crop, typically
south ern , produces more food per
acre than any other now grown in
this section, has a food value 50 p ercent greater than the Irish potato and
contains as much Vitamin A as carro ts. The dehydrated sweet potato
has proved to be as good as sh elled
corn as a feed for most classes of
livestock, and will give, with equal
treatment, three times the feed per
acre as corn. An excellent human
food product is derived by dehydrating it. Dehydration reduces the transportation problem and enhances the
sweet potatoes' keeping qualities.
Pickling plants are operating in the
vicinity of R ed Level, River Falls,
Hartford, Samson, Slocomb and Dothan .
73
�Old and New Markets
Some qualifications of a satisfactory manager are : (1) a general fundamental kn owledge of local farming
conditions and people, (2) know
grades and values of products, (3)
be able to contact buying agenCIes
and keep up to the minute on market conditions and furnish a daily
market news service to shipping
points, (4) be a salesman, (5) be
honest and always firm with sellers
and buyers, (6) be able to direct a
field force, (7) kn ow more about the
business than the average buyer and
be able to tell them the market value
rather than be told, (8) be known in
the business and by the trade. Handling an effective market service job
is no fly-by-night business. Those who
have been most successful have been
in it for long periods of years and
their standing in the profession has
been establish ed t hrough l ong con tacts.
IN LOCATING markets two things
are absolutely essential: (1) volume to pay expenses, and (2) good
management to see that the products
are handled most advantageously for
the farmer. To begin with, some free
assistance in the form of personnel
and equipment will be necessary
through early stages of development.
Programs worthy of the attention of
public agencies should in time become self-sustaining. Exceptions to
these rules may be justified provided
wholesale markets are established to
use these out-lying smaller markets
as feeders in supplying them with
fruits and vegetables. If the large
wholesale markets are able to support the small ones it might not be
considered a direct subsidy.
It is evident that markets will have
expenses which must be paid by someone sooner or later. These expenses
include pay for a manager or a manager-salesman, shed and platform
help, inspectors, machinery for grading, news service, telephone and telegraph, correspondence, and depreciation on equipment. To take care of
these expenses it is necessary that
volume be handled on the market.
If these precedents of self-sustainment are not set then the question
will logically arise as to who is to be
given the available service and why.
It will create a problem for any market service which will be a constant
source of trouble.
A state representative of an effective market organization has a f ulltime job. It carries a large respon sibility and demands good pay. He
should be responsible to or directed
by a designated board which helps
decide policies and leave the successful operation of details to the manager.
Most of the perishable business in
Alabama and the country is operated
on a seasonal basis. Within two
months the Irish potato crop in Baldwin County is moved . Activity moves
on to other sections or to other crops.
Sheds are busy as bee-hives during
the potato ' season and absolutely deserted at other periods. Equipment
and crews are again recruited to handle other crops such as sweet corn,
cucumbers, and sweet potatoes which
usually come and go in periods of 30
to 60 days. Outside of these seasons,
sheds are entirely closed down.
Management of M arke ts
EFFICIENT and honest service to
farmers and buyers, not good fellowship or painted buildings, makes a
market. One authority with wide experience in handling markets in the
Southeast states that 75 percent of
the success of a market is due to good
management.
Tomatoes in Blount Coun ty are
handled by the association for only
74
�Inspectors of the Alabama Department of Agriculture would work in
conjunction with these local managers. In some cases one man might
be a combination manager and inspector.
Activities of these local managers
would be closely supervised and directed by the manager of the entire
system, who would keep in daily contact with them and supply them with
needed information.
Physical facilities and equipment
necessary for the operation of most
small markets need not be very expensIve. About all that is required is
shed space, platforms on which to
handle the products, parking lots and
stalls where the truckers may be
served, and suitable office space. If
the commodity needs to be graded at
the local market it will be necessary
that suitable grading machines be
provided. Of the 64 auction markets
operating along the East Coast over
70 percent of them have physical facilities costing less than $500.
In supplying services it might be
necessary or advisable that the State
provide movable grading machines to
be carried from one spot to another
to serve small markets unable to buy
their equipment. There are spots in
Alabama where seasonal help and
adequate machinery might lead to the
building of self-sustaining markets.
two months in the year. Cabbage in
Mobile County is handled over a period of about 4 to 6 weeks. Strawberry marketing at various points
may not last over 30 days. A peach
crop may be disposed of within 2 or
3 weeks. Watermelons in Alabama
are handled mostly in June and July.
Pecans begin to move in the fall and
are sold by the first of the ensuing
year.
Exceptions are found in the large
wholesale markets which receive varieties and volumes of products
throughout the year to enable them
to stay open for twelve months.
A problem in helping market Alabama products is found in small
areas with more goods than the local
market will consume but not enough
to attract outside buyers or to justify
the expense of assembling and sending them away to large consuming
centers. This always has been and
always will be a disturbing situation.
To meet these situations, an effective market· set-up must begin with
increased volume to justify a marketing program. To get increased production it will be necessary for those
interested in better markets to get
producers together and agree to grow
the same varieties and to increase
their volume of production to justify
a marketing system .
In view of the apparent important
position occupied by the manager or
supervisor of a system of state markets, first consideration should be the
selection of a good man. It is important that he be adequately paid
so that he will be interested in con tinuing with the markets. The manager, ,vith suitable assistants, should
see that help is directed to seasonal
markets when needed. Generally the
continuous employment of a manager
in anyone small market would not
be justified. This means that the local
managers would move from one place
to another as marketing needs arose.
Curb Markets
DURING 1942 total sales on 20 Alabama curb markets were $578,591.90. The Gadsden and Montgomery markets do an annual business of
near $200,000 per year each while
the annual business on the Tuscaloosa
market totals about $100,000. Pertinent facts about the markets are
reported by county home demonstration agents:
1. Most of these markets seem to
have ample facilities for the present
business and considerable expansion.
75
,
�2. The biggest need is for more
sellers to support the market. This
would mean a 'greater volume of
products sold with more efficient
operations.
3. Greater varieties of goods are
needed.
4. Better preparation needed of
products sold.
Market masters indicate that financial assistance could be used in improving the facilities of some of the
curb markets. Boards of directors of
some markets find it difficult to employ market masters and to keep them
operating efficiently on low salaries
they can pay. This problem parallels
the case with small markets which
find it difficult to pay for services
they need. Some markets need refrigeration equipment for handling meats
and other perishables.
Throughout the history of the curb
market movement in Alabama many
small markets have failed because of
lack of support from those for whom
they were organized. The following
comments on the individual markets
have been gathered from agricultural
workers in the various counties.
Gad sden: The Gadsden curb market
is one of the oldest. It was established in 1923 and has operated continuously since that time . The market
building, 30 by 120 feet, is very inadequate and is in poor condition. It
accommodates nearly 300 farm families throughout the year. The cash
business during 1942 was $167,000.
This market needs assistance in
building a new market place. This
would have to be subsidized until increased business made it self-sustaining. Assistance is needed in grading
and standardizing products offered
for sale.
It is believed that this area needs
a wholesale market which would
serve as an outlet for large quantities
of farm produce.
Tuscaloosa : The present curb market in Tuscaloosa is operated on
property belonging to the county and
is adjacent to the county courthouse.
The 1942 business amounted to about
$80,000. It has about the capacity
needed to take care of its present
business. There is no room for further expansion on the present site. It
has the advantage of a rather large
population to serve and could use an
increase of about 50 percent in products marketed. It is felt that a new
addition could be profitably erected
in another part of the city to serve
people not now conveniently located
to the present market. Assistance is
needed in the construction of this addition. The market has found it difficult to pay the market master an
adequate salary.
Selma: The Selma market has a
space of 1,875 square feet which
seems to be adequate for the present
business. In 1942 cash sales amounted to $9,932. The market serves an
area wjth a population of about 20,000 people. An increase in physical
facilities might be accompanied possibly by an increase in business.
There is a need for a greater variety
of products and more sellers.
A thens: This is a new market organized in the fall of 1942. Present
capacity seems to be entirely adequate for immediate future needs.
This market needs financial aid in
buying and installing refrigeration
facilities.
Aubur n : The Auburn market is operating in a new building put up by
the Kiwanis Club about 1940. It has
a capacity of 20 stalls. During 1942
sales were $8,555.
The need here is for more sellers
and more products. A need is . also
expressed for refrigeration, better
quality products, and more fruit, especially in the fall.
76
�operation of peddlers, who go on the
street an ... peddle their produce from
house to house rather than bring it to
the market where they could receive
better prices for it. Help is needed
for improving the physical facilities
of this market. Financial assistance
is needed in paying a market master.
Dothan: Physical facilities for this
market seem to be good and to be
ample for all expected expansion in
the immediate future . Last year $9,393 worth of produce was sold on
this market. The present market
could well use a 50 percent increase
in volume of goods sold. One of the
biggest needs here seems to be in the
improvement of the grade and quality
of the products for sale.
Tuskegee: A nice building of 20 by
40 feet houses the Tuskegee market
which did a cash business of $7,000
in 1942. At present there is a much
larger demand Qn the curb market in
this n eighborhood than can be supplied.
The Valley Roadside Market: This
market opened in Lanett in 1940 and
did a business last year of $37,577 .
It has a . building 42 by 120 feet
which could accommodate 60 sellers.
It serves about 20,000 people and
n eeds a 50 percent increase in products offered. There is need for an
improvement in the facilities to make
\
the market more comfortable. It also
needs help in paying a mark et master
and in advertising the market.
Wedowee: Physical facilities of the
Wedowee market seem to be adequate
at present. Only about $250 worth of
farm products are sold here per
month. There is a need for a 50 percent increase in produce offered.
Talladega and Sylacauga: The market at Tallad ega has a building 8 by
30 feet which seems to be adequate
for present sellers. In Sylacauga the
building is 16 by 30 feet, which is
sufficient for the present volume of
business. Last year 26 permits were
issued in the two towns and a business of $3,350 was done. There is a
population of 25,000 at present in
the two cities. A 50 percent increase in sellers and products would
be to the advantage of the market
and community. Assistance is needed
in providing more comfortable and
convenient quarters and in paying the
salary of the market master.
Mobile: The Mobile market has 100
stalls, in which $31,403 worth of produce was sold last year. The capacity of the market seems to be ample
for present conditions. It serves an
area with a population of 150,000 to
200,000 people, but has the disadvantage of being rather poorly located. The inaccessibility of the market to a large part of the consumers
in the area, as well as serious competition from several large groceries
in the immediate vicinity, has seriously handicapped it. There seems to
be a need for help in rearranging it
and providing adequate space for its
operation. The city has been requested to improve the streets and provide
better approaches to the market.
Montgomery:
The Montgomery
market has 215 tables over which a
business of $167,876 was transacted
in 1942. In addition, an undetermined amount of farm products was delivered out in town from orders
taken on the market. It is operating
at capacity. Needed expansion is impossible on the present site. The area
served has a population of 129,000
people.
Clayton : This market, space 20 by
40 feet, does not seem to be equipped
with facilities to make sellers comfortabl e while they operate the market during certain seasons of the
year. In 1942 their total sales were
only $3,239. It seems to be handicapped by poor buildings and by the
77
�Commercial Production of Truck Crops by Counties, 1940·
Montgomery Area'
Autauga
Potatoes'
Sweetpotatoes'
bu.
T
bu.
crate
bu.
bu.
bu.
Grand
total
6,360.0
1,664.0
226.1
138.2
2,710.7
216.4
2,389.7
45.0
238.0
645.5
917.2
94.2
1,069.3
293.8
12,872.0
9,453.0
1,056.7
301.0
5,080.0
1,445.5
4,724.2
272.6
468.0
2,577.3
3,727.5
733.2
10,539.5
738.8
3,082.7
6,042.0
763.6
125.7
780.0
1,229.1
1,029.4
109.7
2,300.0
1,299.0
67.0
12.3
1,205.3
554.5
2,765.5
566.9
1,376.3
311.2
1,090.9
44.8
38.1
7,027.2
14,417.1
1,271.4
4,545.5
135.7
12,175.7
574.8
58.2
472.9
22,291.4
202.7
6,074.6
608.6
50,232.8
2,793.8
193,433.3
10,911.1
481,577.8
878,500.0
1,293
5.7
3,357
294.3
27,367
6,011.0
4.2
3,354.0
309.5
22,060.0
1,617.0
2.8
5,334.0
52.4
12,531.0
6,954.0
18.0
1,754.0
42,461.6
65,458.0
15,875.0
30.7
13,799.0
43,117.8
127,416.0
7,673
53,794
7,607.0
86,772.0
4,209.0
128,926.0
20,336.0
88,132.0
39,825.0
357,624.0
1,129.3
bu.
Lima beans
448.0
Snap beans
bu.
bu.
Beets
24.8
Cabbage
T
384.0
Cantaloups, etc. crate
Carrots
bu.
827.2
Collards
'h crate
Roasting corn
25.5
T
230.0
Cowpeas
bu.
286.4
Cucumbers
bu.
Okra
bu.
34.6
Onions
cwt.
1,066.7
Peas, green
bu.
Peppers
bu.
133.8
Radishes
bu.
Spinach
bu.
327.3
Squash
bu.
1,348.6
Tomatoes
bu.
Turnips
bu.
744.9
Turnip greens
bu.
Watermelons
melon 192,577.8
Apples
Grapes
Pears
Strawberries
Peaches
Elmore Montgomery Chilton
1,143.6
477.9
92.4
·Unpublished data from files ot the Department of Agricultural Economics, which were
bas ed on 1940 Census A.M.A. reportlil and data from county agents.
Ilnelud es counties or Autauga, Elmore. Montgomery, and Chilton.
'Includes thnt used on farms (total production).
Needs are for financial assistance
in repaIring present buildings and
building a larger place. State h elp
has been available but has been discontinued for scale testing and egg
candling. This service is badly needed
and would be most useful.
embracing 18 counties where the
commercial production of fruits and
vegetables is of major importance.
These areas are found to have advantages in soil, climate, people and markets.
Eighty-five to 90 percent of Alabama products moving out of the
State are marketed in the area covered by a triangle from Birmingham,
Alabama, to Chicago and Pittsburgh.
Reasons for this are: closer proximity
to these markets than the heavy consuming centers of the East, good
transportation, similar advantages for
the eastern producing areas marketing in the eastern cities, and the natural barrier formed by the m ountain
Summary and Recommendations
FRUITS, vegetables, nuts, and sweet
and Irish potatoes bring about $10,000,000 annually to Alabama producers.
Returns are dependent on price
and efficiency of markets serving the
grower.
In Alabama there are four areas
78
�Commercial Pr,oduction of Truck Crops by Counties, 1940'
-
Dothan Area'
Lima beans
Snap beans
Beets
Cabbage
Cantaloups, etc.
Carrots
Collards
Corn, r oasting
Cowpeas
Cucumbers
Okra
Onions
Peas, green
Peppers
Radishes
Spinach
Squash
Tomatoes
Turnips
Turnip greens
Watermelons
Apples
Grapes
P ears
Strawberries
Peaches
Potatoes'
Sweetpotatoes'
bu.
bu.
bu .
T
crate
bu.
'h crate
T
bu.
bu.
bu.
cwt.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
melon
Dale
Geneva
Houston
5,862.7
754.0
22.7
73.9
22.7
36.4
1,268.0
805.0
114.8
16.6
317.3
9,590.7
2,001.0
69.4
6,745.5
62.1
Grand
total
50.7
1,932.0
81.8
16,721.4
3,560.0
137.5
141.2
2,272.0
118.2
5.9
71.0
146.3
16,818.2
253.8
1,269.3
14,713.6
88.3
18.8
10,808.8
38,277.3
150.4
272.6
29,834.2
2,372.9
221.1
484.3
31.3
63.6
1114.7
6,681.4
974.1
63 .6
104.7
9,538.6
1,226.5
41,800.0
78 ,500.0
153,522.2
273,822.2
bu.
T
bu.
crate
bu.
816.0
3.2
3,899.0
62.6
9,433.0
180.0
3.5
3,058.0
78.3
10,602.0
99.0
4.1
3,069.0
215.4
9,684.0
1,095.0
10.8
10,026.0
356.3
29,719.0
bu.
bu.
4,251.0
74,340.0
10,089.0
78,439.0
18,143.0
128,111.0
32,483.0
280,890 .0
17,756.1
*Unpublis b ed data from files of the Department of Agricultural Economics, which were
based on 1940 Census A.M.A. r eports and data from c ounty agen t s.
lIncludes counties of Dale, Geneva, H ouston .
!lIncludes that used on farms (total production).
range which offers an obstacle to both
sections attempting to cross it.
There are 25 established seasonal
outlets for fruit and vegetable products grown in commercial quantities
in Alabama. Some of these markets
handle more than one produ ct. In
addition there are nearby markets in
other states such as the state market
at Pensacola, Florida, the wholesale
municipal market at Columbus, Georgia, the wholesale market in Atlanta,
Georgia, and the markets at Rome,
Georgia, and Chattanooga, Tennessee,
which offer good outlets for many
Alabama products. Added to these are
the 20 curb markets scattered
throughout the State.
Physical facilities at most points are
adequate f or present volume and considerable expansion. Some points
which seem to n eed special help in
this respect are Ashford in Houston
County, and Evergreen in Escambia
County. There is possibly a n eed for
the establishment of a seasonal market at spots like the Chandler Mountain section in St. Clair County,
where a rather large volume of produce is grown with no local set-up
to help handl e it. The conversion
of melon acreage to needed crops in
areas like Clanton will demand some
aid in handling these crops which
cannot be disposed of in markets now
used. This may apply to other sec79
�Commercial Production of Truck Crops by Counties, 1940'
Mobile-Baldwin County Area'
Mobile
5,420.0
bu.
Lima beans
6,375.0
Snap beans
bu.
922.7
bu.
Beets
3,096.4
Cabbage
T
8,720.0
Cantaloups, etc.
crate
13,120.0
Carrots
bu.
724.3
Collards
Ih crate
424.4
Roasting corn
T
184.0
Cowpeas
bu.
10,768.2
Cucumbers
bu.
Okra
bu.
1,628.3
Onions
cwt.
74.2
P eas, gr een
bu.
3,119.3
P eppers
338.8
bu.
Radishes
bu.
Spinach
bu.
367.3
Squash
bu.
378.3
13,494.3
Tomatoes
bu.
Turnips
bu.
2,598.0
Turnip g r eens
2,172.0
bu.
Watermelons
melon
399,611.1
44.0
10.9
3,440.0
555.6
1,129.0
Apples
Grap es
P ears
S tr a w berri es
P eaches
P otatoes'
Sweet potatoes'
bu .
T
bu.
crate
bu.
bu.
bu.
Baldwin
344.0
2,427.0
65.9
220.4
1,578.7
380.0
878.7
4,703.6
178.0
244,200.0
737.2
101.9
1,537.7
85.0
Escambia Conecuh
829.3
7,248.0
151.1
19.5
3,556.0
5,501.0
134.8
145.8
390.9
58.6
57.7
643.0
3,214.9
Grand \
total
336.4
62.0
1,262.9
2,491.2
527.7
67.3
-385.3
968.6
1,059.2
390.0
2,643.5
281,811.1
8,777.8
2,177.8
10,149.3
21,546.0
1,139.7
3,353.8
10,298.7
13,500.0
1,603.0
5,408.6
362.0
255,359.1
2,424.1
233.8
8,514.9
423.8
527.7
771.0
825.6
16,115.8
8,791.9
2,172.0
692,377.8
71.0
33.3
5,335.0
65.6
2,577.0
705.0
5.7
2,543.0
15,025.7
7,835.0
4,691.0
6.0
5,154.0
11,703.1
20,937.0
5,511.0
55.9
16,472.0
27,350.0
32,478.0
119,688.02,664,213
70,756.0 221,99.2.0
399,486
59,508.0
17.5
6,709.0 3,190 ,096.0
97,812.0 450 ,068.0
·U npublished data from files of t he Department of Ag ricu ltural Economics. which were
ba se d o n 1940 Census A .M.A. report s and data from county agents .
l l ncThdes counties of Mob ile . Baldwin, Escambia. and Cone cub.
2Includ es that used on farm s (total production).
tions of the State for the duration.
The greatest n eed at establish ed
markets seems to b e increased volume
to enable t h ese ma rkets to operate
more effi ciently. Along with this is
n eeded educational h elp in grading,
in spection to certify grade, market
n ews service and sales h elp.
Curb markets at Gadsden and
Montgom ery need aid in enla r ging
physical facilities. Nearly a ll others
are adequately equipp ed for present
and expected volum e. Sellers and volume are needed for t h e markets to
operate most efficiently.
Processing plants are taking products available in attractive quantities and have capacities for any ex-
pected increases. Most important of
t h ese are canning plants at Camden
and Roanoke, cold packing plants at
Birmingham, Montgom ery, and Garla nd, and pickling stations in Covington, Geneva and Houston counties.
Any expansion of production should
be considered first in the areas where
t h ere are advantages in soil, climate,
people and markets, and especially
where established markets need increased volumes for greater efficiency
in handling their products.
Production and marketin g programs sh ould b e very closely related
and considered j ointly.
Small producing areas with volumes
above t h e local demand and less than
80
•
�Commercial Production of Truc k Crops by Counties, 1940 ·
Birmingham Area'
00
....
Lima beans
Snap beans
Beets
Cabbage
Cantaloups, etc.
Carrots
Collards
Roasting corn
Cowpeas
Cucumbers
Okra
Onions
Peas, green
Peppers
Radishes
Spinach
Squash
Tomatoes
Turnips
Turnip greens
Watermelons
Apples
Grapes
Pears
Strawberries
Peaches
Potatoes'
Sweetpotatoes'
Blount
Cullman
Etowah
Jefferson
St. Clair
16,532.0
30,126.0
14,213.3
10,200.0
54.5
19,754.7
21.6
382.7
746.7
4,070.0
63.6
20.1
1,773.3
50.9
7,274.7
7,372.0
1,884.1
146.8
7,006.7
1,558.2
3,325.7
161.5
2,282.7
12,607.0
33.0
9.2
172.0
bu.
bu.
bu.
T
crate
bu.
'h crate
T
bu.
bu.
bu.
cwt.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
bu.
melon
982.9
96,970.0
837.4
284.9
138,311.1
54.3
5,304.3
321.1
930.9
929.5
7,352.9
412.9
26,088.9
bu.
T
bu.
crate
bu.
33,5.49.0
39.9
4,928.0
4,550.2
36,867.0
bu.
bu.
52,996.0
86,267.0
-
62.5
60.5
1,779.0
1,940.9
4,043.4
63.5
5,422.8
753.8
-
-
--
9.6
--
522.7
44.1
13.8
1,544.7
-
-
--
84.5
380.0
418.2
115.2
912.3
614.0
285.0
--
7,109.1
1,505.5
645.0
4,882 .5
2,352.5
172.8
9.1
194.0
536.4
24.1
44.6
377.2
Tuscaloosa
Grand
total
2,421.3
3,272.0
1,062.5
153.3
1,281.3
514.5
197.1
170.3
303.0
1,027.3
374.5
426.2
2,611.4
228.8
43,470.7
67,647.0
3,043.2
405.5
30,370.7
2,123.6
3,758.1
495.5
2,656.0
11,554.6
6,106.8
2,105 .4
15,452.6
3,620.1
294.5
262.8
17,352.9
1,153.1
13,455.7
884.4
63,844.4
8,549.1
820.2
24,320.0
10,817.7
584.9
39,311.1
7,688.9
59,866.7
9,774.5
3,049.7
164,755.8
14,426.6
869.8
335,111.1
38,802.0
121.8
7,862.0
139,789.8
49,972.0
18,553.0
21.9
3,947.0
2,033.8
19,822.0
21,745 .0
26.0
5,21 1.0
730.4
22,829.0
17,013.0
24.4
5,571.0
135.0
20,279.0
12,985.0
10.8
4,789 .0
621.3
32,676.0
142,647.0
. 244.8
32,308.0
147,860.5
182,445.0
206,549.0
765,762.0
40,342 .0
62,472.0
24,813.0
98,125.0
22,677.0
45,625.0
32,370.0
150,569.0
379,747.0
1,208,820.0
--
--
·Unpubli s hed data from files of the Department of Agricultural Economics, which were based on 1940 Census A.M.A reports and data from
county agents.
lIncludcs counties of Blount, Cullman, Etowah , J efferson, St. Clair, and Tuscaloosa.
2Includes that used on farms (total production).
�enough to justify a set-up to help dispose of it are big problems in marketing. Such developments in perishables should be discour aged.
Efficient management by a trained
leader is absolutely essential to the
successful continued oper ation of any
market system .
V olume of goods to give financial
support to any market is most essential to successful operation.
Physical facilities need not be expensive to insure a successful market.
Money spent on good supervision and
service is much more desirable after
such actu al needs are met.
----*----
82
•
�FORESTRY
Introduction
ALTHOUGH ranking third in the
nation' in 1941 and leading the
South in the production of lumber,
Alabama forest lands (58 percent of
the total land area) are producing
(according to the Southern Forest
Survey) only 109 board feet per acre
per year. Under good management
and fire protection they could produce 300 board feet per acre per
year.
The 1941 lumber cut in the State
was 2,000,000,000 board feet (Table
1) which had a rough green lumber
f.o.b. mill value of $25 per thousand
feet or a total of $50,000,000. It is
estimated that the cost per thousand
of cutting the timber and delivering
to the mill in the form of logs was
approximately $7 or 28 percent of
$25. Approximately $14 or 56 percent of the $25 went into the cost of
operating the sawmill. This $14 is
further broken down as $12 for cost
of sawing and operating mill, management, risk, insurance, labor, etc.,
and $2 profit per thousand feet .
This leaves ($25 - $7 - $14) $4 per
thousand for the portion paid for
the standing timber. Applying the
percentages to the $50,000,000, it is
estimated that $28,000,000 went into
the operation of the sawmill, $14,000,000 to get standing timber cut
and delivered as logs to the mill, and
$8,000,000 to the timber owners.
Thus, after waiting 40 to 60 years
for the timber to grow, producers
received only 16 percent of the value
of rough green lumber f.o.b . mill.
During the 40 to 60 years they paid
taxes on the land, ran the risk of fire,
disease, wind damage, timber theft,
and failed to receive interest on their
investment.
83
As rough green lumber is further
processed, the value increases rapidly
and the timber grower's proportionate return decreases.
The $50,000,000, it must be remembered, did not include the value
of poles, piling, veneer, banel stocks,
cross ties, fuelwood, pulpwood, naval
stores, and many other products of
Alabama forests, but the price paid
the timber owner is at least equally
as disproportionate as in lumber.
The real value of forestry to Alabama cannot be properly measured
by the value of tbe stumpage or the
value of the raw material alone . It
can be properly measured when consideration is given to all values to
people and industry. The value of forestry in the over-all economy of the
State includes the value of the labor
and investments involved in cutting,
bucking, hauling, and processing,
whether the process be sawing into
lumber, converting into pulp 01
paper, or into boxes or Cl·ates. It in·
cludes the business given to railroads, industries created, returns on
investments, etc. When consideration
is given to all of these values, forestry constitutes one of the maj or
industries of Alabama. Data are
given to indicate these values.
In 1939, 75,000 people were given
full-time employment by Alabama
forest industries; in 1929, 21.7 percent of all wage earners were employed by forest industries; in 1937,
130,730,000 man-hours of labor were
provided by the forest industries of
the State.
In 1937, 35.71 percent of the net
tonnage of commodities moving out
of the State by rail and water consisted of forest products. In 1928, the
•
�57.46 percent 'Of the value 'Of the
net out-of-State movement 'Of all
ccmmodities. Fcr nc year was it less
than 38 percent, and in 1928 it
represented 98 percent 'Of the tctal
value of the net cut-cf-State movement 'Of all ccmmcdities.
If nc consideraticn is given tc the
value 'Of thcse ccmmcdity grcups
which had a net intc-the-State mcvement (excess mcvement intc the
State 'Over mcvement out 'Of the
State) and ccmparisons are made
only between the value 'Of forest
products and the value 'Of other
ccmmodity groups which had a net
out-cf-the-State movement, it will be
seen that the net value 'Of the forest
products fcr the seven years of the
study was 29.92 percent of the net
value of all ccmmcdity groups which
had a net cut-cf-State mcvement.
Comparative values are often more
LUMBER CUT
1941 •
• •
LEGEND
IoII.l..JOfI;
1ID,rT.
- -,,- - ~I _IS
-:-~--:45 ,-"1=,
"-- - - '-'- --
~
IS~-a9
35 -~O
1<1-22
2 - IS
PULPWOOD CUT
1941 •
MAP 79
• Unpubli s hed data from Sou t hern For.e s t
E x perim e nt Station, New Orlean s, La.
value 'Of the net out-of-State mcvement 'Of fcrest prcducts was $81,438,000.
The impcrtance 'Of fcrestry tc
Alabama's trade with 'Other states
and the 'Outside wcrld is shown in a
study made by the Alabama Industrial Development Board 'On the
movement 'Of different classes 'Of commodities intc and cut 'Of the State.
The final values are expressed as the
value 'Of the net mcvement 'Of each
ccmmcdity either intc 'Or out 'Of the
State. In a sense the values represent the State's balance 'Of trade with
'Other states and the 'Outside wcrld.
In Table 2 is given the value 'Of
the net 'Out-of-State movement 'Of
fcrest products as compared tc the
value 'Of the net cut-cf-State mcvement 'Of all ccmmcdities. The value
'Of fcre st prcducts ccnstituted, 'Over
the seven years ccvered in the study,
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
LEGEND
IOOOCOROS
- - - - - - - - - - 114-139
-_~-!oJ=1l-8-- 31S- 50
_,?.::..l~
_
- I .=[.;J
__
_
,
14 _ 22
2- II
MAP 80
.Unpublished data from Southern For.est
Experiment Station, New Orleans, La.
84
�,
seven years reported was 85.92 percent of the value of cotton. It should
be emphasized that these figures do
not represent the value of products
consumed in Alabama.
It is interesting to compare the
year by year value of the net outof-State movement of cloth and fabrics, the most important processed
commodity class coming from cotton,
with paper bags and wrapping paper,
the most important commodity class
coming from forestry. Paper manufacture was an infant industry at the
time of this study.
The State imported $5,872,336
worth of paper and paper bags in
1928. By 1932 its export value was
$15,133,344, as compared to $18,565,768 for cloth and fabrics. In 1937,
these values were $25,620,687 for
paper bags and $34,408,634 for cloth
and fabric.
NAVAL STORES PROOUCTDN
1941 •
•
•
LEGEND
100 UNITS· ·
-------04-78
- 29 - 38
:"''''=19- 20 - 2 8
-"._-.,-- a - 12
r-.
:: } =-'f- 8- ;)
• • I UNIT:' BII\. . TURPCNT INe +31/3 1IEn.S- 110511'1
PERCENTI'GE OF LAND AREA IN FOREST
1940 •
MAP 81
·Unpublis h ed data from Southern For.es t
Experiment Station, New Orleans, La.
impressive than absolute values. Cotton throughout the years has been
considered the chief product of Alabama lands. A comparison of the
relative value of forest products and
cotton as reported in the same study
of the movement of commodities into
and out of Alabama is most enlightemng. In Table 3 the total value
by years of all forest commodity
classes showing a net out-of-State
movement for the seven years is
given, and in Table No. 4 the corresponding values of cotton are given.
It should be noted that all products
raw and processed are included. This
takes into account cloth and fabrics
as well as cottonseed meal and oil.
It likewise includes paper bags and
wrapping paper, turpentine, etc. The
value of all forest products having a
net out-of-State movement for the
~Clt
con
CJ 2tl-43~tlO- 1S
~ 44-S9 _ 7tl-92
MAP 82
.Unpublis hed data from Southern Forest
Exp erim en t Station, New Orleans. La.
85
�A similar comparison may be made
of the value of net out-of-State
movement of cotton in bales and lumbel' .. shingles and laths, each representing a single commodity class in
the study. Cotton in bales in 1932
had a value of $20,050,485. Lumber,
shingles and laths had a value of
$11,829,187. In 1937, these values
were $34,408,634 for cotton and $42,229,415 for lumber, shingles, and
laths.
T able 1 -
County
Autauga
Baldwin
Barbour
Bibb
Blount
Bullock
Butler
Calhoun
Chambers
Cherokee
Chilton
Choctaw
Cl arke
Clay
Cleburne
Coffee
Colbel't
Conecuh
Coosa
Covil)gton
Cren shaw
Cullman
Dale
Dallas
DeKalb
Elmore
E scambia
Etowah
Fayette
Franklin
Gen eva
Greene
H ale
Henry
H ou ston
J ack son
Jeffer son
Lamar
The Forestry Situation
TABLE No. 1 (data furnished by
Southern Forest Experiment Station - unpublished) shows by counties the p ercent forest land, number
forest industries, lumber cut (amount
sawed by mills), pulpwood cut, and
naval stores produced from lands.
The base survey was made by the
U. S. Forest Service in 1935-36 and
brought up to date by a mill-to-mill
survey.
Fore st Pro ducts D a t a by C o unties -
194 1.
Number Forest Industries
Naval
P ercent
Lumber Pulpwood stores
forest - - - - - - - - - - - cut
cut
producland
Saw - Pul p- Other Total (M bd. ft.) (Cords)
tion
mills mills
units'
61
83
51
75
52
30
63
55
33
51
65
79
82
63
74
47
56
66
68
63
55
46
48
47
50
43
78
49
65
61
44
53
47
45
32
69
73
61
13
23
31
19
28
27
22
38
24
37
50
32
17
87
66
21
42
24
33
28
20
53
32
20
124
27
19
61
59
78
22
33
19
10
16
108
69
79
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
*O ne Naval Stores Production Unit
o
5
1
o
3
o
1
1
1
o
o
1
33
12
29
88
67
21
44
25
1
1
o
2
1
o
4
o
11
1
2
6
o
4
1
2
5
3
1
1
o
o
2
6
2
=
13
28
32
19
31
27
23
39
25
37
50
33
32
20
64
33
22
130
27
23
62
61
83
25
34
20
10
16
110
75
81
1 barrel turpentine
86
12,440
12,170
45,940
35,270
6,300
23,660
59,790
15,370
20,030
24,950
34,070
41,980
78,600
31,840
37,450
5,170
14,690
20,130
32,200
48,340
17,290
40,780
22 ,180
41,030
25 ,730
19,570
45 ,29 0
17,650
53,110
19 ,220
10,960
15,990
21,960
15,540
3,650
28,690
58,490
38,090
+
1,450
139J 397
82
10,100
5,750
135
11,040
o
1,685
o
4,900
26,967
27,651
o
o
8,113
o
12,078
o
5,912
1,700
o
652
894
o
1,050
22,174
o
o
850
1,521
1,600
6,000
1,370
11,841
o
o
250
3 ¥.3 barrels ros in.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
50
o
5
o
7,760
526
19
o
o
o
o
o
1,896
o
o
o
356
o
o
o
948
o
o
o
�Table 1 -
Fore st Produc t. Data b y Countie s -
1941.
(Continued)
County
Number Forest Industries
Naval
Percent
Lumber Pulpwood stores
forest - - - - - - - - - - - cu t
cut
producland
Saw- Pulp- 0 h
Ttl (M bd. ft.) (Cords)
tion
mills mills
t er
0 a
units.
Lau derdale
Lawrence
Lee
Limestone
Lowndes
Macon
Madison
Marengo
Marion
Marshall
Mobile
Monroe
Montgomer y
Morgan
P erry
Pickens
Pike
Randolph
Russell
St. Clair
Shelby
Sumter
Talladega
Tallapoosa
Tuscaloosa
Walker
Washington
Wilcox
Winston
35
46
42
26
48
50
30
44
62
45
78
70
42
33
51
60
44
49
45
61
70
46
50
50
72
70
89
50
74
39
38
38
23
30
26
42
13
78
51
30
13
20
43
17
44
20
60
24
38
37
18
31
51
44
98
22
14
67
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Total
58
2,580
5
o
1
o
2
o
o
1
2
39
39
38
25
30
26
46
14
81
54
42
15
25
45
18
44
22
61
25
41
38
19
31
52
51
98
23
15
69
6,850
5,210
24,470
3,830
47,510
12,970
4,930
46,120
41,960
9,790
88,210
45,620
48,370
15,800
14,750
73,210
20,280
17,280
41,010
12,510
34,960
55,830
10,810
31,120
56,970
45,720
26,060
57,330
28,050
133
2,718
2,023,140
4
1
3
3
8
2
5
2
1
o
2
1
1
3
1
1
o
o
o
1
o
o
o
o
1
6
o
1
·One Naval Stores P roduction Unit::: 1 barrel turpentine
Data taken from Forest Survey - U. S. Forest Service.
It will be noted that Maps No . 79,
80, 81, and 82 show graphically the
data presented In Table No. 1. It
may be readily seen where lumber,
pulpwood, and naval stores are produced in the State, and the percentage of forest land for each county.
Map No. 83 gives a picture of the
sawmill industry for the State. It
should be noted that where much of
the land is in forest the large mills
will be found. This was taken from
"The Forest Situation in Alabama",
U. S. Forest Service and State CommISSiOn of Forestry of Alabama, December 1938 .
+
o
o
o
o
2,127
900
o
11,696
o
o
38,039
6,538
31,090
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
1,990
639
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
140
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
3,368
o
o
547,359
17,697
o
3,000
10,800
6,308
o
o
6,250
12,500
13,942
o
o
58,200
o
25,161
15,646
3 % barrels rosin .
Since much of the information included in this report came from the
results of the Southern Forest Survey, it was necessary to follow their
system of survey unit areas. In some
instances, these data were listed by
co un ties. In making the survey the
State was divided into SIX survey
units. The date for units 1, 2, 3,
and 4 was 1935; for units 5 and 6,
1936. Survey units 1 and 2 are sometimes listed in this report as Southwest Alabama. Unit 3 is Southeast
Alabama, unit 4 West Central Alabama, unit 5 North Central Alabama,
and unit 6 the Tennessee Valley of
87
�Table 2 - Value of th e Net Commodity Move m e nt Out of Alabama of F o res t Products as Compare d to th e Valu e of tbe
Net Out-of-State Moveme nt of All Products a nd to the Value of the N e t Out-of-Sta t e Move m e nt o f Only
Those Commodity Gro ups Having a N e t Out-of-State Move m e nt *
Value of all commodity g r oups
Year having a net Outof-State movement
modity groups
havin g a net Intothe-State movement
Value of the net
Out-of-State
movement of all
commodity
groups
Value of net
Out-of-State
movement of
forest
products
Percent value of
n et Out-of-State
movement of for est products to
value of all commodity groups
h aving a net
Out-of-State
movement
V al ue of all com-
00
00
P ercent net
value of forest products
to the net
value of all
commodities
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
70,190,000
77,693,000
75,814,000
85,820,000
150,272,000
134,480,000
47,982,000
37,754,000
43,518,000
31,323,000
44,062,000
47,353 ,000
22,208,000
39,939,000
3Z,325,000
54,497,000
106,210,000
87,127,000
16,157,000
21,144,000
19,453,000
21,988,000
39,919,000
44,262,000
23.02
27.21
25.66
25.62
26.56
32.91
72.75
52.94
60.1 7
40.34
37.58
50.80
1928
223,675,000
140,133,000
83,542,000
81,784,000
36.56
97.89
Total
817,944,000
392,125,000
425,848,000
244,707,000
29.92
57.46
·Report of Alabama Indu strial Development Board, J anuary 19 39 -
"Net Commodity Movements Into and Out of Alabama" .
�T a ble 3 -
V a lue of All Forest Product Cla sses, R a w and Processed, S howin g a N e t Out-of-Stat e
Wate r T ra ffi c - Ala bama - 1928 a nd 1932-1 9 37 , Inclus iv e'
'"
R a il and
1937
1936
1935
1934
1933
1932
1928
Lumber, shingles and laths
Paper bags, wrapping paper
Products of forests
Box crate cooperage
Rosin
Veneer and built-up wood
Turpentine
Posts, poles, piling
Millwork
Ties, railroad
Pulpwood
Paper board
Logs
Wood fuel
42,229,415
25,620,687
2,436,591
2,242,557
1,827,013
764,242
737,392
512,491
480,387
301,734
197,537
138,275
134,331
28,494
34,041,860
24,596,073
2,118,710
1,987,553
1,241,386
2,512,846
984,608
363,250
16,863
318,302
18,735,975
18,358,235
15,723,713
17,468,906
16,297,267
18,868,503
11,829,187
15,133,344
1,899,414
1,205,288
591,655
748,533
283,868
70,720
68,608
2,083,565
799,668
261,229
844,530
290,343
1,664,118
687,331
417,364
639,478
160,779
991,087
663,446
255,130
588,956
209,365
71,562,488
Minus
1,689,712
1,963,384
1,412,276
99,488
189,316
222,820
33,305
34,416
Minus
163,984
188,456
24,978
295,916
196,089
30,596
171,621
110,817
243,817
250,004
28,695
260,851
37,203
90,517
28,283
1,939,727
Total forest products
77,651,146
68,558,869
42,484,897
38,276,908
39,321,698
30,045,440
79,858,579
Forest
00
M ov e m e nt .
·Report of Alabama Industrial Development Board, January 1939 -
T a ble 4 -
"Net Commodity Movements Into and Out of Alabama".
Valu e of All Commodity Classes of Cotton Pro ducts Showin g a N e t Out-of-State Mov e m e nt '
Cotton
Cloth and fabric
Cotton in bales
Cottonseed oil
Cotton -linters, oils and resins
Cottonseed meal and cake
Cottonseed
Total
1,065,419
191,157
1937
1936
1935
1934
1933
1932
1928
34,408,634
21,068,847
7,550,896
1,922,872
901,333
113,331
39,983,133
25,807,200
6,161,992
1,585,550
840,962
337,705
26,598,377
26,733,112
8,182,304
1,610,745
1,044,274
282,867
23,994,906
22,280,184
4,183,920
1,153,298
699,571
24,864,910
19,065,160
2,625,030
659,873
279,718
18,565,768
20,050,485
2,791,361
780,889
519,333
25,094,501
56,481,120
5,237,860
3,360,842
Minus
Minus
65,965,913
74,716,542
64,451,679
52,311,879
47,494,691
42,707,836
90,174,323
·Report of AJabama Industrial Development Board. January 1939 -
"Net Commodity Movements Into and Out of Alabama".
�SAWMILLS AND PULP MILLS
1935-36 •
North Alabama. Map No. 84 shows
these units.
Unless stated to the contrary all
data presented by SU1·vey units in this
report originated in the following
publications:
..r,,",.L
"Forest Resources of Southwest
Alabama" (Survey units 1 and 2),
Forest Survey Release No . 35.
"Forest Resources of Southeast
Alabama" (Survey unit No.3), Forest Survey Release No. 47.
"Forest Resources of West Central
Alabama" (Survey unit No.4), Forest Survey Release No. 48.
"Forest Resources of North Central
Alabama" (Survey unit No . 5), Forest Survey Release No. 50.
"Forest Resources of the Tennessee VaIley of North Alabama" (Survey unit o. 6), Forest Survey Rel ease No. 49 .
·.0 ....
•• v •
• • •
• •••
.
•
••
LEGEND
_
I"UU' t.lILLS
C"""'CITY, 1000 IIQo\IU)
ra:T
'01,11\.1.. 51-'.
1
I 1,111..1.. 20-3'
IWIL.I.. 40_7.
I W' UO 'O~OIo'U
•
All published by the U. S. Forest
Service, Southern Forest Experiment
Station, New Orleans, La.
Table 5 -
MAP 83
· "Th e F o re s t Situ a tion in Alabama," U. S.
Fores t S e rvice and Commi ss ion of Forestry
o f Ala bama, December, 193 8 .
Class ification of Rural Land Own ership by Busine .. Group s, 1935 "
Business Group
Percent Area Owned by Survey Units
North- Tennessee
South- South- WestVaIley
East
Central
Central
West
Farmer Owner-operator
41
Merchants
3
Professional Men
2
4
Administrators and Executors
Banks and Mortgage Companies 3
Real Estate Agencies
3
Wood Using Industries
27
Farming Companies
1
Power, Railroad, and
Farming Companies
Mining Companies
Mining, Power, and
Railroad Companies
1
Mining, Power, Railroad
and Farming Companies
AIl Other Businesses
3
AIl Other Businesses, including
Farming Companies
Unknown
10
Governmental Agencies (publicly owned land)
~
Total
100
66
4
3
3
6
3
1
56
4
3
6
3
2
5
58.5
3.4
2.4
2.0
2.7
3.9
3.0
68.0
2.3
2.0
1.4
2.8
0.6
1.4
1.1
9.2
1
7
5
· See footnote. page 91
7
8
5
4.8
8.8
1
100
1
100
3.8
100.0
2.6
100.0
•
90
5.2
0.9
9.2
�•
Classification by Size·
Survey Unit
Southwest
Acres
....
<D
Less than 100
100 - 259
260 - 499
500 - 999
1000 and over
Total
Counties
Covered in
Study
Unit 1
Southeast
Unit 2
West
Central
%
No.
%
Area
%
No.
%
Area
%
No.
%
Area
%
No.
%
Area
69
20
5
3
3
14
15
9
10
52
60
24
8
5
3
13
17
14
15
41
52
31
10
5
2
13
25
17
15
80
54
32
9
3
2
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
4 of the 5
counties
All but
Russell
5 of the 7
counties
All
North
Central
Tennessee
Valley
%
No.
%
Area
%
No.
%
Area
13
25
17
13
32
68.6
23.5
5.0
1.9
1.0
22.9
27.3
13.1
9.8
26.9
65.6
25.1
6.0
2.3
1.0
23 .8
30.1
16.0
12.0
18.1
100
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
All
All
*Original stud y conducted by BAE and WPA in 1935-Reported in U. S. Forest Service Survey Releases 35, 47, 4 8. 49. 50, Southern Fores t
Experiment Station, N ew Orlean s , La. Values shown here exactly as c1aasified in Survey Rel eases .
,
�Table 6 -
Product
Southwest
Cords
•
<0
'"
Lumber
1,275,400
Cross Ties
60,000
Poles and Piling
40,000
Veneer
56,300
Cooperage
20,100
M iscelJaneous
14,400
Manufacture
Pulpwood
166,000
Fuelwood
464,900
Fence Posts
11,300
Miscellaneous
58,100
Farm Use and
Land Clearing
Total
2,166,900
Drain (Use) by Type of For es t Product, 1935-1936
Southeast
West Central
Cords
**North
Central
Cords
%
* *Tennessee
ValJey
Cords
%
%
Cords
%
58.8
2.8
1.8
2.6
0.9
0.7
995,600
51,600
5,600
29,800'
0
4,900
53 .8
2.8
0.3
1.6
0.0
0.3
634,300
64,300
28,100
20,300
8,800
88,300'
57.2
5.8
2.5
1.8
0.8
8.0
897,800
64,600
17,400
1,400
72,100
94,100
59.2
4.3
1.1
0.1
4.8
6.2
233,300
20,400
3,300
12,600
17,200
7,200
7.7
21.5
0.5
2.7
95,400
523,400
24,900
119,300
5.2
28.3
1.3
6.4
0
201,100
5,100
58,100
0.0
18.2
0.5
5.2
18,300
281,200
8,000
60,100
1.2
18.6
0.5
4.0
100.0
1,850,500
100.0
1,108,400
100.0
1,515,000
100.0
%
State Total
Cords
0/0
36.3
3.2
0.5
2.0
2.7
1.1
4,036,400
261,300
94,400
120,400
118,200
208,900
55.4
3.6
1.3
1.7
1.6
2.9
2,700
203,700
12,300
129,700
0.4
31.7
1.9
20.2
282,400
1,674,300
61.600
425,300
3.9
23.0
0.8
5.8
642,400
100.0
7,283,200
100.0
llncludes Veneer and Cooperage.
Pulpwood.
See explanation for Fig ure a-A. ·-For North Central and Tenness.ee Valley. a converting factor for cords and cubic feet was obtained from
totaJ cords and total cubic feet.
~IncJudes
•
�Table 6 shows simply the drain
by survey units by commodities
in standard cords. The standard
cord is used in this table because it
is the only unit available that is consistent for all survey units in the
State by types of commodities. This
table not only shows the number of
cords that go into a given product
such as lumber, crossties, etc., but
also shows within the survey unit
what percent of the total drain goes
into each given product. For example, the percent of the timber used
Table 7 -
Survey Unit
1
2
3
4
5
6
State Total
in the Tennessee Valley of North
Alabama for
cooperage (barrel
stocks) is 2.7 percent of the total
drain for that unit, or, 17,200 cords.
The following table shows the
number of board feet in standing pine
and hardwood saw-timber as of January 1, 1937 by Survey units. Because
of the magnitude of this survey it
was impossible to show the results on
the existing stands of timber for as
small a unit area as a county. For
this reason this material is presented
by survey units.
Standing Saw Timbe r ( Growing Stock ) , J anu ary 1, 1937
Pine
Thousand Board
Feet*
Hardwood and Cypress
Total
Thousand Board
Thousand Board
FeetFeet*
3,347,300
4,748,200
5,913,900
3,055,700
6,526,700
1,533,600
1,211,600
2,825,100
3,984,500
1,962,500
1,684,300
1,760,700
4,568,900
7,573,300
9,898,400
5,018,200
8,211,000
3,294,300
25,125,400
13,438,700
38,564,100
·International -% -inch rule (calculated to allow for -% -inch saw thickness).
Data taken from "The Forest Situation in Alabama" Commission of Forestry of Alabama. December 1938.
Table No.8 shows the comparIson
of growth (or increment) and cut
(or drain) for the year 1936. Table
No. 7 was taken from this table to
emphasize the amount of timber that
was calculated to be standing at the
end of the year 1936.
The term "growing stock" simply
means the standing timber. The term
"mortality" here refers to the amount
of timber that died during 1936.
"Mortality" is
subtracted
from
"growth" to give the figure for "net
increment" (growth) . From this is
subtracted the amount of timber cut
for all uses (or "commodity drain")
to give the "net change in growmg
stock". The "net change in growing
stock" is either added to or sub-
U. S. Forest Service and State
tracted from the growing stock calculated at the beginning of the year
to give the growing stock at the end
of the year. In other words, in this
balance sheet growing stock and
growth are credits; mortality and
commodity drain are debits. Net
change is negative if the balance
sheet is in the red.
It will be noted that for all survey
units the net change in the growing
stock of pine is a negative change.
And for all units (except units 2 and
6) the net change for hardwoods is
positive.
This means that pine is being cut
faster than it is growing, and hardwood is growing faster than it is being cut.
93
�T a ble 8 -
Species
Comparison o f Inc re m e nt w ith Commodit y D ra in, 1936
1
Survey unit
4
3
2
5
6
State
Thousand bd. ft. (International 'A.-inch rule)
to
"""
Pine
Growing stock, Jan. I, 1936
Growth
Mortality
Net increment
Commodity drain
Net change in growing stock
Growing stock, Jan. I, 1937
3,356,600
236,800
51,400
185,400
194,700
-9,300
3,347,300
4,818,800
326,500
25,500
301,000
371,600
-70,600
4,748,200
5,937,600
418,400
58,200
360,200
383,900
-23,700
5,913,900
3,117,100
243,500
28,000
215,500
276,900
-61,400
3,055,700
6,657,000
391,600
90,900
300,700
431,000
-130,300
6,526,700
1,545,700
112,500
19,800
92,700
104,800
-12,100
1,533,600
25,432,800
1,729,300
273,800
1,455,500
1,762,900
-307,400
25,125,400
Hardwood and Cypress
Growing stock, Jan. I, 1936
Growth
Mortality
Net increment
Commodity drain
Net change in growing stock
Growing stock, Jan. I, 1937
1,213,500
63,600
12,600
51,000
42,900
+8,100
1,221,600
2,830,200
136,800
17,900
118,900
124,000
-5,100
2,825,100
3,903,500
230,400
34,000
196,400
115,400
+81,000
3,984,500
1,941,300
109,600
14,000
95,600
74,400
+21,200
1,962,500
1,662,800
91,800
16,900
74,900
53,400
+21,500
1,684,300
1,762,900
92,000
28,200
63,800
66,000
-2,200
1,760,700
13,314,200
724,200
123,600
600,600
476,100
+124,500
13,438,700
Total
Growing stock, Jan . I, 1936
Growth
Mortality
Net increment
Commodity drain
Net change in growing stock
Growing stock, Jan . I, 1937
4,570,100
300,400
64,000
236,400
237,600
-1,200
4,568,900
7,649,000
463,300
43,400
419 ,900
495,600
-75,700
7,573,300
9,841,100
648,800
92,200
556,600
499,300
+57,300
9,898,400
5,058,400
353,100
42,000
311,100
351,300
-40,200
5,018,200
8,319,800
483,400
107,800
375,600
484,400
-108,800
8,211,000
3,308,600
204,500
48,000
156,500
170,800
-14,300
3,294,300
38,747,000
2,453,500
397,400
2,056,100
2,239,000
-182,900
38,564,100
Data f o r 1936 taken from "The Forest Situation in Alabama" cember 1938 . Data presented came from the U. S. Forest Service.
U. S. Forest Service and t he State Commission of Forestry of Alabama -
De-
�SOUTt-£RN FOR£Sr SURVEY UNIT BOUNDARIES ' must be pointed out that this was not
a typical year for dr a in. For example, lumber cut alone for 1936 was
only 56 percent of the cut for 1941,
and the average yearly lumber cut
for the period 1907-1930 inclusive
was 35 percent above the cut for
1936. If this is considered, the State
was in the red for growth and cut
for pine alone by 609 ,00 0,000 board
feet, or cut for pine lumbel· alone
was 42 percent greater than the
growth. The credit of hardwood
would similarly shr ink from 124,500,000 board feet to 23,500,000 board
feet in a normal year.
Com parison of P ine and Hardwood Lumber Cut in 1936
LEGEND
U IT I
TABLE No.9 shows the commodity
drain by pine and hardwood for
each Survey Unit. This was taken
from figures listed in Table No . 8
opposite that classification. It is presented here to show what percent of
the total cut is made for pine and
for hardwood. These percentages
show again that by far the greatest
demand is for pine.
UIIIIT IAN02-sovn"wUT
U"'T
3
- SOUtH!"'S'!'
UHIT
•
- WUT CC\lTlVoL
","IT
UHIT
"
•
-
~ Cl.HTI\AL
TtHNUSU
w.l,£Y
MAP 84
· Ba sed
on
Southern
Forest Survey.
1935-36. Southern Forest Experiment Station,
New Orlenns, La.
However, data for 1936 are presented here because it is the only
complete balance sheet available. It
T able 9
Cut in T housand Board Ft.
Cut Expressed as Percent
Survey
Unit
Pine
Har dwood
Total
Pine
Hardwood
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
194,700
371,600
383,900
276,900
431,000
104,800
42,900
124,000
115,400
74,400
53,400
66,000
237,600
495,600
499,300
351,300
484,400
170,800
82
75
77
79
89
61
18
25
23
21
11
39
100
100
100
100
100
100
1,762,900
476,100
2,239,000
79
21
100
State total
Data taken from "The Forest Situation in Alabama" Commiuion of Forestry of Alabnma. December, 1938.
95
U. S. Forest Ser vice and the State
�part of the total volume of pine maSAWLOG MATERIAL AND UPPER E3fW\O-£S
terial is in wood of high valuation.
IN TREES OF SAWLOG SIZE (iNCLUDING BARK) •
On the other hand, hardwood
species is of low quality material with
markets and uses for it limited.
The greater demand for pine species throughout the years has meant a
removal of these species at a higher
rate than hardwood species. The result of this process has been a reduction in pine stands and an increase in
hardwood stands.
Some of these relationships are
graphically presented on Maps 85
and 86 and statistically presented on
Tables 8 and 9.
As shown in Table 10 the volume
of sawlog material in pine species
for the State at the time of the last
survey (1935 -36) was 56,166,000
cord s as compared to 32,404,500
LE END
IojIl..L I~ I;~~I~94 @
cords in hardwood species, a ratio of
~:§~~':'~:t~~
)AWI..OG """T(III 1AL..
•
•
•
I(,
:~~::
1. 7 to 1 of sawlog material
m
pmes
"'-'''' 0
to that in hardwoods. The volume of
~!!c'I!Z..:.::.::':::::'~-..:..:."-::....:::72 -,' UP'''''' 8"Al<tiCS material, however, in the upper
branches of pine species was only
MAP 8S
9,847,600 cords as compared to 17,*Based
on
Southern
Forest
Survey,
19 35 -36, Southern Fores t Experiment Station ,
986,300 cords for hardwood species,
New Orleans, La.
a ratio of 1.83 to 1 of hardwoods to
pine. The ratio is thus reversed.
There is a very limited value to maTrends In Timber Stands
terial in the branches, yet 35.7 perKINDS and quality of materials in cent of the sound material in hardAlabama forests and trends with wood trees of sawlog size was in
respect to quality are points of major branches, while only 14.92 percent of
importance in evaluating present for- the material in pine species was in
est conditions and in determining the branches.
future value of the State's forest
The quality picture is further deareas.
veloped by comparing the amount of
In the past pines have furnished the sound material in cull trees of pines
larger part of the income derived and hardwood species. This material
from Alabama forests. Pines have h as a limited use and is of low value.
furnished about 80 percent of the The volume of sound material in cull
lumber cut of the State. This is most trees of pine species at the time of
significant when it is realized that the last survey was only 4,252,900
about two-thirds of the value of f or- cords; for hardwood this volume was
est products has been lumber. Mar- 34,509,400 cords or almost eight
kets also exist for practically all times the amount in hardwoods as in
sizes and classes of pines not suitable pines. The volum,e of material in
for lumb er. Furthermore, a large hardwood species, therefore, repre96
�wood stands, together with the fact
that pines are very slow in naturally
restocking areas already established
to hardwood, present one of the real
important forest problems. In brief,
the problem is this: Hardwoods are on
the increase; a large part of the material in hardwood species is of low
quality; there is only a limited economic use for this low quality material; consequently, it is not marketed. Hardwood, therefore, will continue to occupy the land. As long as
hardwoods occupy the land, pines will
not reestablish themselves satisfactorily. For pines to reestablish themselves on vast areas of the State,
hardwoods must be removed; for
hardwoods to be removed there must
be a profitable use developed for the
material which today has little economic value. The problem then is one
of developing profitable uses for hardwood material so that pines and
hardwoods will be removed from the
forests of the State in about the same
proportion.
Tables 10, 11, and 12 were taken
from the Southern Forest Survey.
sents material of low value and of
limited use.
These data convey an idea of the
character and relative value of material found in pine species and
hardwood species. Any trend, therefore, toward hardwoods holds much
in determining the future value of
forestry to the State. Some idea of
this trend is given in Map 87 and in
Table 12. It may be seen that (1)
the volume of sound material in
sound trees of sawlog size in pine
species was 66,013,600 cords and in
hardwood species 50,390,800 cords,
a ratio of pine material to hardwood
material of 1.3 to 1, and (2) the volume of sound material in sound trees
of under sawlog size was only 25,435,400 cords for softwoods as compared
to 43,098,000 cords for hardwoods,
a ratio of 1. 7 to 1 of hardwood material to pine material. This indicates
that the proportion of hardwood in
future stands will be larger than in
present stands.
These facts on quality and usefulness of pine and hardwood species
and the evident trend toward hard-
A.
QUALITY AND CLASS OF MATERIAL AS REL ATED TO PINE AND
HARDWOOD SP E CI ES .
1.
Character of present stand.
Table lO.-
Volume of S a wlog M a t e r ial and Uppe r Bra nche s in Trees of Sawl og S ize.
( Cords includin g b a rk -
s t andin g t r ees )
Sound material in sound trees of sawlog size
Pine Species
Hardwood Species
Forest Unit
Tenn. Valley
North Central
West Central
Southeast
Southwest
Total
Sawlog
material
Material Perce~t
in upper materIal
branches In upper
branches
3,492,400
14,628,500
7,034,600
13,068,800
17,941,700
398,300
2,326,200
1,195,400
2,574,800
3,352,900
10.24
13.72
14.52
16.46
15.75
4,597,000
4,405,000
4,714,500
9,281,000
9,407,000
2,610,700
2,475,000
2,579,600
5,099,600
5,221,400
36.22
35.97
35.61
35.46
35.69
56,166,000
9,847,600
14.92
32,404,500
17,986,300
35.69
97
Sawlog
material
Material Percent
in upper :natenal
branches In upper
branches
�5.AWLCX3 MATERIAL IN TREES a=- SAWLOG SIZE AND
SOUND MATERIAL IN CULL TREES
(INCLUDING BARK) •
2.
Character of present stand.
Table It.-
Volume of Sound Material
in Cull Tree s.
( Cord. includin g bark )
Forest Unit
Cords sound material
Pine
Hardwood
Tenn. Valley
North Central
West Central
Southeast
Southwest
Total
.,UU.IOH COfI05
_ _ _ _ _ __ 14~.J1114
~
~~-~':II~_~~
880~148
847-870
----~
288-448
@
83,100
1,119,600
692,600
1,199,900
1,157,700
4,031,800
7,291,600
6,301,000
7,500,600
9,384,400
4,252,900
34,509,400
SAWI..OO ......~
44{1.8AS
'1l_H"
0'"
-.-::-=====--"0',-,.-,,,'. ','
SOUI'ID ...... n::1tW..
I'" aA.\.. Tllt(S
MAP 86
·Bns ed on
Southern
Forest Survey.
1985-36. South ern Forest Experim e nt Station,
New Orlenns, La.
3.
Indicated trend in chara cter of f uture stands.
Table 12.-Volume of Sound Material in Sound Trees of Sawlog and Under
Sawlog S iz e.
( Cords including bark )
Forest Unit
Tenn. Valley
North Central
West Central
Southeast
Southwest
Total
Sound material in sound trees
Under sawlog SIze
Sawlog size
Ratio
Ratio
Hardwoods hd;;:d.
Pine
Hardwoods hdwd.
Pine
to
pme
pme
3,890,700
16,954,700
8,230,000
15,643,600
21,294,600
7,207,700
6,880,000
7,294,100
14,380,600
14,628,400
1.85
.41
.89
.92
.69
2,666,600
6,773,100
3,883,500
4,930,200
7,182,000
7,875,700
8,474,800
6,203,500
10,518,300
10,025,700
2.95
1.25
1.60
2.13
1.40
66,013,600
50,390,800
.76
25,435,400
43,098,000
1.69
98
�Processing Increases Value
THROUGHOUT its history the South
has supplied other sections with a
vast quantity of goods, most of which
has left in the form of raw material.
This means that it has had a relatively low value when it left this section . After receiving the l'aw material other sections have processed it
and realized most of the profits and
other values when shipped back as
costly finished products. Transportation two ways also has been added to
the cost. Any state receives the greatest value of its raw materials by converting them into finished products
wi thin that state.
The manufacture of paper and
paper bags as compared to lumber
offers a good illustration. In 1928 the
net cost to Alabama of paper and
paper bags was $5,872,336. In 1937
the net value to the State of these
manufactured goods was $26,620,687.
The estimated probable value in 1941
and 1942 will be about $45,000,000
to $60,000,000. Lumber will have little more value than this although the
drain from Alabama forests for lumber represents 55 percent of the total
commodity drain, whereas the drain
for paper, pulpwood, etc., will repr esent not over 8 or 10 percent of the
total drain from Alabama forests in
1941-42.
Calculations made in 1939, based
on prices and the costs of materials
and services at that time, show the
SOlN) MATERIAL IN SOUN) TREES cr SAWl..OG
AN!) UNDER SAWLOG SIZE (INCLUDING BARK) •
M A P 81
· Based
on
Southern
Forest Survey,
1986-86. Southern Forest Experiment Station,
New Orleans, La .
average values developing from the
use of equivalent quantities of wood
when sold as lumber and as pulp and
paper. Lumber is a product requiring
only intermediate processing. Bags
and paper pulp represent more highly
processed products. The relative value
for the two are shown in Table 13.
Table 13-A comparison of an av-
Table 13
100 small mills
1 pulp and paper mill
50,000 II1 bd. ft.
1,000
160,000
$350,000
2,000
Wood used (2 cords per 1 II1 bd. ft.)
II1en employed
II1an days employed
Wages paid
Taxes paid
Land owned and managed for
forest production
Capital invested
Sales value of finished
product f.o.b . mill
99
100,000 cords
1,000
276,000
$1,000,000
100,000
$300,000
o
100,000
$6,000,000
860,000
$3,500,000
�~--------------------------------------------------------
erage pulp and paper mill with small
sawmills to show the benefits to a
community through having wood processed into consumer goods rather
than sold with a minimum degree of
processing. These figures are approximate only.
Timber Marketing Problems
AS SHOWN in the introduction, timber owners receive only a small
fraction of the true value of forest
products. The chief reason for this
is selling timber by the boundary,
which is as illogical as selling cotton
by the field or hogs by the hog lot.
Only by an independent timber cru ise
can the owners know the quantity
and value of their forest products-whether they be logs, poles, piling,
pulpwood, or other products.
Without definite cutting plans,
farmers usually have sales only once
or twice during a lifetime and therefore are at a disadvantage as most
buyers have learned the timber trade
through years of experience. Sellers
may succeed in substantially increasing original offers by promoting competitive bidding, but lacking independent estimates, they n early always
fail to receive the true value of their
timber.
Sometimes a sale is concluded by
mill-tally, which means a value agreed
upon for each 1000 board feet as the
boards leave the saw. This is the
most accurate and equitable method
of sale, but is not desirable unless
provisions are made for the conservation of the owner's timber resources--either by specifying a diameter limit or by the owner marking
with paint or axe the trees the buyer
is to cut. Such provisions should be
included in the timber sales contract
which should be used in every sale.
The marked-tree method is by far
the best way to sell timber. Only the
maturer, defective, or crowded-out
trees are cut. This provides growing
space for the younger, faster-growing
trees that are left. Frequemtly young
pines double their volume in 4 to 6
years. This method not only provides for future crops, but furnishes
the owner with a timber inventory
which he takes by recording the size
of each tree as it is marked . Having
a record of these sizes by diameter
and number of 16-foot logs in each
tree, the number of board feet can
be very closely approximated.
Occasionally timber is sold by logscale. Under this method the owner
or agent uses one of the three log
scales in scaling each log as it is
hauled from his property.
In Alabama the most widely used
rule is the Doyle rule. This rule is
very inaccurate for small logs, particularly those that measure less than
20 inches in diameter. For logs 10
or 12 inches in diameter the log scale
reading may be only 40 to 50 percent of the number of board feet that
can be sawed from such a log.
The International rule is frequently
used in some sections of the country
but is not considered suitable for
southern timber where much of the
timber is sawed by small portable
mills. Extreme care must be exercised in using this rule, and it is
more applicable to mills having a
high operating efficiency.
The Scribner rule is probably the
fairest for buyer and seller of southern timber, where most of the timber
cut yields logs smaller than 20 inches
in diameter.
If proper adjustments are made in
price it is not so important which rule
is used. The discrepancies can be
offset by educating timber owners in
making these adjustments.
Many owners are unaware of markets for such special products as
poles, piling, veneer, and barrel stock.
Prices of all forest products are subject to fluctuation . This makes it important for t he grower to study the
100
�marketing situation in his locality and
the trees suitable for various uses.
By such a study he is able to profitably supply the markets.
As previously stated, quality of
timber presents a marketing problem.
It is affected by limbs, fire scars, decay, red-heart (pine), and the site
on which some species has grown .
When the market is active for timber of poor quality, timber growers
should supply the market to clean
out their stands to make room for
better species.
It has been shown that the trend
of Alabama timber is toward hardwoods, much of which is of inferior
speCIes. Increased attention should
be directed toward developing markets for these hardwoods to make it
profitable to improve stands by removing weed species and wolf trees
that suppress good timber.
Woods fires affect the quality of
timber in addition to killing seedlings
and impoverishing the soil. Fire
scars ruin the best lumber in the butt
log. It is to the advantage of operators of all wood utilizing industries
as well as timber owners to prevent
this waste. Many are doing good work
in preventing fires . Teaching timber
producers the value of timber and
how to trade on the timber market
will cause them to help prevent and
control fires. If they feel that timber is worth protecting they will voluntarily adopt fire prevention and
protection measures. This, however,
does not minimize the necessity of
state-controlled organized fire protection. It merely means that a realization of timber values by the public will result in public cooperation
without which no system of fire control can succeed.
Pulpwood
PULPWOOD should be marked with
a paint spot or axe-blade before
cutting just as saw timber should be
marked. This method provides for
future crops, and, since smaller trees
are used, it results in a profitable
thinning.
It is usually sold as stumpage or
by the standard cord or unit and
checked as the material leaves the
woods. A standard cord is a rick 4
feet by 4 feet by 8 feet. A unit is
a rick 4 feet by 5 feet by 8 feet and
is sometimes known as a long cord
(5-foot sticks). Either is satisfactory. The price should be 25 percent
higher for a unit than for a standard
cord .
Pulpwood is considered such a lowvalue product that a timber cruise is
not necessary. When it is marked it
is not necessary to record the sizes,
as a count of the cords or units as
they leave the woods is sufficient.
The pulpwood industry has been
criticized severely for wasteful cutting. Although this sometimes has
been justified, it should be remembered that the finished products are
manufactured in Alabama and the industry should be encouraged. The
need is for much more effort to be
directed toward conservation by the
timber industry and timber owners.
Most of the cutting is done by contractors and sub-contractors who will
cut everything usable as long as the
sale is concluded on that basis.
Many timber stands in Alabama
need thinning. Cutting the pulpwood
can be a profitable method of improving these stands. When young
timber has, for some reason, stopped
growing it should be removed . This
should be sold for as fair a price as
any other timber to stabilize stumpage prices for all timber products.
In the naval stores belt, the revenue from turpentine leases (usually
4 years) may be greater than from
clear cutting for pulpwood. Under
proper supervision such a lease results
In no trees under 9 inches in diameter (4 'h feet from the ground)
101
•
�being faced, better protection from
fire, and the title to the trees remaining in the hands of the original owner. At the end of a lease it may be
renewed or the worked-out trees can
be sold for pulpwood or saw timber.
The timber owner must learn which
market to supply to obtain the greatest returns over a period of time.
Naval Stores
•
PRODUCTION of naval stores is a
specialized field controlled by large
operators, factorage houses, and brokers. Prices are based on daily quotations from the Savannah market, and
the marketing is done on a worldwide scale.
The federal government buys naval
stores products to hold in stock pile.
There is such a market in Mobile for
finished turpentine and rosin, but
producers must pay distilling charges.
The nearest stock pile for crude gum
is located at Valdosta, Georgia, which
is too far from Alabama operators
to be attractive. Prices paid Alabama
producers would be higher if the federal government would arrange to
b1iY crude gum at Mobile or some
other convenient point in Alabama.
There is a federal inspector for
rosin but not for turpentine. One is
needed for turpentine to certify volume in gallons in each tank car as of
a given temperature at point of origin
of shipment. This would mean protection for producers.
Summar y and Recommendations
In 1941 the f.o.b . mill value of the
rough green lumber produced in Alabama was $50,000,000, of which only
$8,000,000 or 16 percent was received by timber owners. This does
not include poles, piling, cross ties,
fuelwood, and many other forest products. Approximately 2,500,000 cords
of fuelwood were cut in 1941 which
was valued at $4 per cord at the
house. This item alone, therefore,
was worth $10,000,000. But for all
products the grower fails to receive
a fair share of the returns of the
timber business. In the case of fuelwood the value represents the amount
saved by using home-grown firewood
instead of coal or other fuel.
More indicative of the proportionate wealth of the State derived fl'om
forest products is the average from
1928 to 1937 of 57.46 percent of the
total value of' net exports of all commodities.
There is some variation in land
ownership classification, but the fundamental principles of good forest
management practices apply to all
tracts regardless of size or ownership. Within a local area timber
grows on much the same soil, grows
under the same climatic conditions,
and is made up of the same species.
There is no reason to distinguish between types of ownerships in man aging the timber crop.
Since the 1935-36 survey was made
during a time when the timber cut
was far below that for average years,
it revealed a better balance sheet for
growth and cut than is actually the
case. In short, timber is being cut
faster than it can be replaced under
the existing system of cutting. More
attention must be given to a balanced
sheet of cut and growth. Many operators are giving this attention. Some
large sawmill operators in Alabama
are practicing selective cutting. By
marking the trees that are to be cut
these operators leave enough young
growth to replace their cut. Thus they
operate on a sustained yield which
means a large permanent industry.
These cases may be multiplied by as
many times as operators and landowners together become convinced of
the necessity for sound forest managemen t practices.
By availing themselves of specialized markets, timber owners can Im-
102
�prove their business. They should
become familiar with their markets
and with the trees in their stands
which can be utilized to supply the
needs. The comparison must be made
between the value of trees for lumber and their value for poles, piling,
veneer, barrel staves and heading,
etc. With the trend of stands toward hardwood this will become even
more important.
There is a notable lack of uniformity in buying and selling. No timber
sbould be sold by lump sum when no
estimate has been made of the volume and quality present.
Naval stores marketing is a very
specialized field, controlled by large
operators, factorage houses, and
brokers. Prices quoted on the Savannah market control all prices of these
products. Alabama operators are too
far from federal stock piles of crude
gum to avail themselves of that
market.
Pulp and paper manufacture is destined to become a major industry in
Alabama, but sound conservation
must accompany this development to
insure sustained production without
damage to other wood utilization industries. Producing finished products
means much to the State. Elimination of wasteful cutting practices is
equally important.
To solve Alabama's timber marketing problem No . 1 - proper estimating and evaluating standing timber
coupled with sound plans on each
tract for selective cutting for continuous crops - personal assistance,
expanded by education by demonstration, must be given timber owners. This must be planned so that
each specialist hired can teach the
greatest number of owners. The timber marketing specialist must assist
owners in selective cutting and timber evaluation in such a way that
each owner's neighbors will see the
necessity for handling timber in this
way.
In January, 1943, the Alabama Extension Service began such a service
in cooperation with the U. S. Forest
Service. Five forestry specialists in
timber marketing will work with
county agents in the five areas of the
State. The State Division of Forestry
has a specialist who is on call to all
parts of the State.
This is a small start in the only
sensible direction that can be recommended for the solution of this
problem. The service must be gradually expanded to adequately meet
the needs of the State.
This will take time, but it can be
effected. The results wiII be the voluntary adoption of sound cutting
practices based on the realization
that timber is a crop and a renewable resource.
It is recommended that the naval
stores industry be furnished with an
inspector for turpentine to certify
volume at point of origin of shipment.
The question of arranging for the
location of a federal stock pile for
crude gum in South Alabama (probably Mobile) should be further studied. This should be brought to the
attention of and handled through the
Commodity
Credit
Corporation,
Washington, D. C.
The U. S. Forest Service at the
Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, has shown that it is
technically possible to utilize certain
low-grade unmarketable hardwoods
that grow in Alabama. Some research
agency in Alabama should further
study these experiments to determine
the applicability to local conditions.
This should be followed up by local
mills to determine the practicability
of these uses on a commercial scale.
It might be advisable to lend some
assistance to such a mill to effect this
developmen t. Such research should
continue to move forward to invest i-
103
\
�gate entirely new uses for these lowgrade hardwoods.
The use of sound material in cull
trees for construction of short panels
might be mentioned as the type of
manufacture which could use lowgrade material which today has little
value on the Alabama market.
Raw material leaving the state for
further processing elsewhere means
relatively low values to the State.
When this material returns in the
form of finished products the cost is
high and most of the profits and accompanying values of employment
and salaries go to other sections.
Therefore, inducement should be offered to wood utilization and processing plants to produce finished
products within the State.
---- *----
104
�MARKET NEWS SERVICE
TO BE OF SERVICE to the individual farmer, market news must
cover both supply and price. The
supply information is needed to aid
in intelligent marketing but the farmer's final interest is in price.
Many farmers are unable to interpret supply information intelligently,
particularly when it must be balanced
with demand information . Supply and
demand are usually built up over such
a wide area that farmers cannot judge
their significance in local situations.
There is no doubt that farmers need
more supply and price information
applicable to their own localities on
the farm products grown in Alabama.
Much supply information is made
available at stated periods through
the United States Department of Agriculture on a state, section, and national basis as rapidly as the Crop
Reporting Service can secure reasonably accurate estimates of acreages
and crop conditions. These data are
available through major newspapers,
through
radio
broadcasts,
and
through Federal reports. They are
ordinarily in the hands of buyers, but
seldom in the hands of farmers.
Demand information is made available through the Department of Agriculture and is released regularly
about the end of each crop season as
a basis for planning work of the following season. Supplemental current
reports, such as the Feed Situation,
Cotton Situation, Livestock Situation,
Fruit and Vegetable Situation, etc.,
are issued in season. These reports
cover, as a rule, both supply and demand information, but only large and
skilled farm operators are able to use
them effectively.
Price information is usable by the
farmer only if it applies to the quality of product he produces at a point
where he may sell it. Furthermore,
price information must be available
to him in order that he may use it.
Apparently, buyers in many small
towns have information about values
of products which the farmer does
not have. This means that much
price information is available locally
but not to most farmers.
It is the purpose of the next few
paragraphs to indicate as nearly as
possible the extent to which information known to be available applies to
the farmer's local situation. The extent to which such information is
available and applicable to the individual farmer varies a great deal with
farm products.
Cotton
Perhaps the most accurate information available on price applies to
cotton. Quotations are made daily on
cotton prices by class in Montgomery, Birmingham, and other important cotton markets of the State. In
addition, buyers frequently make
their own quotations available. Difficulty confron ting farmers in selling
their cotton is lack of knowledge of
the class of their cotton . Frequently,
when the class is known, buyer competition and customs are such that
buyers ,viII not pay full price for
quality cotton.
Farmers producing cotton in onevariety communities have classing
and market news services which enable them to determine the class and
value of their cotton .
Cottonseed
Cottonseed is ordinarily purchased
from farmers by ginners and other
local buyers. Occasionally the farmers swap seed for meal and hulls at
the oil plant. Regularly reported
prices on cottonseed are uncommon
even in the city newspapers of Ala-
105
�bama. Farmers must depend on information they get from neighbors
and friends in determining the value
of cottonseed. Little cottonseed is
disposed of on the basis of quality.
It seems that comparative prices for
several points in the State would be
helpful to farmers in determining
what they should receive for cottonseed.
Corn
Alabama produces less corn than
needed in the State. However, many
farmers in practically all communities
buy or sell corn during the year.
Federal reports quote COrn prices at
Atlanta and occasionally at Birmingham, Montgomery, and
Mobile.
However, official quotations are seldom available for the small local
markets. It is not uncommon for
corn to sell for 90 cents per bushel
in one section of the State and for
$1.35 in another at the same time.
Most corn sold from Alabama farms
is marketed in early winter. The
price spread between this period and
the following Mayor June ordinarily
far exceeds the cost of carrying corn
under good conditions for these few
months. It seems that some regular
reporting service giving prices by
quality would help to level out prices
throughout the State and throughout
the year.
Small Grain
Ordinarily farmers wishing to buy
small grains can get quotations from
feed dealers. During some seasons
farmers with these products for sale
have little difficulty in disposing of
them at a margin under the quoted
sales price. However, they have little
chance to compare the price they
receive with prices in other parts of
the State. The nearest prices by grade
may be quoted from Chicago or St.
Louis.
Miscellaneous Seeds
Legume seeds, sorghum seeds and
similar miscellaneous seeds are seldom quoted by official or semi-official
observers in Alabama. Farmers wishing to sell to or buy from their neighbors have a very poor basis for determining a fair value for their seed.
This type of product is frequently
advertised in the semi-monthly market
bulletin of the State Department of
Agriculture. It seems, however, that
this source of information is still weak
because it frequently fails to give
any indication of prices in many parts
of the state.
Purchased Feeds
Prices of purchased feeds are quoted in a number of the central markets by city newspapers and in Federal news releases. Alert farmers can
figure about what prices feeds should
be by comparing local prices with central market prices, but many farmers
must depend entirely on their dealers' statements to guide them in
their purchases.
Fruits imd Vegetables
Perhaps more fruits and vegetables
are wasted because of inadequate
market news than are any other farm
products.
Strawberry producers who handle
their berries through cooperatives
may get adequate information on
prices through the managers of the
organizations. Independent farmers
must depend more on hearsay, unless
their operations are big enough to
enable them to buy similar information.
The bulk of potatoes moving out of
the State are handled by dealers who
keep in very close touch with all
central markets. Probably they pay
prices corresponding to central market prices under pressure of competi-
106
�tion, but farmers have little means
of proving or disproving this point.
Sweet potatoes are sold to a much
greater extent in bushel lots than are
I rish potatoes. Apparently, the price
r eporting service on sweet potatoes
is less satisfactory in local communities than on the South Alabama crop
of Irish potatoes.
Most vegetable prices are quoted
in season through the federal news
service at Atlanta. Quotations may
be made also for Birmingham and
other large Alabama cities. These
quotations are broadcast over the
radio, particularly from Atlanta;
h owever, such quotations are of little value to farmers with surpluses
many m iles from these markets.
Farmers are often at the mercy of
itineran t truckers who buy vegetables at as low prices as possible.
Livestock
Price quotations by k ind and grade
of livestock are fairly complete for
t he Montgomery mal·ket. They are
fair ly complete, a lso, for the sou th eastern markets as reported fro m
Thomasville, Georgia. Information is
,ordinarily available m local a r eas
from auction sales. T hus , price quotations on livestock are more complete than for most other products.
Experienced livestock producers utilize the Montgomer y, Thomasville,
Memphis, Nashville, and Chicago market quotations to advantage. At present, however , many farmers do not
know the quality and grade of the
livestock they have for sale. T his
makes it difficult for them to use effectively the price information they
receive.
boring towns. This makes it impossible for them to accurately judge
the fairness of offers made for their
poultry. Cooperative organizations
ordinarily are in position to follow
market prices more closely than in dividuals.
Eggs
Egg prices promise to be supported
in 1943 through F .D.A . action. Only
eggs of acceptable quality meet t h e
requirements. Support of prices in a
community a lso depends upon the cooperation of one or more dealers with
the F.D.A. program in that community. If the cooperation is adequate,
farmers will be assured of avoiding
extremely low prices for their eggs.
This "floor" will be helpful to farm ers only when local prices tend to
fall below the "floor". Farmers have
li ttle effective means of estimating
a fair value for their eggs when
pl'lces are substantially above the
F.D .A . Hfloor."
Dairy Products
Prices paid for graded milk on local
markets are ordinarily known by interested farmers. Milk prices at Mobile an d Birmingham are regularly
quoted in Feder a l r eports. The State
Milk Control Board has its list of
prices on the markets under its j urisdiction. However, no comprehensive report sh owing prices of graded
milk throughout the State is regularly published.
Price information on u n graded
milk is even less easily obtained. The
basis for price determination also are
less uniform. Some degree of uniformity in the bases for price dePoultry
termination would be highly desiraPoultry prices are extremely var- . ble and probably h elpful to both buyiable over Alabama. Frequently, in- ers and sell ers.
dividual buyers quote prices but
The Alabama Department of Agrifarmers are unable to compare prices culture and Industries reports cream
offered with those prevailing in neigh- prices. In addition local buyers fre-
107
�fects the price they may expect.
Finally, quotations on forest products
are few and far between.
A program is now under way that
should give many farmers a great
deal of help in the disposal of their
products, as well as the handling of
their for est land. It calls for individual aid to farm ers by trained foresters. Neverthel ess, representative
authentic quotations would be very
helpful to farmers and fore sters.
Naval stor es prices are quoted
from Mobile. Only so uth Alabama
is vitally interested in these forest
products. Quotations on pulpwood,
saw logs, rough lumber and poles
should be quite helpful to the farm ers with forest products for sale.
POINTS FROM WHICH MARKET NE WS
IS OR MAY BE DISSEMINATED. 1943
.•
o
0
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0
0
0
0
0
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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0
0
00
00
0
0
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Summary and Recommendations
000
LEGEND
o
0
•
..
WU,I.LY NlWS""'''U
• DA ILY N('I'I'S ....I'OI
11.11010 STA,noN
MAP 88
quently post prices they offer for
cream on a butterfat basis.
The southeastern states sell more
farm butter than any other section of
the United States. Yet, little, if any,
uniformity exists in prices paid. Apparently there is little, if any, attempt made to grade country butter.
The result is that most country butter, unless d elivered to regular customers, sells at minimum prices.
Forest Products
Probably farmers know as little
about the value of their forest products as about a ny product on their
farms. They are handi capped in being, as a rul e, unable to judge accurately either the quality or the
quantity of the product for sale.
Furthermore, they are d ealing in a
product of considerable weight in
relation to its value. Thus, its distance from the consummg point af-
The foregoing market news statem ents on quantity, quality, and price
of Alabama farm products indicate
th e following weakn esses :
While fairly complete price information is available for cotton lint
and most livestock, farmers are still
handicapp ed by not knowing their
grades. Prices of most other Alabama
farm products are quoted from official sources haphazardly, if a t all,
and give farmers, living considerable
distance from the point of quotation,
very li ttle idea of the valu e of their
products at their own markets.
The large number of products, the
variability in time at which they are
put on the market, the diversity of
factors affecting the supply available
f or the market, and the demand are
such that any comprehensive attempt
to give the farmers adequate market
n ews service would seem to call for
the full-tim e services of a capable
and experienced m arketing man.
Such a man would have to interpret
the news in such a way that the
farm er would understan d their m ean-
108
�ing. This task in itself is heavy.
Perhaps existing organizations could
be of very marked assistance to the
right man in both gathering and disseminating marketing information,
but apparently the greatest need is
for an organizer and interpreter of
farm market n ews, which could be
disseminated through daily and weekly papers, over radio and by mail to
county and home agents, cooperative
associations, cooperative officials, key
farmers, bankers and others. See
Map No. 88.
----*----
109
�CONCLUSIONS
THE TEXT of this report contains,
along with the descriptive matter
of each commodity group, a paragraph entitled Summary and Recommendations. Throughout these paragraphs are several points which are
common to all.
These points should form the foundation for first designing and then
building a sound marketing system
in the State of Alabama.
1. Production and marketing problems:Production and marketing problems are interrelated and must be
considered simultaneously because:
a. It is necessary to assemble a
marketable volume of a given product if producers are to receive a reasonable price for the commodity.
b. The marketable volume must
be assembled from farms within a
reasonable distance to minimize transportation costs and aid producers in
obtaining a larger share of the consumer's dollar.
2. Quality of product:Purchasers desire a uniformly high
quality product. This can be obtained through:
a . Educational demonstrations on
how to produce high quality products.
b. Concentration of production in
suitable areas to assure a marketable
volume of uniform products.
c. Expansion of inspection and
grading services to provide all producers an opportunity to know the
quality of products bought and sold.
d. Establishment of grades a n d
standards that correspond with the
official United States Grades and
Standards in order to facilitate the
free movement of products into all
market centers.
"Grades" provide a common language of quality for buyers and sellers. Grades not only make for more
efficient marketing but are essential
in buying and selling, especially in
price control operations such as
farmers are dealing with at the present time.
3. Market news :Current market information IS a
necessary public service and must include data on general supply, demand, market movements, distribution, prices, production trends, transportation, storage, processing, packaging, regulations, inspection, priorities, rationing, needed adjustments
in regulations and distribution, lendlease and other governmental purchases of food products, adjustments
in production and marketing goals.
The basic information for this service can be collected by interviews,
telegraphic reports, warehousemen,
market masters and managers of
markets, inspectors, and by numerous contacts with other groups, including the Market News Service
Division of the regional office of
Foods Distribution Administration,
Atlanta, Georgia.
This information may be disseminated through daily releases by radio,
State and county press, and by mail
to county and home agents, cooperative association, cooperative officials,
key farmers, bankers, and others.
The objective of a marketing system is to increase grower's profits by
improved methods of production, h arv es tin g, s torin g, assemb li ng, g r a d ing,
p ack in g, and s e lling.
It should be remembered that perishable crops are handled on a seasonal basis and certain markets do
not operate longer than a few weeks
each year. Therefore, physical facilities and equipment necessary for the
operation of most markets need not
be expensive. About all that is required is shed space, platforms on
110
�which to handle t h e products, parking
lots, stalls from which truckers may
transact business, and suitable office
space.
In formulating a marketing program certain definite principles of
marketing must be -recognized. The
most important of which is education.
The success of a market is not in
the steel and concrete of the market
place but in the organization and
minds of those who support the
market. A market cannot be built
over night. There is the long and
difficult process of educating producers to the necessity of proper methods of production, grading, packag-
ing, and merchandising. Education is
probably t h e greatest single market;ng problem in Alabama today.
Another great prin ciple of marketing is cooperation and or ganization.
Farmers cannot progress on an individualistic basis. Farmers can increase their income through planning
production and marketing activities
together. Through cooperation and
organization lie the opportunities of
having a voice in the markets, of
finding new outlets, and of increasing
farm income.
More effective marketing can be a
reality through education, organlza.
tion ,
and
coop e rat ion.
---- *----
•
III
�•
•
, I
' (
"(
"
•
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection (Rescans)
Identifier
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Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection (Rescans)
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/121">View the Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection finding aid on ArchiveSpace</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Dr. Frances Cabaniss Roberts was born December 19, 1916 in Gainesville, Alabama, a daughter of Richard H. and Mary (Watson) Roberts. She graduated from Livingston State College, earning her B.S. in 1937, and then the University of Alabama, earning her M.A. in 1940, then her PhD in 1956. Her 1940 M.A thesis was "An Experiment in Emancipation of Slaves by an Alabama Planter;" her 1956 PhD dissertation was "Background and Formative Period in the Great Bend and Madison County," 1956.
She began her professional career as a public school teacher first in Sumter County, Alabama and then in Huntsville, Alabama, 1937-1952. In Huntsville, Roberts taught history at Huntsville High School and then at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), where she was a vigorous participant in the formation of that University. (The Extension Center, then at West Huntsville High School, opened in January 1950.) From 1955 to 1956, she was the only full-time faculty member.
Dr. Roberts served in many roles at UAH: instructor 1953-1956; assistant professor, 1956-1959; associate professor, 1959-1961; professor of history beginning in 1961 until her retirement on August 31st, 1980. In 1988, Dr. Roberts was honored with the dedication of Roberts Recital Hall. The University System Trustees issued this statement concerning the special day: "Dr. Roberts was one of the founding faculty of the University of Alabama in Huntsville, established the University History Department, and was its first full-time history professor. She devoted 18 years to the public schools and 29 years of dedicated service to UAH and accepting only the highest scholarly standards and inspiring generations of students to expand their academic horizons."
The collection of Dr. Roberts’ papers reflects her total immersion in the education, social, religious, musical, and literary life of the community as she led by doing. Frances Cabaniss Roberts died November 5, 2000 at the age of 83, leaving a legacy of leadership and dedication to the community.
Dublin Core
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Identifier
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loc_robf_000008_000121
Title
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"Farm Production and Marketing in Alabama: Committee Report on Alabama Farm Commodities and Appraisal of Marketing Facilities."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Extension Service
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1943-03
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1940-1949
Subject
The topic of the resource
Alabama Polytechnic Institute. Extension Service
Agriculture
Farms--Alabama
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Circulars
Still Image
Text
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
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loc_robf_2018
Language
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en
Source
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Frances Cabaniss Roberts Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/43/50/SpaceJournal_1957-Summer_LowResolution.pdf
1213a4b8a297ab9378c6e5ec9338cc6a
PDF Text
Text
����������������������������������������������������
Dublin Core
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Title
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Serials Collection
Identifier
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Serials Collection
Dublin Core
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Title
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<i>Space Journal</i>, vol. 1, no. 1., Summer 1957.
Creator
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Rocket City Astronomical Association
Space Enterprises, Inc.
Source
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Serials Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1957
Language
A language of the resource
en
Type
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Periodicals
Still Image
Text
Identifier
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spacejournal_1957_summer
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1950-1959
Subject
The topic of the resource
Astronautics
Observatories
Propulsion systems
Redstone missile
Satellites
Space flight to Mars
Oberth, Hermann, 1894-1989
Description
An account of the resource
This issue of <i>Space Journal</i> includes articles written by Fred L. Whipple, Hermann Oberth, and Ernst Stuhlinger, as well as a foreword by Wernher von Braun. The issue also includes drawings for an observatory to be built at the top of Monte Sano Mountain in Huntsville, Alabama. Produced by the Rocket City Astronomical Association (now known as the Von Braun Astronomical Society), <i>Space Journal</i> was published in Huntsville from 1957 to 1959. This digitized copy was generously provided by Jeff Bennett at the Von Braun Astronomical Society (VBAS).
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/8/51/loc_hbhc_0000001_0000011a.pdf
2f69d0a10a9cf163597c7bc017b57b4d
PDF Text
Text
����
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Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/65" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection
Description
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Originally establishing a tobacco shop on Jefferson Street in 1879, brothers James B. and Daniel T. Harrison moved their shop to their current location in Huntsville’s Southside Square in 1897. After the building was damaged by a fire in 1901, the brothers rebuilt and expanded their store, reopening as Harrison Brothers Hardware in 1902. After James’ death in 1908, Daniel T. and Robert Harrison, their younger brother, ran the store. In 1940, Daniel T. Harrison passed away leaving Robert the sole owner of the store. In the 1950s, Robert’s sons, Daniel F. and John Harrison, took over the store. In 1952, Robert Harrison passed away. In 1981, Daniel F. Harrison passed away leaving John Harrison as the sole owner of the store. The Historic Huntsville Foundation purchased the store in 1984, after the store closed due to John’s death in 1983. As one of the first major projects of the Historic Huntsville Foundation, the store was reopened in October of 1984 and is staffed by several volunteers. The Historic Huntsville Foundation currently continues the operation of Harrison Brothers Hardware in Huntsville, making it Alabama’s oldest operating hardware store.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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"Your Family Survival Plan."
Subject
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Cold War--Social aspects--United States
Fallout shelters
United States. Federal Extension Service
Civil defense
Description
An account of the resource
The pamphlet instructs readers how to build a fallout shelter and includes instructions for storing food and water, specifications for building materials, and charts for keeping track of food and water supply, shelter supplies and equipment, and first aid.
Creator
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U. S. Department of Agriculture
Source
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Harrison Brothers Hardware Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1963
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Language
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en
Type
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Pamphlets
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Text
Identifier
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loc_hbhc_000001_000011
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/1/52/loc_hilt_0000006_0000042.pdf
94ebf56693fc08ca3fd96cd86d9fe518
PDF Text
Text
.-..
~
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•
Remarks by Dr. We rnher von Braun. Dir ec t or
George C. Marshall Spa ce Flight Center
National Ae r onautics and Space Administration
Huntsville. Alabama
A l abam a Legislature
Montgomery, Alabarna
J une 20, 19 61, 11:00 a.m.
Your Excellency Gove rnor Patterson, Lieutenant Governor
Boutwell, Speaker Ashwo rth and gentlemen of this joint session of the
Legislature of Alabama:
I want you to know that it is a very real honor for me, a
citizen of A l abama . to add r es 5 you today in the Capit a l City of our
Great State .
1 deeply appreciate your thoughtfulness in inviting me
to be with you in this historic C a pitol Bu ilding .
It is my privilege to know a number of you pe r sonally , and
I wish I knew tTlore of you.
I'm su r e that if the appropriations for the
George C. Marshall Spa ce Flight Center carne directly from the
Legi s i"at ure of Alabama ins te ad of the Congress I would know many
more of you.
I have been privileged for some time, of cou r se, to know
Governor John Patterson.
In fact, I enjoyed a ve ry pleasant luncheon
and conve r sation in Washington wi t h the Gove rn or not so long ago.
•
�•
<.
2
Also, I frequently see and talk with our own representatives
from Madison County:
Senator Dave Archer, Representative Roscoe
Roberts and Representative Luke Reynolds.
I should like to give a
little public credit to Dave and Roscoe and Luke for the tremendous
help they have been to the Marshall Space Flight Center and the U. S.
Army at Huntsville.
They have frequently helped pull us over the
rough spots as the rocket and space exploration business in Alabama
began to have more and more impact on the State and South.
I am. glad to say, too, that you gentlemen of the Legislature
have responded ITlore than once to our expanding needs.
And thanks to
the persuasiveness of our Madison County delegation -- and your own
good judgement and conscience - - I
as we wanted you to.
~m
glad to add that you responded
We are delighted, of course, that you did, and
we are grateful.
As you may recall, some of my former German colleagues
and I carne to Alabama from Ft. Bliss, Texas , some ten or
~leven
years ago, and six years ago this past spring we were awarded our
Alnerican citizenship.
I want to take advantage of this occasion to express my
sincere appreciation to the many fine citizens of this State for the
warm, truly Southern hospitality which they have extended to us.
We like -- and we are proud of -- our Alabama friends and neighbors.
•
�-"
3
As you will remember, during the past few years all of us in
Alabama have shared some exciting. history-making moments together.
First there were the pioneering Redstone and Jupiter missile
programs~
then our laounching of the Free World's first satellite around the earth,
built right here in Alabama; then our launching of the Free World's first
satellite around the sun, again built right here in Alabama; then only a
few weeks ago came our launching of the Free World's first man into
space.
And, 1 hasten to add, with the Saturn deep space rocket and
other programs now underway at the Marshall Center. we expect to ring
up a few more firsts before too long.
Even now a lot of people still ask me, "Why do you want to
go to the moon? II I like to remind them about one of this country's most
famous scientists.
When wise old Ben Franklin sent up his kite that day in the
thunderstorm, he got his knuckles singed by electricity.
Franklin learn by this experiment?
from the clouds would shock him.
Not much.
What did
Only that electricity
But because Ben was curious about
the world around him, his simple research -- plus a few other experiments conducted elsewhere -- stirred up a lot of interest.
A burst of
attention was then focussed on electrical research, and as a result, old
Ben Franklin's kite sparks flew around the world.
Today, we can't
drive a tractor, fly an airplane, light a house, or send a satellite into
space without electricity.
•
�,
4
My point here is that as wise as Ben Franklin was, he didn't
have the faintest idea of the great benefits that were in store for mankind
as a result of the first faltering experiments that he and others about that
time carried out.
But Franklin did have scientific curiosity.
It was
curiosity that made him go fly a kite that day. not some mysterious.
prophetic knowledge that he was about to help pave the way for va'st new
benefits for all mankind.
So when somebody tells you to go fly a kite, don't punch him
in the nose.
Who knows?
You too might discover electricity.
Incidentally, as you know, Benjamin Franklin was not only
a s.c ientist and inventor, but he was also a great statesman and politician.
In fact, he would be equally as much at home -- were he alive today -with the employees of the Marshall Space Flight Center as he would with
the m.em.bers of our Legislature.
And after reading som.ething of som.e
of the rem.arkably skillful operations conducted around Goat Hill here
lately. I wouldn't be surprised if we couldn't learn m.ore fro.m. Franklin
about our business than you could learn from. hitn about yours.
It is curiosity that sets m.an apart .
•
It is curiosity that m.akes hitn learn.
This has been true throughout history .... first curiosity; then
learning; then advancement.
•
�•
5
But the guy who is curious -- the restless searcher for new
knowledge -- never knows where his curiosity will lead him.
All he
knows is that SQIne time, in Borne way. the knowledge he digs up will
better the lot of his fellow man.
For instance, the great bacteriologist, Sir Alexander Fleming.
found one day that certain bacteria were killed by a mold.
This "accidental
discovery -- which happened because Fleming was curious about mold -gave us penicillin.
He didn't have the faintest idea that what he saw under his
microscope that day would end up by saving many, many thousands of
h~an
liv es.
It's always that way.
•
We just never know what the next bit of information will bring
f orth.
That's why we want to -- and why we must -- explore space.
!tIS
our next frontier, our newest challenge. and the greatest unknown
today.
I am convinced that the exploration of outer space will produce
undream e d of benefits for all of us.
And the very fact that nobody knows
for sure what all of these benefits will be opens new prospects and excites
our imagination to further progress .
It has been said (Henry Ward Beecher)
that lithe soul without imagination is what an observatory would be without
a telescope.
II
Now how are we going to space?
�6
I'd like now to show you a few slides of actual space hardware
and d i scuss with you some promising methods we plan t o
US~
to get out
there.
The other day The President said we should go to the moon.
Well, he's not alone.
Let us just hope that somebody named Ivan Ivanovich or Yuri
Gagarin doesn't get there first.
How are we going to get there?
And when?
F i rst, l e t me say here and now that this country has nothing
to be ashamed o f in c omparison with the Soviets in space exploration to
date.
This c omparison may have been valid three years ago, but today
we have orbited many more scientific satellites than they; and from
them we have gleaned a great deal more new flcientific information from.
the universe than anyone else.
The area where we are obviously behind is in the field of big
boosters .... the big push.
That is the bottleneck.
That',s why I should
like to talk with you today about our efforts in big space booster development.
I shall discuss two in particular:
The Saturn and Nova .
But, before I go into that let me say that we're all highly
gratified , of course, at Alan Shepard's successful and historic voyage
aboard the Mercury-Redstone rocket.
•
�7
LIGHTS OFF
SLIDE I
But to achieve this we had to fall back on that old reliable
Alabama-made Redstone rocket.
The Redstone . taking off on the left ,
was first developed as a weapon .
It has never yet been fired in anger .
But when we got into trouble (and maybe angry) because the Russ.ians
beat us up there with the Sputniks, we had to call on the Redstone to
put the first American earth satellites into orbit.
In the middle is the
Jupiter C which lofted Explorer satellites I , III, and IV.
Then after
Yuri Gagarin 1 s orbit ... . in an effort to stay in the man-in-space race .. ..
we again relied on that old reliable Redstone to boost our first American
•
into space.
You see it on the right -with the space capsule on top.
Following the Mercury-Redstone will be the Mercury-Atlas
which will'J?lace an American in orbit later this year.
Well, as to How and When . .. . to put it sinlply the United States
now has a whole stable-full of other good rockets to do the job with; and
from all indications we're going to accelerate our most vital space exploration programs and tinletables rapidly and forcefully.
I should like now to talk with you about two big space exploration
vehicles .
SLIDE Z
�8
First the Saturn .
Thanks to a little clever fCfking .... and with
the cooperation of the Governor's press secretary .... we see the Saturn
deep space rocket right on the lawn of our Capitol building.
This particular ve rs ion of Saturn stands about 18 stories. high .
The Saturn rocket not only compares in size with the Capitol, but I suspe,ct
a comparison in internal complexity and perhaps an ability to shift courses
might be made,
With the belp of private industry and universities around the
country, the Saturn space carrier vehicle is under development here in
Alabama for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Several versions of the Saturn are being considered.
smallest --
80
called
Even the
is the world's largest known rocket.
SLIDE 3
Here is a cutaway of the Saturn booster showing· the fuel and
oxygen tanks.
There are eight tanks six feet in diameter surrounding
one tank in the middle of the cluster that is nine feet in diameter.
of the outer tanks -- and the middle t ank - - hold liquid oxygen .
Four
The
remaining carry the kerosene.
You can't see them all here. but the booster has eight keroseneoxygen engines. each of which can develop 188.000 pounds of thrust. By
"thrust" we mean lifting force.
•
�., •
9
The Saturn represents a four-fold jwnp in thrust power ....
from the 360. 000 pound thrust Atlas to the 1.5 million pound thrust
Saturn.
This is equal to the energy developed by almost all the
100, 000 or more automobiles in Montgomery, Alabama.
This particular first stage will be used to boost the first two
versions of the Saturn rocket now under consideration into space.
For our purposes, we call the three versions of the Saturn
the C-l, C-2. and C-3.
SLIDE 4
Here is the second stage of the first -- or C-l -- version
of Saturn.
This stage will be powered by six hydrogen-oxygen engines,
each developing 15, 000 pounds thrust.
These new hydrogen engines represent the first step forward
in advanc ed li quid propellants .
Our earlier space vehicles generally
used sorne type of kerosene as fuel.
This stage is some 17 feet in diarneter and about 40 feet tall.
SLIDE 5
A new developrnent in liquid rocket engines is underway to
power this, t he number two stage. of the second -- or C-2 -- Saturn
vehicle,
Four new hydrogen engines. each developing 200,000 pounds
thrust, will be combined to give this stage a total of 800,000 pounds
thrust.
This new engine will be a really big step in the development
of hydrogen engines ... , frorn 15,000 pounds to 200, 000 pounds thrust.
SLIDE 6
•
�..
10
Here at a glance you can get a good look at the three Saturns.
The first version, . on the left, can put la, 000 pounds of payload into low
earth orbit.
earth.
It is also designed· to put three men into orbit around the
The £irst launching of the Saturn C - l . without a payload,. is
schedul ed for the last quarter of this year.
about 180 feet tal1 .
With payload, it stands
It weighs about 1, 000, 000 pounds at liftoff.
The second Saturn, in the middle, will be about 210 feet high.
It will have three stages and will be capable of orbiting manned or un-
manned payloads of more than 44, 000 pounds around the earth, soft -lan d
a 3,000 pound payload on the moon and back to earth, or put instruments
•
on Mars or Venus.
The third Saturn shown here is a rather radical departure over
the other versions in that the booster will be powered by two huge new
kerosene engines, each of which develops 1. 5 million pounds of thrust.
This Saturn booster, then, will be twice as powerful -- with three
million pounds thrust - - as the earlier version.
The second stage will
have the same four 200,000 pound hydrogen engines, and the third will
have six hydrogen engines with 15,000 pounds thrust each.
•
1,6, OOtIt can put"*, 000, 000 pounds into earth orbit, or fly a multiple
crew around the moon or send 24,000 pounds on a one-way trip to Mars.
Ten launchings of research and development vehicles are
scheduled in the current Saturn program.
�::
.
11
We expect the Saturn deep space rocket to be the major rocket
for U. S. space exploration for a number of years.
It is the first large
rocket to be developed in the U. S. for scientific peaceful research.
SLIDE 7
When the Saturn puts men into space it will carry a spacecraft
known as Apollo.
Here you see the Saturn booster out in space separating
from the remaining stage and the Apollo.
The Apollo is not only an
extension of the Mercury-man-in-space program, it has other capabilitie.8.
For instance, men can use it to observe the surface and envirorunent of
the moon before a manned landing takes place.
The Apollo is also
sufficiently flexible to serve as a manned orbiting laboratory .... a
laboratory where man can perform useful space research in a low earth
orbit.
This orbiting laboratory is a necessary step leading toward a
permanent {nanned space station.
This will be the main application of the Saturn rocket ... . man
into space.
SLIDE 8
Here is a promising plan to recover Saturn boosters and thus
save a lot on money.
Rockets are usually considered expendable, but by
using this unique Rogalla kite -- called a paraglider -- _we think we can
return boosters and some upper stages to land and fly them again.
•
�•
IZ
The paraglider would actually be guided down from the ground -as you see here -- through a radio remote cont r ol system.
Lines attaching
the kite to the booster can be pulled in or let out to cont r ol the kite as it
descends and finally approaches the landing strip.
SLIDE 9
The special barge was built because it's about the only way -- at
present, anyway -- that we can get the Saturn booster from the Marsha ll
Center to Cape Canaveral.
However, due to an accident at the Wheeler
lock on the Tennessee River not long ago , it looks as if we're going to have
to use two water - going vessels temporarily.
name of this barge -- to get it to the lock.
WeI ll use the Palaernon -- the
ITlQve
it by a whee led transporter
around the lock. then re-load on a former Navy barge and proceed to the
Cape.
It 1 s a 2,200 mile trip by river. the intercoastal waterway that runs
across the southern tip of Alabama. the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean.
The skipper of this unusual craft describes the barge as a crOBB
between a mine sweeper, a garbage scow and a blimp hanger.
SLIDE 10
Moving the upper stages of Saturn by air is a possibility.
A
rather startling proposal by Douglas Aircraft has been made to carry
the Saturn second stage on top of an aircraft in piggy-back fashion.
seriously looking into this scheme.
We 1 r e
The idea is to save time and money.
�13
When I first studied this proposal I couldn't help thinking
about the caterpillar who, like too many of us, never can accept a new
idea.
Two caterpillars were strolling along in the dust one day when a
butterfly went by overhead.
One caterpillar said to the other:
"They'll
ne ve r get me up in that thing. "
SLIDE 11
Here is Saturn with a nuclear upper stage.
In this concept of
a nuclear rocket, hydrogen is heated by passing it through a nuclear
reactor and then exhausted through a nozzle yielding about twice the
propellant economy you get with a hydrogen oxygen engine.
With this
rn.ore efficient engine, smaller quantities of propellants will be needed,
thus ITlaking ou r payloads a lot bigger.
•
NASA and the Marshall Space
Flight Center are making a number of studies in this area.
Also, NASA
and the Atomic Energy Commission jointly are pushing forward the pace
of the Rover development, as the nuclear rocket reactor program is
called.
We should fly our first prototype nuclear rocket by 1966.
This
first nuclear rocket will be called RIFT .... for" Reactor In Flight Test tt •
Itls easy to see that we call dream up weird alphabetical abbreviations
with the best of them.
The RIFT nuclear vehicle will be flight-tested as a second
stage of the Saturn C-3.
)
.
�14
SLIDE 12
As we approach manned space travel involving several men . ...
and women, eventually, of course .... we must put up much bigger payloads .
Incidentally. Bob Gilruth, the man in charge of the U. S. Mercury
program, was asked the other day if he plans to use women astronauts in the
man-in-space program .
With a straight face, Bob replied:
"Well, we are
reserving 110. pounds of payload for recreational equipment.
T o put these bigger payloads up it takes thrust.
II
Here is a dramatic
example.
The smallliquid engine you see creates 188, 000 pounds thrust.
Eight of these make up the Saturn first stage which produces, as you now
know. ' 1. 5 million pounds.
Then , at one stroke. comes a single engine that
produces the same amount of thrust - - · 1. 5 million pounds - - that the whole
Saturn engine~ cluster produces .
Both are kerosene engines .
To express myself in more familiar terms, this big rocket engine
produces 33, 000 , 000 horsepower, compared with these two diesel locomotive
units at the left which together produce only about 4, 000 horsepowe r .
Now
by clustering a batch of these big engines you can see that we can really
•
achieve power.
SLIDE 13
And h ere is where we will need it.
possible Nova space vehicle concepts.
Saturn.
This slide depicts one of the
Nova is the next big step beyond
•
�15
By clustering the Saturn C-3 boosters -- those first stages
with the two 1. 5 million pound single chamber engines -- on the left
we come up with this clustered Nova vehicle in the center.
For very
high speed it would be advantageous to increase the propellant capacity
of the top stage.
Thus Nova would offer us an escape payload of up to
140, 000 pounds.
By "escape" we mean escape from the earth's gravity .
With Nova, we could land a locomotive on the moon if anyone
wanted one there.
What is more important, this Nova space rocket can
put a spacecraft -- like the one on the right -- with three men on the
moon and return them to earth, and at the same time leave 40, 000
pounds of supplies and equipment to support a manned lunar station .
•
With a nuclear third stage, it could go into orbit around Mars and return
to earth later on.
Nova vehicles of this class give us the most direct
approach to manned lunar and planetary exploration.
LIGHTS ON
Before Nova, though, comes Saturn.
I might mention here
that the Saturn space rocket will be shown to the public for the first time
on July 1.
In fact you can see two fully assembled Saturn rockets which
we will display at an open house we are having to celebrate the first
anniversary of the Marshall Center.
�16
We will also erect a
Mercury~Redstone
capsule like the one Al Shepard rode in.
rocket, complete with a spa.ce
We would be most happy to
have any of you who can to visit us that day.
We hope it will provide
you and the public with a pretty good .- and rather interesting -- look
at Alabama's major role in the national space program.
We will conduct
four live, that is hot, static tests of a Saturn engine for you.
Also; for
the first time each of the 10 space research laboratories of the Marshall
Center will be opened to the general public.
8: 30 to 3: 30.
Our open house will be from
I'd like to remind you that Huntsville - - for the first time
in several years -- is on Central Standard Tirne this swnmer .
As a
reward for our cooperation in staying on standard time, however, they
give us the privilege of going to work at seven o'clock in the morning .
July 1 is on Saturday, so I s,;!ggest you come up to Huntsville for a visit
to the space center and leave your politics ba.ck here.
Now .... what will it take for this country to regain lost prestige
and once more asswne its place as the scientific and technological leader
among nations?
More particularly, what can the people of Alabama do?
What can the people in this room do?
These slides you have just seen show how much the national
space program depends upon the work going on here in the State of Alabanla.
Just as important for the country's well-being, of course, is the enormous
national defense effort being carried out at Huntsville by the Army Ordnance
Missile Command and the Army Ordnance Guided Missile School.
•
�•
17
The 25. 000 persons employed at Huntsville who carryon this
work receive an annual payroll of about $200, ODD, DOD,
The total money
spent by these agencies each year is nearly Z. 2 billion dollars. and about
16 per cent of this (or 350 million dollars) is spent in Alabama with companies
and educational institutions throughout the state.
I haven't mentioned this to Dave Archer yet, but when the
~igure
of 25, 000 arsenal and Marshall Center employees was ITlentioned in a
ITleeting in Huntsville th e other day. somebody suggested:
"With all these voters around here, why don't we elect a Senator
frOrri Redstone Arsenal?"
The Marshall Center is now in the process of hiring more than
•
1600 new employees.
engineers
Most of the people we need
and ~ scientists.
60
urgently are graduate
In other words, highly skilled and e ducated men
and women .
Although a substantial nwnber of our present technical people
are products of Alabama's educational system , most of ther;,., frankly. have
come f rom e lsewhere ... . from all 50 states and several other countries, as
a matter of fact.
•
�18
You've heard and seen something now about the kind of people
we need and what we need them for.
We need the best, and we need them
for one of the most vital jobs in the history of free men.
This. I submit, is substantial evidence to show that opportunity
is indeed knocking on Alabama's door, and knocking hard, just as oppor tunity knocked on California's door a few decades ago when the aircraft
industry was beginning to blossom.
The question today is. II Will Alabama open the door?"
As a proud citizen of this state and of this count ry
I
I feel a
responsibility to raise this question with you and to discuss it openly
and frankly.
Shakespeare said. "There is a tide in the affairs of men, which,
taken at the flood, leads on to fortune".
now -- but is passing fast.
For Alabama. the tide is at flood
My appeal to you is to recognize this and to
take action today while the opportunity is still available.
I am sure there
are very few problems in Alabama which could not be solved with more
money -- the proper capital investment at this time can produce that
money for the State of Alabama.
Now what investment am I s peaking of?
I am speaking of an
investment in people -- strong. capable, educated people!
Opportunity
goes where the best people go, and the best people go where good
education goes.
•
�19
Unless we get -- and keep -- many more bright young men and
women very soon to help us carry the present load, our programs -- and
Alabama -- will suffer.
, This danger was sensed last winter by a keen Washington official
during his visit with us.
We were asking for rn.ore funds for construction
of facilities, and he raised the question as to whether it was really .smart
for the Federal Government to continue to build up its facilities in a place
which has much difficulty in obtaining the right kind of senior personnel
to operate these facilities,
like a business:
You see, a goverrunent agency functions much
Success is not guaranteed by past successes; no one in
Washington is assuring our future; if we begin to falter -- as we most
certainly will without the right kind of personnel -- serious consequences
will surely
r~esu1t.
To lTlake Huntsville lTlore attractive to technical and scientific
people across the country -- and to further develop the people we have
now - - the acadelTlic and research environment of Huntsville and AlabatTla
lTlust be Unproved and Unproved UnlTlediately.
As lTlany of you know, the
University of AlabalTla has a University Center in Huntsville, which is
definitely a step in the right direction.
In addition they have just opened
a slTlall Research Institute closely affiliated with this Center.
•
�20
As this Institute grows. large corporations will be encouraged to establish
research organizations nearby to form an industrial research park as a part
of the University complex, which in turn will give birth to major new industries
throughout the State.
Unless, however, large swns of lTloney can be found immediately
to improve and enlarge this University complex, its real value may come too
late to help us attract and develop the kind of people we must have.
The citizens of Alabama should recognize even more fully that
the United States, as well as the other leading countries of the world, now
lives in a technological age.
The efforts along this line that have been taken
in the past -- in developing our technological manpower and other industrial
resources -- will not, I repeat , will not suffice to keep pace with the other
states and nati ons today.
It's the university climate that brings the business.
What do you think attracted the aircraft industry to the Los Angeles
area?
The desert and smog?
No, it was U. C. L. A. and Cal Tech and the
Art Institute and St. Mary's and The University of Southern California.
Was it beans that brought great electronic and other industri es
to Boston?
It was the Educational Triangle of Boston University, Harvard
and M. 1. T.
A friend of mine said last week that if M. 1. T. was as close to
Huntsville as are the University of Alabama and Auburn University that
M. 1. T . would own Redstone Arsenal.
•
�21
Let's be honest with ourselves about it:
it's not water, or real
estate. or labor. or power, or cheap taxes that brings industry to a state
or city.
It's brainpower.
make it rich.
Nowadays, brainpower dwnped in a desert will
Right now you could run a profitable electronics firm on
the moon, if the company liked the climate.
Educational c1hnate, that is.
Without question, such a climate is the most important
resource in attracting new people and new ideas.
process.
si~gle
It's a self-generating
Once you get it started, it snowballs.
The top people in industry and goverrunent today like to improve
themselves.
them.
TheY llike flourishing research institutions.
They thrive on
1£ they have a bachelor's degree, they want a master's.
If they
•
have a master's, they want a Ph. D.
to teach and do research.
are not satisfied.
And if they have a Ph. D. they want
So our young engineers with bachelor's degrees
If they could get advanced degrees and remain near an
academic environment, they would stay with us.
Lacking such opportunities
they want to move on to California and Massachusetts.
While we are trying to bootleg young engineers from other states ...
because w e don't produce them here .... the same states are stealing our
senior scientists,
�22
The State of Alabama ... . in this case
I
you .... has a very real
responsibility to promote the advancement of science and higher education.
In short, itls up to you to create the right climate.
In Huntsville we are trying to create a vigorous and varied
educational and research clilnate.
The seed is sown with the University
Center and the infant Research Institute.
But the seed is starving.
It
needs s o mething green .... Money.
To be specific. the Research Institute needs .... at this very
moment . . . . three million dollars for buildings and equipment.
Following
this first investment the Institute will not only be self-sustaining, but will
enrich the State both financially and culturally.
Let me remind you of something:
the rocket and missile business
at Huntsville pours 350 million dollars annually into the State of Alabama.
That's
more ~ than
a hundred dollars a year per man, woman and child.
The only reason that Alabarrta has this bonanza at all is because
the Army had a big chunk of spare real estate that served the immediate
purpose of providing a home.
We've lived in that home for more than
ten years now, and it's about time we got a schoolhouse.
And everything
that goes with it.
For a three million dollar investment now, I promise you that
you'll reap billions.
Easily billions.
is more than a third of a billion.
350 million dollars, don't forget,
�23
The President has asked the Congress for from seven to nine
billion dollars for space for the next five years alone.
that dough will e nd up in Alabama .
A big hunk of
End up in Alabama, that is
I
if
Alabama can attract the kind of people we have to have . provide them
,
with a decent educational. scientific and cultural climate . and make
them want to stay.
If Alabama does this. then the prosperity and culture of the
entire state will g r ow and fl ou rish .
If Alabama doesn't . ... Well, I'd hate to see those Saturn
and Nova r ockets begin that long and lucrative trip to the moon from
the State of California.
•
Now, it is not my place to tell you what to change or how to
change it . but I tru s t you may take this warning seriously.
I' m not a s king for something next year, or n ext month, or
next week, or tomorrow .
I'm asking that you -- each of you, individually
and collectively -- do something now .
On one hand , you have the greatest opportunity fo r wealth ,
prosperity and culture ever offered to this state and seldom to any other
state .
While on the other, you face the greatest of dangers . . . . n ot only
the danger of a ggress ion and lo ss of prestige, but also the danger of
economic competition from other cities • . states and nations all over
the world .
�Z4
When a prospective employee looks at us he does not try to
decide whether to liv e in Huntsville or Montgomery , he is choosing
between Alabama and Los Angeles. New York or Boston.
It is your
decision whether you want to make Alabama attractive enough to stay
in this race.
I do not believe you will back away from this competition .
I believe I know the citizens of my state well enough to say with full
confidence that they will accept this challenge with the gusto of Macbeth
as he said:
"Lay on, Macduff. and damn'd be hiIn that first cries.
'Hold, enough!
II'
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Dublin Core
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Title
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Heinz Hilten Collection
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/29" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Heinz Hilten Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Heinz Hilten Collection
Description
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At the start of the Second World War, Heinz Hilten (1909 to 2013) was drafted into the German army, where he worked with von Braun’s V-2 rocket team at Peenemünde. In 1954, Hilten made his way to America, where he rejoined von Braun.
Hilten helped plan the growth of Alabama’s Redstone Arsenal until 1960, when he began designing laboratories, control centers, test stands, and administrative buildings for the newly minted Marshall Space Flight Center; Hilten also helped design the Saturn rocket program.
Hilten was also a founding member of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra.
Dublin Core
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Title
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Transcript of a speech given by Wernher von Braun to the Alabama Legislature.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Aerospace industries
Alabama. Legislature
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Saturn Project (U. S.)
University of Alabama in Huntsville
University of Alabama in Huntsville. Research Institute
Huntsville (Ala.)
Madison County (Ala.)
Description
An account of the resource
Von Braun, then the director of Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, delivered this speech to the legislature in 1961. In the speech, he emphasizes that Alabama must take advantage of its position in the aerospace industry and create a robust "academic and research environment" in Huntsville to attract businesses that "will give birth to major new industries throughout the state." He exhorts the legislature to fund the newly established University of Alabama Research Institute (now part of the University of Alabama in Huntsville), arguing that "the Institute will not only be self-sustaining, but will enrich the State both financially and culturally." The legislature later approved von Braun's request of $3 million for the Research Institute, enabling the purchase of 200 acres of land for the campus and the construction of the Institute in 1964. The speech includes copies of slides von Braun used during his presentation, including diagrams of Saturn and Nova rockets as well as a mockup of a Saturn rocket on the lawn of the state capitol in Montgomery.
Creator
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Von Braun, Wernher, 1912-1977
Source
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Heinz Hilten Collection
Box 2
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
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1961-06-21
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Language
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en
Type
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Photographs
Speeches
Transcripts
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Text
Identifier
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loc_hilt_000006_000042
Temporal Coverage
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1960-1969
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/20/53/spc_stnv_001_003.pdf
5c10e1d73855e40136a6eabb881b96e8
PDF Text
Text
���
Dublin Core
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Title
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Saturn V Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Saturn I: The First Generation of Heavy Launch Vehicles Designed for Peaceful Exploration of Space."
Description
An account of the resource
The leaflet outlines the history of Saturn launches and gives a physical description of the rocket. The description includes a diagram of each stage; specifications of each stage's thrust, propellants, liftoff weight, and burning time; and engine specifications.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1964
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Language
A language of the resource
en
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Leaflets
Still Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
spc_stnv_000001_000003
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Saturn Project (U.S.)
Space flight
Rocket engines
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/23/56/web_copy_Transplanted_Rocket_Pioneers.pdf
65c7bdd04f8f487699fd418a0200bcdb
PDF Text
Text
1
�Transplanted Rocket Pioneers
Copyright 2015 University of Alabama in Huntsville, all rights reserved.
2
�TRANSPLANTED ROCKET PIONEERS – Introduction
The first time mankind left the Earth and worked on another body in the Solar System
will undoubtedly be one of the few events of the 20th Century that will be remembered in
future centuries. Also, most historians conclude that the lunar missions of the Apollo
Program could not have been possible without the leadership and experience provided by
a core of engineers, scientists and managers transplanted from Europe to the Unites States
after World War II.
Hence, these ‘Transplanted Rocket Pioneers’ have particular historical significance. This
fact has motivated the Archives of the Library at the University of Alabama in Huntsville
to assemble an individual file on each of the people included in several lists of
individuals who came from Europe to participate in the rocketry activities in Huntsville,
or in a few cases who had other ties to Huntsville.
This collection of individual files supplied the data base for preparation of a Summary
sheet for each individual. Although most sheets are relatively complete, some data are
still missing. For uniformity, a standard format has been adopted for these one-page
summaries:
The first two lines on each page records fundamental identification information:
Family name Date of birth Place of birth
Given names Date of death Place of death
The next standard entry is a statement of the extent of the Archives Holdings, either i) A
Primary collection of documents housed in one or more banker boxes, ii) A secondary
collection in a standard archive box, or iii) a file folder.
Next, if there is an oral or video history for the individual, this fact is noted. A statement
about the highest education levels of the individual follows.
The next five entries, in chronological order, record whether the individual participated in
activities at five sites:
1st Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf, Individuals engaged in the activities at these sites of
early rocket development experiments sponsored first by VfR and subsequently by the
German Army.
2nd Peenemünde, Included here are individuals who participated in Peenemünde
programs under several auspices: as Army civilian employees, as members of the
German military, as contractor employees on site or visiting as needed, and university
employees collaborating as required.
3rd Fort Bliss, Individuals who were brought to Fort Bliss from 1945 to 1950
4th GMDD-ABMA, Individuals who came to Huntsville, Alabama to work for the US
3
�Army rocket programs in the decade 1950 to 1960.
5th MSFC, Individuals who were employed by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
in the decade 1960-70.
Some people had various relationships with UAH and that is so noted.
A statement of immigration details is noted if pertinent.
Finally, a great variety of incidental information is included under Incidental Remarks.
The creation of the data base and summaries described here is only one example of many
space history collections and resources housed in the UAH Archives. These collections
are available to historians, scholars and students.
4
�ALPHABETICAL LIST, 218 Individuals
Adams, Ernst
Angele, Wilhelm
Axster, Herbert
Ball, Erich
Bauer, Helmut
Bauschinger, Oscar
Beduerftig, Hermann
Beichel, Rudi
Beier, Anton
Bergeler, Herbert
Blumrich, Josef
Boehm, Josef
Brandner, Friedrich
Braselmann, Ferdinand
Bruenecki, Eberhard
Bruns, Rudolf
Buchhold, Theodor
Burose, Walter
Cerny, Otto
Dahm, Werner
Dannenberg, Konrad
de Beek, Gerd
Debus, Kurt
Decher, Rudolf
Deppe, Hans
Dhom, Friedrich
Dobrick, Herbert
Dornberger, Walter
Drawe, Gerhard
Duerr, Friedrich
Ehricke, Krafft
Eisenhardt, Otto
Engler, Erich
Engler, Helga Venzke
Erbskorn, Karl
Eulitz, Werner
Evers-Euterneck, Ernst
Fehlberg, Erwin
Festa, Rudolf
Fichtner, Hans
Finzel, Alfred
Fischel, Eduard
Fleischer, Karl
Friedrich, Hans
Fuhrmann, Herbert
Geissler, Ernst
Gengelbach, Werner
Glaser, Rudolf
Goerner, Erich
Goethert, Bernhard
Goetz, Otto
Grau, Dieter
Gross, Klaus
Gruene, Hans
Guendel, Herbert
Gustav, Johann
Haeussermann, Walter
Hager, Karl
Hartbaum, Helmut
Haukohl, Guenther
Heck, Arno
Heimburg, Karl
Hein, Leopold
Hellebrand, Emil
Heller, Gerhard
Helm, Bruno
Henning, Alfred
Hermann, Adolf
Hermann, Rudolf
Herold, Curt
Heusinger, Bruno
Heybey, Willi
Hilten, Heinz
Hintze, Guenther
Hirschler, Otto
Hoberg, Otto
Hoelker, Rudolf
Hoelzer, Helmut
Holderer, Oscar
Horn, Helmut
Hosenthien, Hans
Hueter, Hans
Huzel, Dieter
Jacobi, Walter
Jenke, Richard
Jennissen, Joseph
Juergensen, Klaus
Junegert, Wilheim
Kampmeier, Heinz
Kaschig, Erich
Kennel, Hans
Klauss, Ernst
5
Klein, Johann
Knothe, Adolf
Koelle, Heinz
Kraemer, Fritz
Kraus, Gerhard
Krause, Helmut
Kroeger, Arthur
Kroeger, Hermann
Kroh, Hubert
Kroll, Gustav
Kuberg, Willi
Kuebler, Manfred
Kuers, Werner
Kuerschner, Helmut
Kuettner, Joachim
Kurzweg, Hermann
Lacker, Herbert
Lahser, Heinz
Lange, Ernst
Lange, Hermann
Lange, Oswald
Ley, Willy
Lindenberg, Hans
Lindenmayr, Hans
Lindner, Kurt
Ludewig, Hermann
Luehrsen, Hannes
Lusser, Robert
Mandel, Carl
Manteuffel, Erich
Martineck, Hans
Maus, Hans
Merk, Helmut
Michel, Josef
Milde, Hans
Millinger, Heinz
Minning, Rudolf
Mrazek, Willi
Muehlner, Joachim
Mueller, Fritz
Nein, Hans
Neubert, Erich
Neuhoefer, Kurt
Nowak, Max
Oberth, Hermann
Osthoff, Leopold
�Paetz, Robert
Palaoro, Hans
Panzer, Walter
Patt, Kurt
Paul, Hans
Pauli, Fritz
Pfaff, Helmuth
Polstorff, Walter
Poppel, Theodor
Prasthofer, Willibald
Raithel, Wilhelm
Rees, Eberhard
Reichert, Rudolf
Reilmann, Karl
Reisig, Gerhard
Rheinfurth, Mario
Riedel, Walther III
Rosinski, Werner
Roth, Ludwig
Rothe, Heinrich
Rothe, Kurt
Rudolph, Arthur
Ruppe, Harry
Sassenfeld, Helmut
Schaefer, Herbert
Scharnowski, Heinz
Scheufelen, Klaus
Schilling, Martin
Schlidt, Rudolf
Schlitt, Helmuth
Schmid, Helmut
Schneider, Horst
Schnelle, Heinz
Schuler, Albert
Schulz-Arenstorff, Richard
Schulze, Heinrich
Schulze, William
Schwartz, Friedrich
Schwidetzki, Walter
Seiler, Ernst
Sendler, Karl
Sieber, Werner
Speer, Fritdjof
Sperling, Hans
Spohn, Eberhard
Stein, Arnold
Steinhoff, Ernst
Steurer, Wolfgang
Struck, Heinrich
Stuhlinger, Ernst
Tessmann, Bernhard
Teuber, Dieter
Thiel, Adolf
Thomas, Horst
Tiller, Werner
Tschinkel, Johann
Tuebbecke, Julius
Urbanski, Arthur
Vandersee, Fritz
von Braun, Magnus
von Braun, Wernher
von Pragenau, George
von Puttkamer, Jesco
von Saurma, Friedrich
von Saurma, Ruth
von Tiesenhausen, Georg
Voss, Werner
Vowe, Theodor
Wagner, Carl
Wagner, Hermann
Weber, Fritz
Weidner, Hermann
Wiesman, Walter
Wittman, Albin
Woerdemann, Hugo
Wuenscher, Hans
Zeiler, Albert
Zettler-Seidel, Philipp
Ziesmer, Erich
Zoike, Helmut
6
�Adams,
Ernst Wilhelm
Feb. 2, 1928
Essen, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, Dr. Ing. July 9 1956
(mathematics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived Nov. 1957. Cited as Redstone Arsenal employee in
1959 Huntsville Directory
MSFC
yes, Listed in 1960 MSFC Directory. He is no longer listed in the
1964 MSFC Directory. He is also missing from 1965 onward
Huntsville City Directories.
UAH involvement
He taught graduate courses in Huntsville in early 1960s for the
University of Alabama.
Immigration
He is on a third Paperclip list.
Incidental remarks
In the June 13, 1962 Marshall Star, he is mentioned as being in the
Fluid Dynamics Section of the Aerodynamics Branch in the
Aeroballistics Division.
He was the supervisor of a summer high school employee.
He was an author on several publications from the Goddard Space
Flight Center from 1963 through 1968, implying that he had
transferred there from MSFC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 001.
7
�Angele,
Wilhelm
Feb. 8, 1905
Aug. 22, 1996
Memmingen, Germany
Richmond City, Virginia
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Friedrich-Alexander University, Nuremberg, BS in engineering.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Prototype Development
Branch of the Astrionics Laboratory.
He was very active in the von Braun Astronomical Society
Observatory on Monte Sano in Huntsville.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 003.
8
�Axster,
Herbert Felix
Nov. 3, 1899
May 5, 1991
Berlin, Germany
Düsseldorf, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Educated as a lawyer. Pre-WWII he specialized in technical and
patent law. He was an officer in the German Army Reserves.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, He was an Army officer assigned to the Peenemünde Base.
He became executive officer to General Dornberger. Axster was in
the small group with von Braun who surrendered to the American
Army.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, He is in 1951 and 1952 Huntsville directories.
He returned to Germany by 1953.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
An informative account of his close relationship with Wernher von
Braun during the Fort Bliss period is given on page 262 in
Wernher von Braun: Crusader for Space by Stuhlinger and
Ordway.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 005.
9
�Ball,
Erich Karl August
Sep. 12, 1901
Nov. 2, 1990
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Machinist Trade School, Berlin. (tool and die maker and machine
construction)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, 1936-1937, Kummersdorf Proving Grounds, Foreman for the
rocket propulsion test stand [NARA file].
Peenemünde
yes 1937-1945, Master mechanic and Foreman for assembly of
experimental rockets.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 17, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, In the December 1964 MSFC Directory he in listed in the
Engine Test Branch of the Test Laboratory.
On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed a MSFC. Retired 1968.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians, and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 007.
10
�Bauer,
Helmut F.
Sep. 21, 1926
Dec. 27, 2012
Europe
Boca Raton, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University in Darmstadt, Ph.D. (mathematics and
physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Listed in 1959 Huntsville Directory as engineer at ABMA.
MSFC
yes. In the Aeroballistics Division in the 1960 MSFC Directory.
Left in 1963.
UAH involvement
Taught graduate mathematics courses for University of Alabama
starting in the late 1950s. Later he was a Temporary Associate
Professor of Engineering.
Incidental remarks
He was chief of the Flutter and Vibration Section of Aeroballistics
Division at MSFC in 1961.
He left MSFC in March 1963 to accept a position as a professor of
engineering mechanics at Georgia Tech.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 008.
11
�Bauschinger,
Oscar Hugo
Aug. 9, 1911
Dec. 27, 1989
Landshut, Germany
Bad Windesheim, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Berlin Institute of Technology, MS in Eng., 1958 (physics).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a physicist at
Redstone Arsenal. Left Army employment before 1960.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
A March 5, 1956 document in his NARA file says that he was then
employed by the Curtis Wright Corp. in New Jersey.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 009.
12
�Beduerftig,
Hermann
May 17, 1903
Mar. 18, 1973
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Higher Technical Institute, Berlin, graduate
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945, Turbine and centrifugal pump designer.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 17, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Retired 1969.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Propulsion Division.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 009.
13
�Beichel,
Rudi H.
Aug. 19, 1913
Oct. 25, 1999
Heidelberg, Germany
Sacramento, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
State Technical College, Karlsruhe
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1944 assigned to Peenemünde by the Army.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 17, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Left Army employment in 1956 to join Aerojet Company.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
Drafted into the German Army in 1939.
The conference paper AIAA 93-1941 is titled, “Pioneering High
Pressure Rocketry, A Short Biography of Rudi Beichel.”
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 010.
14
�Beier,
Anton
Sep. 9, 1906
Sep. 12, 1960
Odernheim, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical College, Mittweida, (machine construction).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1938-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, But only for a few months before he died.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 010.
15
�Bergeler,
Herbert R.
May 16, 1907
Oct. 9, 1996
Breslau, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Advanced State Institute for Engineering, Stettin, (mechanical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Apr. 8, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Apr. 8, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Propulsion Division.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 011.
16
�Blumrich,
Josef F.
Mar. 17, 1913
Feb. 10, 2002
Europe
Larimer, Colorado
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1959.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Received an award in 1972.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Advanced Studies Office.
He is cited in the Marshall Star for participating in the Marshall
supporting research and technology program and for several
patents.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
17
�Boehm,
Josef
Aug. 7, 1908
Dec. 31, 1973
Unterhimmel, Austria
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Institute of Technology, Dresden, Dipl. Ing. 1935.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He participated in British Operation Backfire in fall 1945.
He designed and developed the modifications to Redstone rockets
to create a Jupiter-C rocket.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Electro-Mechanical
Engineering Branch of the Astrionics Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 016.
18
�Brandner,
Friedrich W.
Aug. 15, 1919
May 30, 2004
Vienna, Austria
Wagrain, Austria
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technologischen Gewerbemuseum, Vienna, Austria, 1938
(electrical engineer).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Worked on rocket guidance and control for Peenemünde while
employed by Siemens Co. in Berlin.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1954.
MSFC
yes, In the 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired June 1974.
Immigration
Immigrated in February 1954.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab.
Friedrich and his wife were trapped in Russian occupied East
Germany after WW II. They escaped from East Germany in 1949,
and went to Vienna.
He was Guidance and Control Project Engineer for JUNEO II.
After retirement from MSFC, “Fritz” Brandner and his wife
returned to Austria where they operated a small bed and breakfast
in Wagrain.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 019.
19
�Braselmann,
Ferdinand
1914 (age 61 at death) Germany
Jan. 8, 1976
Oberbauer über Milspe, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
High school (Oberschule) in Gevelsberg.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, In a biographical sketch, he is described as having been a
reaction motor specialist who worked at Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
yes, His Special Contract for Employment at Fort Bliss was dated
July 21, 1947. His travel orders to return to Germany were dated
April 1948.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss, as a hand written name at the very end with no further
personal information.
Incidental remarks
Correspondence in Dec. 2014 with Ferdinand’s granddaughter,
Imke Braselmann, quotes a passage from a letter by Ferdinand to
his wife in Germany as he contemplated return to Germany from
Fort Bliss. In it he relates that he had expected to work on some
subject that Klaus Scheufelen and he had begun in Peenemünde,
but that had not materialized. Therefore, he had told Wernher von
Braun he wished to return to Germany in the next few months.
Klaus Scheufelen also returned to Germany after a brief stay in the
U.S.
Imke Braselmann also notes that the Braselmann family had
wished he would return to Germany to help manage the family
metal fabrication business, started by his grandfather, also a
Ferdinand Braselmann.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
20
�Bruenecki,
Eberhard or Erhardt
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Konrad Dannenberg’s list indicates he was at Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
yes, Unconfirmed reference says he was there in Jan. 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
no,
MSFC
no
Immigration
On a second Paperclip list.
Incidental remarks
An unconfirmed reference suggests that he returned to Germany
from Fort Bliss.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
21
�Bruns,
Rudolf Heinrich O.
May 4, 1923
July 1986
Hanover, Germany
California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Hanover, Apr. 1953 (geodetic
engineering). Title Dr., used in articles citing him.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived Apr. 13, 1957. He was in Huntsville only briefly
before establishing residence in Florida.
MSFC - KSC
yes, In MSFC 1960 Directory section for Launch Operations
Directorate in Florida
Incidental remarks
He was involved in automating telemetry operations for Saturn I.
Two interviews with him are referenced in Moonport: A History of
Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations.
He was in the German Army from 1941 to 1945.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 022.
22
�Buchhold,
Theodor
July 10, 1900
Feb. 23, 1984
Unterliederbach, Germany
Wiesbaden, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University at Darmstadt, Dipl. Ing. 1923, Dr. Ing. 1925.
(electrical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Research and development for Peenemünde as a contractor
while a professor at the Technical University at Darmstadt.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived June 24, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Left in 1954 for employment in private industry.
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
In April 1951, Dr. Buchhold was a member of an eight man
committee appointed by the Commanding Officer of Redstone
Arsenal to determine the scope of the graduate program desired for
Arsenal employees.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived June 24, 1946.
Incidental remarks
Retired in 1967 from General Electric Company in Schenectady,
NY and returned to Wiesbaden, Germany.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 023.
23
�Burose,
Walter
Oct. 4, 1906
Jan. 19, 1955
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical Trade School, Lage (mechanical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1943, Designer and Section Chief for A-4.
1944-1945, Designer and Section Chief for Wasserfall.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950 to Jan. 19, 1955
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946
Incidental remarks
A road on Redstone Arsenal is named for him.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 024.
24
�Cerny,
Otto Franz
Dec. 5. 1909
Sep. 26, 1985
Linz, Austria
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Vienna, Dipl.Ing., Dec. 1936
Rakentenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, May 1940-Apr. 1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes Arrived Dec. 12, 1957.
MSFC
yes Retired 1982
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Quality and Reliability Assurance
Lab, Analysis and Operations Div.
Worked in Austria after WWII until coming to the U.S.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 025.
25
�Dahm,
Werner Karl
Feb. 16, 1917
Jan. 17, 2008
Lindenthal, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technical University in Aachen, (attendance interrupted by
WWII) Mechanical Engineering degree completed 1947.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Starting 1941, after 2 years in the German Army Signal Corps.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived September 1947, after delaying immigration to
complete university degree in Germany
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, He was chief of the MSFC Aerodynamics Division until 1992
when he was named Chief Aerodynamicist at the Center. He
retired in 2006 at age 89.
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 8, 1947
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Aerophysics Division of
the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory.
He was by far the last and oldest of the Peenemünde rocket team
members to retire from MSFC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 028.
26
�Dannenberg,
Konrad
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Aug. 5, 1912
Feb. 16, 2009
Weißenfels, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Konrad Dannenberg Collection/MC-36/72 linear feet
https://libguides.uah.edu/ld.php?content_id=14908848
Oral history
Video interviews with Donald Tarter.
Audio interviews (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technische Hochschule in Hanover, Dipl. Ing. (mechanical) 1938.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Sent to Peenemünde by German Army in 1940.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1960.
MSFC
yes, 1960-1972. On the July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists
from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
UAH involvement
Recorded with Donald Tarter video interviews with several rocket
pioneers.
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
The extensive Dannenberg Collection in the UAH Archives
includes a personal, day-by-day, log of activities at Peenemünde.
The Collection also contains four loose leaf notebooks with
information on other Rocket Pioneers.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief Mission Engineering Office in
the Advanced Systems Office of R&D Operations.
After retiring from MSFC, he became deeply involved in the
programs of the Space and Rocket Center and of Space Camp.
The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville
have document holdings for him.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 028.
27
�de Beek,
Gerd Wilhelm
July 13, 1904
Dec. 2, 1989
Bremen, Germany
Lake Wales, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Nordische Hochschule, 1924, (industrial graphics technician).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From Oct. 2, 1939 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired in 1967.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the 1964 MSFC Directory, he is listed as Chief of Graphical
Engineering and Model Studies in the Management Services
Office.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 009.
28
�Debus,
Kurt H.
Nov. 29, 1908
Oct. 10, 1983
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Cocoa Beach, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Darmstadt University, Doctorate 1939, (mechanical and electrical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Director of launch operations.
MSFC – KSC
yes. Director of Launch Operations Directorate in 1960 MSFC
initial management structure.
Became first Director of Kennedy Space Center in July 1962 and
retired in November 1974.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He directed all the early rocket launches by the Army and then by
NASA at KSC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 028.
29
�Decher,
Rudolf
Aug. 22, 1927
Apr. 25, 2004
Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Gravity Probe B Collection/MC-14/19 linear feet
Education
University of Würzburg, Ph.D. 1954.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1959.
MSFC
yes, During his later years at MSFC, he was a Division Chief in the
Space Sciences Laboratory. Retired 1994.
UAH involvement
After retiring from MSFC, he joined the UAH Center for Space
Plasma and Atmospheric Research, where he worked until his
death.
Incidental remarks
He was a research scientist at Dynamit AG in Troisdorf, West
Germany from 1955-1959.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
30
Rocket Pioneer
�Deppe,
Dec. 6, 1917
Hans Heinrich Wilhelm
Gotha, Germany
presumed to be Germany
Rocket Pioneer
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Rustin Institute, Berlin, (general machine construction
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Cited as returned to Germany.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
He is on a second list of Paperclip immigrants but apparently did
get to Fort Bliss before the move to Huntsville.
Incidental remarks
In some Paperclip lists, his given name is given as Kurt. That
seems to be a later change or an error.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 029.
31
�Dhom,
Friedrich
Mar. 10, 1909
Aug. 25, 1988
Hamburg, Germany
St. Petersburg, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
School for Engineers, Mannheim (electrical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1971.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Saturn IB Program Office,
Systems Engineering Office.
He left Fort Bliss briefly in the early 1950s to work for the Bendix
Corporation, but returned.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 029.
32
�Dobrick,
Herbert Otto
Feb. 25, 1910
July 2, 1986
Powunden, Germany
Oberlenningen, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
State Higher Technical Institute for Machine Construction, Stettin,
(machine construction).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1938-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Cited as returned to Germany.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In The Rocket Team by Ordway and Sharpe, Herbert Dobrick at
Fort Bliss was assigned to work on a rocket design that eventually
was named the Loki.
In a paperclip list his given name is shown as Werner, but this
seems to be an error.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 031.
33
�Dornberger,
Walter Robert
Sep. 6, 1895 Gießen, Germany
July 27, 1980 Baden-Württemberg, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding His book: V-2, Viking Press, New York, 1954 and File folder in
Charles Lundquist Collection.
Oral history
Audio recording of conversation with him.
Education
Technische Hochschule Charlottenberg, Berlin, Dilp. Ing., 1930.
Honorary Doctorate, 1935.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, Commanding officer of rocket development, 1933-1937.
Peenemünde
yes, Commanding officer starting in 1937. Roles evolved with
time. Wernher von Braun and Rudolf Hermann reported to him.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
US Air Force for 3 years, postwar.
Incidental remarks
Worked for Bell Aircraft Corporation, 1950-1965.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 032.
34
�Drawe,
Gerhard Paul
Nov. 5, 1910
June 16, 1996
Schivelbein, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Correspondence School, Berlin, 2 years, (electrical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Guidance and
Control Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 033.
35
�Duerr,
Friedrich
Jan. 26, 1909
Dec. 20, 2000
Munich, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Institute of Technology, Stuttgart, BS
Institute of Technology, Stuttgart, MS
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental Remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Instrumentation Unit Project Manager
in the Saturn V Program Office.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 033.
36
�Ehricke,
Krafft Arnold
Mar. 24, 1917
Dec. 1, 1984
Berlin, Germany
La Jolla, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Audio interviews (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technical University of Berlin, MS 1942 (aeronautical
engineering). Attended Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin
from 1941 to 1942, until drafted into the German Army.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no, But he was interested in rocketry at an early age.
Peenemünde
yes, Sent to Peenemünde by German army in June 1942.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 1, 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, He left Redstone Arsenal in 1952 for employment in private
industry.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 1, 1947.
Incidental remarks
He wrote several books and published numerous papers.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box
37
�Eisenhardt,
Otto Karl
June 7, 1905
Dec. 10, 1986
Ebhausen, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
School of Handicraft, Stettin, (master mechanic)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, In charge of rocket fabrication.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 3, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He was very much involved in developing the welding process for
the large Saturn fuel tanks.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Manufacturing
Development Division of the Manufacturing Engineering
Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 036.
38
�Engler,
Erich Engelbert
Sep. 11, 1926
Reichenberg, Bohemia
April 2014 address: 80 Valley Way Circle SE, Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Gauss Engineering School, Berlin (electrical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1956.
MSFC
yes, In initial 1960 MSFC directory. Received 30-year service
award in 1986.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Structures Div.
After retirement, he worked for Morgan Research Co.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 038. A single NARA file was for both Erich Engler and Mrs. Helga
Engler.
39
�Engler, (maiden name Venzke) Apr. 25, 1925
Helga (Mrs. Erich Engler)
Berlin, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Gauss Engineering School, Berlin (electrical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1956.
MSFC
yes, In initial 1960 MSFC directory.
Incidental remarks
Helga Irene Engler and Erich E. Engler were divorced on June 26,
1959 in Huntsville.
Helga Engler is in the 1961, 1962 and 1963 MSFC Directories,
Astrionics Lab, but she is not in 1964 and later directories.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, her personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. Her dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 038. A single NARA file was for both Erich Engler and Mrs. Helga
Engler.
40
�Erbskorn,
Karl
June 14, 1905
Jan. 12, 1991
Alsfeld, Germany
Long Valley, Morris Co., New Jersey
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Engineering School, Lage (mechanical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no,
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1959 Huntsville Directory as eng ABMA.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory and 1963 Directory, in Computation
Lab, but not 1969.
Immigration
Arrived at Holloman AFB, NM in 1956.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 038.
41
�Eulitz,
Dec. 15, 1903
Werner Richard Herbert May 26, 1985
Zwickau, Germany
West Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Leipzig, Ph.D. 1930
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945, Chief of Physics Laboratory.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1956
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1970.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Materials Division.
He received a NASA award for inventing a slosh suppressing
device and he published papers on the sloshing of liquids in rocket
tanks.
From 1945 to 1952 he was self-employed: Dr. Werner Eulitz
Apparatus Construction, Schlewecke, Bad Harzburg, Germany.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 039.
42
�Evers-Euterneck,
Ernst Theodor
Feb. 20, 1924
Bremen, Germany
Mar. 2014 Address: 4416 Shelby Ave. SE, Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Darmstadt, (degree in control systems) after 1949.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, From 1957 to 1960.
Army Missile Command 1961 to 1985.
MSFC
yes, 1960-1961, Guidance and Control in Astrionics Division.
UAH involvement
In 2013, he collaborated with a senior-level engineering design
class to refine and model a device that will make semi-tractor
trailer trucks turn better.
Immigration
Arrived in the U.S. Sep. 21, 1957.
Incidental remarks
He was in the German Navy during World War II. He spent time in
a British holding camp in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 039.
43
�Fehlberg,
Erwin
Sep. 8, 1911
Nov. 1990
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Doctorate, (mathematics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1954.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1975.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Computation Lab.
He is recognized in the Marshall Star (Sep. 8, 1965), for his
research and development of numerical integration methods.
From 1942 to 1945 he was in the German Air Force and from 1937
to 1945 he provided ballistic consultations to the German military.
In Huntsville City Directories he was a retired resident through the
1990 volume. His widow, Mrs. Hildegard Fehlberg, was shown
living in the same residence in the 1991 volume.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 040.
44
�Festa,
Rudolf K. J.
Aug. 28, 1909
Mar. 27, 1991
Vienna, Austria
Anaheim, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Vienna, Ph.D. 1932 (mathematics and astrophysics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived June 30, 1958. In 1959 Huntsville Directory, listed as
scientist Redstone Arsenal.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Probably had a break in NASA
employment as he is listed as a new employee in April 1964.
MSFC retiree.
UAH involvement
The 1962 Huntsville Directory lists him as an Associate Professor
at the University of Alabama. He also taught University of
Alabama courses in Huntsville while a NASA employee.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab,
Astrodynamics and Guidance Theory Div
He was a scientist with the rank of major in the German military
from Jan. 1939 to Jan. 1943.
From Sep. 1956 to June 1957 was on the faculty of the University
of Alabama in Tuscaloosa under the Fulbright Exchange Program.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 040.
The following is a quotation from his statement in his NARA file: “I was released from
the military in Jan. 1943 and I worked in Czechoslovakia. ---My work in Czechoslovakia
pertained to the V-2 and was a duplicate of work being conducted at Peenemünde.”
45
�Fichtner,
Sep. 8, 1917
Hans Joachim Oskar Oct. 21, 2012
Leipzig, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview by Steve Doyle of the Huntsville Times,
Oct. 5, 2008
Education
Höhere Technische, Lehranstalt, B.S. 1939 (electrical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Apr. 1940 to Mar. 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
yes, On Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Electrical Systems
Integration Division of the Astrionics Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 041.
46
�Finzel,
Alfred Johannes
July 26, 1916
Dec. 1, 1984
Leipzig, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Leipzig, B.S. 1939 (mechanical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Jan. 8, 1940 to May 1945. He was a designer.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1960.
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1974.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed on the Staff of the Director of Industrial
Operations.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 042.
47
�Fischel,
Eduard
July 6, 1902
May 13, 1984
Bacharach, Germany
Rocket Pioneer
Bad Reichenhall, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Charlottenburg, Berlin, Ph. D. (Thesis:
automatic aircraft control systems)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Left Redstone Arsenal in 1955 for employment in private
industry
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
In April 1951, Dr. Fischel was a member of an eight man
committee appointed by the Commanding Officer of Redstone
Arsenal to determine the scope of the graduate program desired for
Arsenal employees.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
From 1939 to 1945 he worked at the German Research Institute for
Gliders in Darmstadt and later in Anzing, Bavaria.
He returned to Germany in 1962 where he lived until his death.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 042.
48
�Fleischer,
Karl Otto
July 24, 1912
2005
Berlin, Germany
Reichenhall, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Bonn University, 1 and ½ years (industrial engineering)
Berlin University, 2 years (law)
Berlin University, 3 years (training at court)
Institute of Technology, Berlin, 3 years (independent study)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, He was business manager of the Niedersachswerfen site
dispersed from Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
yes, In late 1946 group photograph. Cited as returned to Germany.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Toftoy list of scientists and technicians brought to Fort Bliss by
the Army. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He was involved in the hidden Peenemünde documents being
transferred to the American forces.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 043.
49
�Friedrich,
Hans Rudolf
Sep. 12, 1911
Dec. 6, 1958
Zwickau, Germany
San Diego, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Leipzig University, Ph.D. (mathematics and physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945. Finishing all electrical instrumentation in the
A-4 rocket.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, but he left Huntsville in 1951 to join Convair and worked on
the Atlas missile.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
Charles Bradshaw, in his book Rockets, Reactors and Computers
Define the Twentieth Century, describes intensive mentoring by
Friedrich.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 047.
50
�Fuhrmann,
Herbert Walter
Apr. 27, 1912
Jan. 1, 2005
Dresden, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Engineers School, Dresden, 1913, (graduate engineer)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retiree.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 047.
51
�Geissler,
Ernst Dietrich
Aug. 4, 1915
June 3, 1989
Chemnitz, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Audio interview (5 parts) for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technical University, Dresden, Dipl. Ing., 1939
University of Darmstadt, Dr. Ing. (applied mathematics), 1951
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Starting in 1940
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1960
MSFC
yes, 1960-1973, Director of Aeroballistics Division in 1960 MSFC
initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip
specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. Retired
Dec. 1973.
UAH Involvement
In May 1968, Dr. Geissler was a lecturer at a UAH short course on
Fundamentals of Guidance and Control.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as director of the Aero-Astrodynamics
Laboratory. He served as director of that division until his
retirement in 1973.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 050.
52
�Gengelbach,
Werner K.
Sep. 29, 1912
Sep. 18, 2001
Buchfart, Germany
Santa Barbara, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Institute of Technology Darmstadt, MS 1938 (electrical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Started in 1942.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. In
1949 he transferred to work for the US Air Force at Holloman Air
Force Base near White Sands Missile Range, where he stayed until
1957.
GMDD-ABMA
no, Not found in Huntsville Directories.
MSFC
yes, Joined MSFC in 1962. Retired in June 1972.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Resident Manager of the S-II Resident
Office in the Saturn V Program Office.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 050.
53
�Glaser,
Rudolf Friedrich
Jan. 10, 1910
June, 1992
St. Gallen, Austria
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Breslau, now Poland, 1938, Dr.Ing.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived Nov. 1957.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1975.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Structures Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 052.
54
�Goerner,
Erich Louis Ernst
Apr. 4, 1910
Oct. 4, 1979
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
MS in aeronautical engineering.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in Sep. 1954.
MSFC
yes, Retired December 1973.
Immigration
Came to the U.S. in 1954.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of Advanced Studies Office in
the Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Office.
At retirement, he was Director of the Preliminary Design Office in
Program Development.
Erich Goerner was an original member of the Huntsville Civic
Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 053.
55
�Goethert,
Bernhard Hermann
Oct. 20, 1907
Mar. 29, 1988
Hanover Germany
Manchester, Tennessee
UAHuntsville
Archives holdings
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Berlin, PhD (aeronautical engineering)
1938.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, As department chief of high speed aerodynamics in Berlin he
led wind tunnel testing and development and collaborated with the
wind tunnel work and with Rudolf Hermann at Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
He was brought to Wright Field in 1945 by the Army Air Force,
where he worked with several other former German engineers,
including Dr. Rudolf Hermann.
Incidental remarks
In 1952, Dr. Goethert moved to the U.S. Air Force Arnold
Engineering Development Center in Tullahoma, Tennessee.
He was instrumental in the 1964 formation of the University of
Tennessee Space Institute and was its first dean.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 053.
56
�Goetz,
Otto K.
Sep.t 25, 1932
May 24, 2014
Rastatt, Germany
New Market, Madison Co., Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
He was interviewed on July 20, 2010 as part of the NASA STS
Recordation Oral History Project.
Education
Technical University of Karlsruhe, Germany, (degree in
mechanical engineering) 1957
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
yes, Arrived 1961. Retired Jan. 3, 1996
Incidental remarks
Before coming to the United States, he worked in Switzerland on
pumps and turbines for big power plants.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory, Computer and
Sub-System Test Div.
During his final years at MSFC, he was the deputy manager of the
Shuttle Main Engine project.
He was a consultant for Pratt and Whitney after retirement.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
57
�Grau,
Dieter E.
Apr. 24, 1913
Dec. 17, 2014
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Berlin, MS 1937 (electrical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1943 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. On late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Director of Systems and Reliability in 1960 MSFC initial
management structure.
On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired December 1973.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
At White Sands, during stay at Fort Bliss, he assisted in launching
some 50 V-2 rockets specifically equipped for scientific
investigations.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Director of the Quality and Reliability
Laboratory.
On Apr. 24, 2013, he was honored at a 100-year birthday party for
him at Regency Retirement Village, Huntsville, Alabama.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 055.
58
�Gross,
Klaus Wilhelm
Dec. 18, 1931
Herne, Germany
April 2014 address: 178 Sandy Drive NE, Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University Braunschweig, MS 1958 (Department of
Machine Elements)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived Jan. 21, 1960.
MSFC
yes, In 1985, listed as MSFC charter member. Twenty-five-year
service award in Feb. 1985. Retired early in 1998.
UAH involvement
His wife and both sons obtained their degrees at UAH.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div.
During his career at MSFC, he was involved in rocket engine
developments, the first manned flight, the unsurpassed lunar
landings, the following shuttle flights, as well as new engine
concepts for the next century.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
59
�Gruene,
Hans F.
May 24, 1010
Oct. 23, 1979
Braunschweig, Germany
Cocoa Beach, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University in Braunschweig, Ph. D. 1941 (electrical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1943 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC - KSC
yes, MSFC from 1960 until he was transferred to KSC when it was
formed in 1963.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He was deputy director of Launch Operations for ABMA and for
the first years of MSFC. He became deputy director of KSC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 056.
60
�Guendel,
Herbert Hans
Dec. 10, 1914
Mar. 23, 1976
Leipzig, Germany
Boston, Massachusetts
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Ingenieurschule, Ilmenau, B.S., 1940 (electrical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, July 1940 to Mar. 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as an engineer at
Redstone Arsenal. Moved to private industry before 1960.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 058.
61
�Gustav,
Johann
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Encyclopedia Astronautica says he was a German expert on
guided missiles during WWII.
Fort Bliss
yes, He is cited as working in Fort Bliss as of January 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
He is not on any of the standard Paperclip lists.
Incidental remarks
He is reported to have returned to Germany, probably from Ft.
Bliss.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
62
�Haeussermann,
Walter
Mar. 2, 1914
Dec. 8, 2010
Künzelsau, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Technology in Darmstadt, Doctorate in physics,1939.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Sent to Peenemünde by German Army in Dec. 1939 and
stayed for three years. Left to go to Darmstadt to work for
Kreiselgeräte and Siemens to develop a gyroscopic guidance
platform.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Jan. 5, 1948 (delayed due to illness of wife).
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Director of Guidance and Control Division in 1960 MSFC
initial management structure. Retired in 1978.
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama
Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Haeussermann
was a lecturer in Physics.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Jan. 5, 1948.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Director Astrionics Laboratory.
Paper IAC-11-E.4.2.2 by John B. Alcorn is titled, “The
Contributions of Walter Haeussermann to Rocket Development.”
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 061.
63
�Hager,
Karl Franz
Mar. 25, 1903
June 1980
Nuremberg, Germany
Mooresville, North Carolina
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Würzburg, Ph.D. 1927 (chemistry and mathematics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1944.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Moved to private sector before 1960.
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama
Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Hager was a
lecturer in Chemistry.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 061.
64
�Hartbaum,
Helmut Karl Hans
June 19, 1924
Jan. 15, 1996
Munich, Germany
Europe
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Institute of Technology, Munich, Dr. of Science 1957
(engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1958. In 1959 Huntsville Directory listed as scientist
at ABMA.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory.
Incidental remarks
In 1961 MSFC Directory, Guidance and Control Division, but not
in later Directories.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 064.
65
�Haukohl,
Mar. 27, 1913
Guenther Hans Friedrich Dec. 9, 2002
Hamburg, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Engineering school, Berlin, 4 sem, (machine construction)
School of Machine Construction, Rostock
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, 1936-1937. Foreman, jet propulsion. Master mechanic.
[NARA file]
Peenemünde
yes, From 1937 to 1945, Development of jet propulsion and
factory superintendent.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory, Components and
Sub-Systems Test Div.
He retired from MSFC by April 1971.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 065.
66
�Heck,
Arno E.
July 21, 1903
Apr. 11, 1983
Königsberg, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Berlin Ingenieurschule, Dipl.Ing. 1934
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Sep. 1941-Mar. 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Aug. 22, 1947
GMDD-ABMA
yes, National Procurement Division, 1951 Redstone Arsenal
Directory.
MSFC
yes, Joined MSFC in Nov. 1963. Retiree.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Aug. 22, 1947.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Manufacturing Engineering Lab,
Manufacturing Research and Technology Div.
His years of service awards indicate he had continuous civic
service from 1947 to at least 1967. The Huntsville Directory
entries indicate that he did not join the mass transfer from the
Army to NASA on July 1, 1960, but transferred in 1963.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 067.
67
�Heimburg,
Karl Ludwig
Jan. 29, 1910
Jan. 26, 1997
Lindenfels, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technology Institute, Darmstadt, Dipl. Ing. 1935
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, from 1942 to 1945. After 1943 bombing of Peenemünde, his
work was displaced to Lehesten.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, From 1950 until 1960.
MSFC
yes, Director of Test Division in MSFC 1960 initial management
structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort
Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
UAH involvement
Volunteer help at the Johnson Environmental and Energy Center
after retirement from MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
From 1937 to 1941 he designed coal plants in the Far East.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Director of the Test Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 068.
68
�Hein,
Leopold A.
July 26, 1921
Jan. 6, 1984
Europe
Flintville, Tennessee
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1958. In the 1959 Huntsville Directory he is listed as
an engineer at ABMA.
MSFC
yes, He was an engineer in the Mechanical Division of the
Structures and Propulsion Laboratory at the time of his death.
Incidental remarks
Twenty-five-year service award in April 6, 1983 Marshall Star.
He was a patient recipient for his work on a resilient seal ring
assembly and for a solar heating and cooling apparatus.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 068.
69
�Hellebrand,
Aug. 1, 1914
Emil August Heinrich Dec. 16, 1981
Vienna, Austria
Huntsville, Alabama
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, M.S. 1938 (construction
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1972.
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1952, at the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal
Institute of Graduate Studies, Emil Hellebrand was a lecturer in
Strength of Materials.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Deputy Director of the Propulsion and
Engineering Laboratory.
When he retired he was deputy director of the Propulsion and
Vehicle Engineering Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 068.
70
�Heller,
Gerhard B.
Jan. 24, 1814
Oct. 1, 1972
Eschwegen, Germany
Nashville, Tennessee
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Gerhard Heller Collection/2 linear feet
Oral history
Audio interview (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Institute of Technology Darmstadt, BS 1938 and MS 1940
(physical chemistry)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940 – 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes,
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama
Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Gerhard Heller
was a lecturer in thermodynamics
The Gerhard B. Heller Memorial Scholarship was established at
UAH in 1974 by his widow, Ms. Hertha Heller, who was herself a
longtime faculty member.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Space Thermodynamics
Division of the Space Sciences Laboratory.
Gerhard Heller died after an automobile accident in 1972 while
Director of the MSFC Space Sciences Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 069.
71
�Helm,
Bruno Kurt
Dec. 31. 1909
Dec. 1, 1987
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Trade school of the Bergmann Electrical Works, Berlin 1928-1931.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1938-1945. While employed by Heereswaffenant, Berlin.
Assembly foreman for V-2 rockets.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. He retired in 1970.
U of AL
Bruno Helm’s body was donated to the University of Alabama
Medical Center in Birmingham.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Manufacturing Engineering Lab,
Manufacturing Development Div.
From 1933 to 1938 he was employed by Siemens-Schuckert Co.,
Berlin-Gartenfeld, as a tool and die maker and also in
manufacturing of dies, set-ups and inspections.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box o69.
72
�Henning,
Alfred Hermann
Dec. 8, 1904
1960-1965
Gevelsbert, Germany
Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Hanover, Dr.Ing., 1941
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Involvement while employed at Leunawerke.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Deputy Director Weapons Systems Coordination Office in
1960 MSFC initial management structure.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
From 1936 to 1945 he was employed at Leunawerke.
Not in 1961 and 1962 MSFC Directories.
In the July 1, 1965 MSFC Public Affairs list of 118 Paperclip
specialists transferred to Fort Bliss in 1945-1946, Alfred Henning
is listed as deceased. Another paper clip list says he died in
Germany.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 069
73
�Hermann,
Adolf L.
Aug. 26, 1898
Dec. 6, 1966
Mittelhausbergen, Germany
Porz-Zündorf, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Polytech Institute in Friedberg, Degree 1921 (electrical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, In 1944-1945, while working for Brown Boveri Co., he had an
assignment as project engineer for a high pressure air system and
related equipment for the V-2 missile program and other projects at
Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in 1954.
MSFC
yes, Retired Jan. 1, 1966, after suffering a stroke in 1965.
Immigration
Came to the USA in 1954.
Incidental remarks
Moved to Germany after retirement, and died there.
He was the subject of a “Star Salute” biography in the Jan. 9, 1963
issue of the Marshall Star.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 070.
74
�Hermann,
Rudolf
Dec. 15, 1904
May 17, 1991
Leipzig, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Archives holding
Rudolf Hermann Collection/22 linear feet
Oral history
Video interview by Tarter and Dannenberg
Education
University of Leipzig, PhD in physics and astronomy, 1929.
Aachen Institute of Technology, Doctor Phil. Habil., 1935
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes. Director of the Supersonic Wind Tunnel, reporting to General
Dornberger.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
First Director of the University of Alabama Research Institute,
1962 to 1970.
Professor, 1962 to 1980.
Immigration
Air Force list. Went to Wright Field (Air Force), November 1945.
Incidental remarks
The Hermann Collection in the UAH Archives has an authorized
memoir of his life.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 070.
75
�Herold,
Curt P.
Nov. 25, 1912
July 15, 1998
Europe
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Electro-mechanical engineering, Bavaria.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Starting in 1942, engineering supervisor on development and
design of components for the V2.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1954. Chief of firing equipment design section.
MSFC-KSC
yes, In MSFC Directories through 1964. In 1962 he was deputy
chief of the Launch Equipment Branch of the Launch Operations
Directorate. May have continued employment at KSC
Incidental remarks
He was issued a patent for a multiple quick disconnect umbilical
device.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 070.
76
�Heusinger,
Bruno Kaspar
Aug. 27, 1912
Mar. 30, 1968
Essen, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical State School of Machinery, Essen, B.S. 1936
(mechanical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1942 to 1945. Worked on turbopump systems.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Propulsion system design and evaluation.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip
specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
Chief of Propulsion Evaluation Branch.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
His specialty was performance prediction, analysis and evaluation
of propulsion systems in space and on orbital vehicles.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 071.
77
�Heybey,
Willi H.E.
Mar. 27, 1904
Nov. 2, 1985
Leipzig, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
University of Leipzig, Diploma for high school teaching, 1929,
Ph.D. 1941 (Thesis: wind tunnel nozzle design and correction).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1937 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in 1959.
MSFC
yes, From 1960 to retirement in 1970.
UAH involvement
He taught graduate courses in Huntsville in early 1960s for the
University of Alabama.
Immigration
In 1946, he was brought to US Navy Ordnance Laboratory in
Maryland to help rebuild the wind tunnel that was transported to
the US from Kochel, Germany.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab.
The Archives has a number of papers coauthored by him during his
residence at Peenemünde and Kochel.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 071.
78
�Hilten,
Heinz
Apr. 29, 1909
Mar. 1, 2013
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Heinz Hilten Collection/3 linear feet
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Dipl.Ing. 1934 (Architecture)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, June 1944-Apr. 1945. Sent to Peenemünde by German Army.
Architect and design engineer. Drawing documents for V-2.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Came in 1954.
MSFC
yes, Retiree.
Immigration
Came to the United States in 1954 to rejoin von Braun rocket team,
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Facilities and Design Office,
Planning Branch.
He is quoted as saying “I always said that I was not a space
scientist that designed rockets, but that I designed the space these
scientists worked with.”
Heinz Hilten was an original member of the Huntsville Civic
Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 071.
79
�Hintze,
Guenther
July 8, 1906
Dec. 9, 1995
Breslau, Germany
District of Columbia
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Breslau Institute of Technology, M.S. (electrical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945. Final job was development of rocket and ground
control installations for firing.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Test and Engineering Div, GMDG in 1951 Redstone Arsenal
Directory. Not in 1956 Directory. Moved to private industry.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 072
80
�Hirschler,
Otto Heinrich
Dec. 14, 1913
Feb. 2, 2001
Darmstadt, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Education
Technical University, Darmstadt, Dipl. Ing. 1940
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From Oct. 16, 1939 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1970.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
From July 1945 to Sep. 1945, he participated in British Project
Backfire.
When most technical members of ABMA transferred to MSFC, he
elected to stay with the Army. He was retired from Army
employment on June 29, 1970.
His biographical summary in his Archives File folder in Charles
Lundquist Collection has a quite detailed timeline of his work
assignments for his employers and his travel from organization to
organization.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 072.
81
�Hoberg,
Otto August
Sep. 5, 1912
Jan. 27, 1991
Rüthen. Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Darmstadt, BS and Dipl. Ing. (electrical
and communications engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director of the
Astrodynamics Laboratory.
A biographical note about Otto Hoberg is on page 92 of the 2009
edition of 50 Years of Rockets and Spacecraft.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 072.
82
�Hoelker,
Rudolf F.
Mar. 16, 1912
June 14 2003
Halle, Germany
Newton, Massachusetts
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University Muenster, Dr. Sc. 1942 (thesis on analytical functions
with several complex variables)_
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1940 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, From 1960 until 1965 when he transferred to the NASA
Electronics Research Center in Cambridge, MA.
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama
Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Hoelker was a
lecturer in Mathematics.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the 1963 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Aeroballistics Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 072
83
�Hoelzer,
Helmut
Feb. 27, 1912
Aug. 19, 1996
Bad Liebenstein, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Audio interview (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Institute of Technology Darmstadt, all degrees:
BS 1935, MS 1939, Doctorate 1946 (mathematics and natural
sciences).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1939 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, 1946 to 1950.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Director of Computation Laboratory.
MSFC
yes, Director of Computations Division in MSFC 1960 initial
management structure. Retired 1973. On July 1, 1965 list of
Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
Retired Dec. 1973.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived May 28, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Director of the Computation
Laboratory.
After NASA retirement he worked in Europe on Spacelab from
1974 to 1976. Later he worked with private industry in the USA.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 073.
84
�Holderer,
Oscar Carl
Nov. 4, 1919
Prüm, Germany
2013 address; 2304 Oakwood Ave NW, Huntsville, AL.
Living, December 2014.
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Berlin B.S. 1940 (mechanical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945. Mechanical engineering design and calculations.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab,
Aerophysics Div.
Holderer made it possible for thousands of Space Camp attendees
to learn about space travel through his realistic design of Space
Camp trainers.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 074.
85
�Horn,
Helmut Justus Karl
June 24, 1912
Jan. 20, 1994
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Archives holding
Helmut Horn Collection/MC-54/5 linear feet
Education
Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, M.S.in engineering, 1939
(applied physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1952, at the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal
Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Helmut Horn was a lecturer in
Applied Mathematics.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director of the AeroAstrodynamics Laboratory.
Later he served as deputy director of the Aero-Astrodynamics
Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 075.
86
�Hosenthien,
Hans
June 26, 1915
July, 3, 1996
Werkleitz, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Dipl.Ing., 1938.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1943-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
Page 118 in The Rocket Team tells of his experience at
Peenemünde.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Flight Dynamics Branch
of the Astrionics Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 076.
87
�Hueter,
Hans, Herbert
Mar. 21, 1906
Sep. 6, 1970
Bern, Switzerland
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with his son, Uwe Hueter.
Education
Technikum Mittweida, BS (mechanical engineering).
Honorary Doctorate from Adelphi College.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, 1932-, Society for Space Travel, Kummersdorf, Berlin,
Chief designer for development of liquid propellant rockets.
Peenemünde
yes, 1937-1945
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. 1945-1947 Leader of Paperclip group
at White Sands for test firings of V-2 rockets. 1947-1951 back at
Fort Bliss.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1951-1960. Director of Launching and Handling.
MSFC
yes, 1960-1969, Director Agena and Centaur Systems Office.
in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list
of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at
MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In 1937 he moved from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde
[Wernher von Braun, Crusader for Space, p 27]
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Deputy Director of Industrial
Operations.
His Archives file has a year by year account of his work
assignments.
He was Director of Safety at MSFC at the time of his death.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 076.
88
�Huzel,
Dieter K.
June 3 1912
Nov. 2, 1994
Essen, Germany
Woodland Hills, California
UAHuntsville
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection and his book
Peenemünde to Canaveral.
Archives holding
Education
Technical University of Stuttgart, MS 1937 (electrical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, In 1943 he was sent to Peenemünde by the German Army.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In 1950 he joined the Rocketdyne Division of North American
Aviation (later Rockwell International). He retired on June 30,
1976.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 077.
89
�Jacobi,
Walter Willi
Jan. 13, 1918
Aug. 19, 2009
Saalfeld, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Walter Jacobi Collection/13 linear feet
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Ingenieurschule, Ilmenau, Apr. 1938-July 1939, (machine
construction)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div.
Walter Jacobi, in his retirement years, was a long-time officer in
the Friends of German Culture in Huntsville.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 077.
90
�Jenke,
Richard Karl
Sep. 10, 1907
Apr. 7, 1982
Wiener Neustadt, Austria
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Staatliche Hochschule, Engineering Degree, 1932.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Oct. 1943-Apr. 1945. Detached to Peenemünde by the Army.
Participated in tests and development of the V-2.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Civil Service started in 1953.
MSFC
yes, Retired June 1973
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Systems Engineering Office,
Ground Systems Office.
From 1945 to July 1953 he worked in a chemical plant in
Ehingen/Danube.
He was the leader of a team effort that automated the electrical
check out of the Saturn I vehicle.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 079.
91
�Jennissen,
Joseph Peter Karl
May 16, 1905
Aachen, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Dr.Ing., 1932 (aeronautical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Oct. 16, 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a scientist at
Redstone Arsenal. Not found in later directories.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Oct. 16, 1947.
Incidental remarks
From 1940 to 1945 he worked for the German State Aviation
Ministry in Berlin doing research on aeronautical problems.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 079.
92
�Juergensen,
Klaus
Dec. 28, 1928
Plön, Germany
April 2014 address: 4221 Choctaw Dr. SE, Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, M.S., 1954
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1957.
MSFC
yes, In initial 1960 MSFC directory. Received 25 years of service
award in 1982.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Applied Research
Branch.
He was awarded patents for some of his work at MSFC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 080.
93
�Junegert,
Wilheim
Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
In The Rocket Team (page 310) he is described as a highly skilled
technician who had worked for Rees.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, In the late 1946 group photograph. An account in The Rocket
Team reports that he returned to Germany after only a year at Fort
Bliss.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
He is not on the Army list of individuals initially brought to Fort
Bliss. Perhaps he came a bit later or was not listed because he had
returned by the time the list was finalized.
Incidental remarks
The inclusion of Wilheim Junegert on the list of members of the
von Braun team who moved to Huntsville is probably an error.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
94
�Kampmeier,
Heinz Wilhelm
Sep. 4, 1914
Aug. 7, 2005
Gerbstedt, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Höhere Technische Lehranstalt, Mittweida, Engineering Degree,
1936
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in 1953.
MSFC
yes
Immigration
Came to the U.S.A. in 1953.
Incidental remarks
He was in the German military service from Nov. 1937 to Apr.
1943.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Project Office.
His role in the MSFC Astrionics Laboratory, Instrumentation and
Communications Division is described on p165 of ’50 Years of
Rockets and Spacecraft’.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 082.
95
�Kaschig,
Erich
Feb. 11, 1906
Sep. 7, 1988
Breslau, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection.
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Breslau Technical College, BS, 1928 (mechanical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, Starting in 1937. From 1938 to 1939 he was subforeman for
jet propulsion combustion chamber production and testing [NARA
file]
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945, From 1940 to 1945 he was foreman for testing and
firing.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1966.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the 1963 MSFC Directory, he is list in in the Test Division.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 083.
96
�Kennel,
Hans Friedrich
May 6, 1929
Jan. 9, 2013
Weißenfels an der Saale, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Education
Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, MS 1955 (mechanical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, From 1956 to 1960.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1992.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Guidance and
Control Div.
His biography in the Archives file contains a good account of how
the Paperclip program operated in Germany for many years after
World War II.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 084.
97
�Klauss,
Ernst Karl
May 16, 1914
July 29, 1986
Berlin, Germany
Ottobrunn, Germany (died during a visit)
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Ernst Klaus Collection/.25 linear feet
Oral history
Video interview with son, Rainer Klauss
Education
As a teenager in Germany, apprenticed in mechanical design at
Orenstein und Koppel, Berlin, 1929-1932.
On-job training and experience led to employment as an engineer.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Mar. 1, 1939 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived, May 7, 1950
MSFC
yes, July 1, 1960 to November 1970. On July 1, 1965 list of
Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
Retired Nov. 1970.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16,1945. U.S. citizen in 1955.
Incidental remarks
A detailed autobiography is in the Klauss Collection in the UAH
Archives. It has many references to coworkers in Germany and in
the United States. It also has family details and experiences.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Projects Office of the
Quality and Reliability Laboratory.
He ended his career as Senior Technical Assistant to the Director
of the Quality and Reliability Laboratory, MSFC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 085.
98
�Klein,
Johann
Mar. 10, 1915
Dec. 28, 1998
Flörsheim, Germany
Los Altos Hills, California.
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Darmstadt Institute of Technology, M.S. in engineering, 1941,
(applied physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes Development of control methods.
Fort Bliss
yes Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a physicist at
Redstone Arsenal, but not in later directories. Moved to private
industry.
MSFC
no,
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 086
99
�Knothe,
Adolf Heinrich
Sep. 17, 1922
Feb. 27, 2004
Traisa/Darmstadt, Germany
Traisa/Darmstadt, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, MS-1946, Ph.D.-1951
(mathematics and physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1943-1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1953.
MSFC-KSC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory as an employee in Florida at the
Launch Operations Directorate
Immigration
Entered U.S. on Jan. 8, 1953.
Incidental remarks
In a February 19, 1964 Marshall Star article announcing a
reorganization of the Kennedy Space Center, he is cited as Senior
Scientist on the Technical Staff.
After retiring from NASA, he returned to Germany where he was a
professor of mathematics at Hagen/Iserlohn Technical University.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 088.
100
�Koelle,
Heinz-Hermann
July 22, 1925
Feb. 20, 2011
Free City of Danzig
Berlin, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Heinz-Hermann Koelle Collection/.5 linear feet
Education
University of Stuttgart, Dipl. Ing. 1954
Technical University in Berlin, Dr. Ing. 1963.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, arrived in 1955
MSFC
yes, Director of Future Projects Office on 1960 MSFC initial
management structure. He returned to Germany in 1965.
Immigration
He spent ten years in the USA.
Incidental remarks
Pilot in German Air Force in World War II.
At ABMA, edited Project Horizon Report.
From 1965 to 1991 he was a Professor of Space Technology at the
Technical University in Berlin.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box -89.
101
�Kraemer,
Fritz
Feb. 19, 1907
Oct. 16, 1996
Darmstadt, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, M.S., 1930 (aerodynamics).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 28, 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Special Assistant to Heimburg in the Test Laboratory.
MSFC
yes
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 28, 1947.
Incidental remarks
Worked on aircraft design and research in Germany before coming
to the United States.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory
He seems to have used the spelling “Kramer” in later years.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 092.
102
�Kraus,
Gerhard W.
Mar. 13, 1914
June 10, 1992
Saalsberg, Silesia
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Staatliche Ingenieurschule, Breslau, Graduate 1937 (mechanical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Apr. 1942-Apr. 1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1953.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1974.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div.
He served in the German military from 1937 to 1942.
His role as chief of the MSFC Mockup Section of the Propulsion
and Vehicle Engineering Division is described in a Marshall Star
article, (Jan. 17, 1962).
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 093.
103
�Krause,
Nov. 10, 1911
Helmut Gottlieb Louis Feb. 18, 2003
Königsberg, East Prussia
Harris, Texas
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Helmut Krause Collection/6 linear feet
Education
Albertus University, Königsberg, East Prussia
MS and PhD (astronomy, physics, mathematics and geophysics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Joined ABMA in 1957.
MSFC
yes, Retiree.
UAH involvement
His book collection was donated to the UAH Library.
Incidental remarks
From Apr. 1937 to Feb. 1945 he was a scientific assistant at the
Observatory of Königsberg.
From Mar. 1945 to Nov. 1945 he was a Russian POW at
Graudenz, West Prussia.
Before coming to the USA, he coauthored with Manfred E.
Kuebler, a book published in 1956 by Stuttgart Verl. Flugtechnik.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab.
“Star Salute” biography in Marshall Star, Oct. 9, 1968.
He was the Plaintiff in a 1978 suit vs. James C. Fletcher.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 093.
104
�Kroeger,
Arthur J. Heinrich
Jan. 5, 1900
Sep. 11, 1988
Hamburg, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical College, Hamburg, BS (mechanical engineering).
Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Dipl.Ing. 1923.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1941 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Oct. 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Listed in directories.
MSFC
yes, Retired 1963.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1947.
Incidental remarks
He was in the German infantry in WWI, 1918.
In the 1962 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Propulsion and
Vehicle Engineering Lab.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 094.
105
�Kroeger,
Hermann W.(Ivan)
Jan. 23, 1908
Oct. 22, 1984
Brodten (near Lübeck), Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Hochschule für Angew. Technik, Köthen, Dipl.Ing. 1932.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1944.
Fort Bliss
no, He came to Wright Patterson Air Force Base in Sep. 1947
where he worked for the US Air Force until Nov. 1954.
GMDD-ABMA
1954,
yes, Transferred from Air Force to Army employment in Nov.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired June 1, 1973. At time of
retirement he was Director of the Projects Office of the Science
and Engineering Directorate.
Incidental remarks
During WWII he worked on remote controlled glide bombs (See
Marshall Star, May 8, 1968).
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Deputy Director Astrionics
Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 094.
106
�Kroh,
Hubert
Feb. 15, 1908
Apr. 14, 1998
Wittingau, Czechoslovakia
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule Electr. Technics, Prague, Dipl.Ing. 1934.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945. Steering devices and measurements.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 28, 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Retired 1970.
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 28, 1947.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab.,
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 095.
107
�Kroll,
Gustav Albert
May 25, 1914
Mar. 1, 2005
Bielefeld, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama.
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
(engineering).
Höhere Technische Lehranstalt, Lager Lippe, BS 1935.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Starting May 1940.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Structures Division of the
Propulsion and Engineering Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 095.
108
�Kuberg,
Willi K.
July 8, 1917
Aug. 13, 1994
Gelsenkirchen, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Trained in industry as a mechanical technician, 1934-1939.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Jan. 1942 to July 1945. First as a soldier and later as a civilian
technician.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1953.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 095.
109
�Kuebler,
Manfred Erich
Mar. 16, 1928
Backnang, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Stuttgart Institute of Technology, Dipl.Math., 1952.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1957 Huntsville Directory as scientist Redstone Arsenal.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory and 1963 Directory but not in 1964.
Incidental remarks
From 1952 to 1955 he was employed as a mathematician at the
Astronautical Research Institute in Stuttgart.
Before coming to the USA, he coauthored with Helmut G. L.
Krause, a book published in 1956 by Stuttgart Verl. Flugtechnik.
In the 1963 MSFC Directory, he is listed in the Astrionics
Division.
He was a glider instructor in the Huntsville Soaring Club in 1962.
He patented “Method and Means for Damping Nutation in a
Satellite.”
He is not in Huntsville City Directories from 1964 onward.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 095.
110
�Kuers,
Werner Richard
Apr. 18, 1907
May 14, 1983
Berlin, Germany
Oaxaca, Mexico
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Werner Kuers Collection/.5 linear feet
Education
Berlin Institute of Technology, M.S. Engineering, Dec. 1930,
(machine construction)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, He was sent to Peenemünde by the German Army in 1942.
After an interview by Dr. von Braun, he was assigned to work for
Eberhard Rees in the manufacturing shop. He was discharged from
the Army in Aug. 1944 and left Peenemünde in Feb. 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
He was assigned to White Sands to assemble, test and launch V-2
rockets using components brought from Germany by the Army.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired in Nov., 1968. Moved to
Mexico.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the 1964 MSFC Directory, he is listed as the Director of the
Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory.
His Archives collection includes a 171-page memoir of his life that
he wrote and dated July 4, 1972. It has a first-hand account of the
first successful A-4 launch on June 13, 1942. He also has a vivid
description of the first bombing raid on Peenemünde.
He joined the El Paso Symphony Orchestra while in Ft. Bliss. In Huntsville, he was the
concert master of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra from its founding in 1955 until he
retired from MSFC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 096.
111
�Kuerschner,
Helmut Alfred
Mar. 1, 1915
Aug. 13, 1999
Erbach, Germany
Taos, New Mexico
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral History
An unverified reference cites a U.S. Air Force Oral History
interview K239.0512-1648 of Helmut A. Kuerschner by Dr. James
C. Hasdorff concerning the bridge at Remagen.
Education
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, Dipl.Ing. 1941.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Worked on rocket development problems as an employee of
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt from 1941 to 1947.
Fort Bliss
yes,
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1951 and 1952 Huntsville Directories.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Jan. 5, 1948.
Incidental remarks
His wife and children joined him in the US in 1948.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 096.
112
�Kuettner,
Joachim P.
Sep. 21, 1909
Feb. 24, 2011
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Breslau, Ph.D. about 1930 (law and economics)
Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, Ph.D. (meteorology)
Also studies at Universities of Helsinki and Hamburg.
no
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
Breslau, Germany
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Joined in 1958 to be Director of the Mercury Project Office.
MSFC
yes. Apollo-Saturn System’s Integration Office. Left MSFC in
1965
Immigration
A few years after the end of World War II, he came to the US to
join the Air Force Research Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Incidental remarks
He was at Wright-Patterson AFB starting in 1948.
He knew Wernher von Braun in Germany, but was not involved in
Peenemünde.
His Archives file has a seven-page transcript of an interview with
him: “Renaissance Man: A Conversation with Joachim P.
Kuettner, Director of Project Mercury.”
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 096.
113
�Kurzweg,
Hermann H.
1908
June 29, 2000
Germany
United States
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Leipzig, Ph.D., 1933
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, He was deputy to Dr. Rudolf Hermann.
Fort Bliss
no, He came to the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in White Oak,
Maryland, in 1946, where he was involved in aerodynamic
research. He led the reassembly of the wind tunnel transported
from Kochel, Germany.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Incidental remarks
In September 1960 he joined NASA Headquarters as assistant
director for aerodynamics and flight mechanics. Later he was
appointed director of research in the NASA Office of Advanced
Research and Technology. He retired from NASA in 1974.
The UAH Archives has a number of papers from Peenemünde and
Kochel on which he is an author.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 097.
114
�Lacker,
Herbert Friedrich
Nov. 1, 1927
Stuttgart, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Stuttgart, 1954 (electrical engineering
degree)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived Dec. 1957. In 1959 Huntsville Directory as eng
Redstone Arsenal.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory and 1962 Directory, but not in
1963.
Incidental remarks
In the 1962 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Astrionics Lab.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 098.
115
�Lahser,
Heinz Friedrich
Dec. 21, 1907
Apr. 11, 1999
Kiel, Germany
Aachen, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Vereinigte Technische Lehranstalten, Berlin, 1930-1934.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Jan. 1942-Apr. 1945, first as a military assignee and later as an
engineer.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in 1957 and worked in Computation Laboratory.
MSFC
yes, Retired in 1973.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Computation Lab.
In 1985 newspaper photograph of Germans who moved to
Huntsville 35 years earlier.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 099
116
�Lange,
Ernst
Sep. 25, 1915
June 17, 2003
Hamburg, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Hanover, M.S., 1942.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Feb. 1943 to Apr. 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Sep. 8, 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Quality control and reliability engineer.
UAH involvement
After retiring from MSFC, he was a Research Associate at UAH.
He established the UAH Metric Information Office and supported
solar energy and electric car research at the Johnson Research
Center.
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 8, 1947.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, ElectroMechanical Engineering Div.
He was very committed to America’s conversion to the metric
system. He was the main compiler of an early metric bibliography,
providing the foundation for metric implementation by industry.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 099.
117
�Lange,
Hermann
Oct. 23, 1906
July 3. 1997
Frohburg, Germany
Los Angeles, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Dresden, M.S, 1932.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1943-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1951 Redstone Arsenal Directory, Test and Engineering
Div, GMDG. Not in 1956 Directory. Moved to private industry.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 099.
118
�Lange,
Oswald H.
June 1, 1912
Feb. 20, 2000
Haynau, Germany
Bluffton, South Carolina
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Breslau, MS (mathematics, physics, chemistry)
Heinrich Hertz Research Institute, Berlin, Doctor of Science.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1959 he became head of the Saturn Project Office.
MSFC
yes, Director Saturn Systems Office in 1960 MSFC initial
management structure.
Immigration
Came to the USA in 1954 and worked for Martin Aircraft.
Incidental remarks
In 1964 MSFC Directory but not in 1969.
After World War II, from 1946 to 1953, he worked for the British
Royal Aircraft Establishment.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 099.
119
�Ley,
Willy
Oct. 2, 1906
June 24, 1969
Berlin, Germany
Jackson Heights, New York
Archives holding
His extensive collection of books.
Willy Ley Collection/MC-3/12 linear feet
Oral history
Audio conversation with Wernher von Braun.
Education
Attended University of Berlin and University of Königsberg
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, Photographs from Raketenflugplatz are in a file with his
book collection.
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
Ley came to the United States in 1935 and became a citizen in
1944.
UAH involvement
His book collection was purchased for UAH in 1970 from his
family.
Incidental remarks
He co-authored Collier’s magazine articles with Wernher von
Braun.
120
�Lindenberg,
Hans F. A.
Feb. 1. 1904
Feb. 14, 1946
Dresden Germany
Fort Bliss, Texas
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Chief propulsion engineer.
Fort Bliss
yes, But he died shortly after he arrived.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Incidental remarks
See Rocket Team p 317.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 103.
121
�Lindenmayr,
Hans Josef
Oct. 19, 1912
Munich, Germany
presumably Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Munich Technical College, graduate engineer, 1929.
Munich Institute of Technology, engineering degree 1936.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a scientist at
Redstone Arsenal. Reported to have returned to Germany before
1960.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 103.
122
�Lindner,
Kurt Adolf
Oct. 20, 1914
July 5, 1960
Aussig, Czechoslovakia
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Engineering School at Bad Frankenhausen, B.S. engineering.
Also attended Braunschweig Institute of Technology, 1941.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945. Research and production engineer,
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, At time of his death he was Director of the Guidance and
Control Laboratory at ABMA.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He had a heart attack at his office about noon and died shortly
thereafter.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 103.
123
�Ludewig,
Oct. 12, 1898
Hermann Richard Rudolf Mar. 2, 1986
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Archives holding
Hermann Ludewig Collection/1 linear foot, Biographical article by
his daughter, Christel Ludewig McCanless from Huntsville
Historical Review, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Winter-Spring 2000) p 27-35.
Revised 2018 to appear in Kenny Mitchell’s 2019 book.
Education
Beuth Hochschule für Technik, Berlin, Attended after service in
World War I. Degree in 1924. (mechanical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, May 1937 to Apr. 1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in 1953.
MSFC
yes
Immigration
Came to the U.S. in October 1953.
Incidental remarks
In the 1964 MSFC Directory he is listed as on the staff of the
Center Director. He is not in the 1969 Directory, as he had retired.
Hermann Ludewig and his family lived in Trebbin, East Germany
after WWII until they escaped in May 1953 and came to the
U.S.A.
Bernhard Tessmann and Willi Schulze worked with him for
Orenstein-Koppell, a company in Berlin that built elevated and
subway train cars.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 105.
124
�Luehrsen,
Hannes Gunther
Mar. 13, 1907
Jan. 13, 1986
Bargteheide, Germany
Krefeld, Germany (while traveling)
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Aachen Institute of Technology and University of BerlinCharlottenburg
BS in architecture and Dipl. Ing. (architecture and planning).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945. Chief Architect and Planner.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
UAH involvement
He drew the plans for the UAH Research Institute Building,
including a lake on the site of a former swamp.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Special Assistant to the Chief of the
Facilities and Design Office.
He proposed a design for Memorial Drive in Huntsville.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 105.
125
�Lusser,
Robert
Apr. 19, 1899
Jan. 19, 1969
Ulm, Germany
Munich, Germany
Archives holding
Robert Lusser Collection/.5 linear feet
Education
Stuttgart Technische Hochschule, 1920-1924, Dipl. Ing.
In the literature he is referred to as Dr. Lusser.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, V-1 testing was done at Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1953 to 1959
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
Immigration
Brought to USA in June 1948 under Operation Paperclip. Initially
he was employed at the Point Mugu Navy Air Missile Test Center.
Incidental remarks
During WW-II Robert Lusser was a prominent German engineer,
aircraft designer and aviator. In August 1941 he began
employment with Fiesler Aircraft Company. He had a leading role
in the development and production of the weapon that became
known as the V-1. Germany put both the V-1 and V-2 into mass
production in essentially a competitive mode.
In the US, while at point Mugu, Lusser collaborated with Willy
Fiedler, Hans Hollman and Herbert Wagner in the development of
the Loon missile, which was a US version of the V-1.
He joined the Army rocket team in Huntsville in 1953 and stayed
six years.
Subsequently, he returned to Germany in 1959, where he died ten
years later.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 106.
126
�Mandel,
Carl Heinz
Nov. 22, 1908
June 30, 1974
Leipzig,
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Gauss Schule, Berlin B.S. 1931 (electronic engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, While working for Kreiselgeräte Gyroscope Co.
Fort Bliss
yes Arrived July 2, 1946.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1973.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived July 2, 1946.
Incidental remarks
He worked on gyroscope technology from 1934 to 1945 while
employed by Kreiselgeräte.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Inertial Sensors and
Stabilization Division of the Astrodynamics Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 107.
127
�Manteuffel,
Erich Wilhelm
Dec. 16, 1905
Nov. 1974
Offenbach/Main, Germany
Broome, New York
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, about 1936, Dr.Ing. (electrical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 28, 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, At least through 1953.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 28, 1947.
Incidental remarks
Listed in 1951, 1952 and 1953 Huntsville directories as an
electrical engineer employed at Redstone Arsenal. He is not found
in later directories.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 107.
128
�Martineck,
Hans Georg
Oct. 8, 1910
Aug. 5-6, 1972
Lübbenau, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Gauss Engineering School, Berlin, B.S. 1934 (electro-mechanical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes Arrived 1957
MSFC
yes Retired July 12, 1972.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Prototype
Development Branch.
Inventor of a patented printed cable connector.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 108.
129
�Maus,
Hans Herman
Sep. 6, 1905
Mar. 1, 1999
Worms, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Munich, BS
Technical University at Darmstadt, MS 1929, (industrial
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From Dec. 1941 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Director of Fabrication Laboratory at ABMA.
MSFC
yes, Director of Fabrication and Assembly Engineering Division in
1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of
Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Director of the Executive Staff.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 109.
130
�Merk,
Helmut Ernst
Apr. 2, 1911
2005
Berlin, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Institute for Electrical Engineering, Frankfurt am Main, 1931
(graduate)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1943-1945
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
An unconfirmed report says he moved to Argentina.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 111.
131
�Michel,
Josef Martin
Oct. 19, 1896
June 29, 1997
Karlsruhe, Germany
Offenburg, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Karlsruhe, Dr.Ing., 1922.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1950 Redstone Arsenal Directory. Reported to have
returned to Germany.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
From 1925 to 1945 he was a chemist for I. G. Farben.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 112.
132
�Milde,
Hans
July 3, 1909
Sep. 15, 1990
Bunslau, Germany
Grant, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Breslau Institute of Technology, Dipl.Ing., (electrical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1943-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the
first lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Inertial
Sensors and Stabilizers Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 112.
133
�Millinger,
Heinz A.
May 7, 1920
Herzfelde, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Kyffhäuser-Technikum, Bad Frankenhausen, BS 1939
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1940 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived 1946.
GMDD-ABMA
Yes, Resigned in 1958 and returned to Germany.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
134
�Minning,
May 8, 1914
Rudolf Friedrich Franz Sep. 11, 1998
Stettin, Germany
Sequim, Washington
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
College HTL, Stettin, B.S. 1933
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1951 Huntsville Directory, but apparently left for private
industry before 1960.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 113.
135
�Mrazek,
Willi
Oct. 20, 1911 Lukavac, Austria-Hungary
Feb. 8, 1992 Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
William Mrazek Collection/2.25 linear feet
Oral history
Video interview with his daughter, Ms. Ursula (Mrazek) Vann
Audio interviews (3 parts) for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Deutsche Technische Hochschule, Brünn, Germany,
Dipl. Ing. 1935.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941 (after being wounded on Eastern Front) -1945
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Apr. 8. 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1960
MSFC
yes, 1960-retired 1973. Director of Structures and Mechanics
Division in 1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1,
1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently
employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Apr. 8, 1946.
Incidental Remarks
His Archive file has a year by year account of his work
assignments.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director for Engineering for
Industrial Operations.
Chief Engineer for all Saturn development and fabrication work,
reporting to the Saturn V Project Manager, 1965-1970.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 114.
136
�Muehlner,
Joachim Wilhelm
Jan. 10, 1913
Apr. 13, 2004
Dresden, Germany
Webster, Texas
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule Dresden, Dipl. Ing. 1937, Dr. Ing. 1939,
(electronics).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1940 to 1942, research for German Army while at
Technische Hochschule in Dresden. Came to Peenemünde in
1942.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In 1950 he joined the US Air Force Holloman Air Development
Center. In 1952 he transferred to the Army White Sands Proving
Ground, where he stayed until 1957. He then joined Lockheed
Missile and Space Company where he stayed until his retirement in
1978.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 114.
137
�Mueller,
Fritz K. E.
Oct. 27, 1907
May 15, 2001
Schalkau, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Education
Thüringische Technische Staatslehranstalt in Hildburghausen,
Dipl. Ing. (electrical) 1930
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, Working for Kreiselgeräte, he was assigned to support work
at Kummersdorf starting in 1935.
Peenemünde
yes, While working for Kreiselgeräte in Berlin, he continued
support of rocket development in Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1960. Chief of Gyro and Stabilizer laboratories.
MSFC
no, But worked on Saturn vehicle as a contractor.
UAH involvement
Mrs. Ursula Mueller, his widow, donated two scholarships to UAH
in memory of Dr. Fritz Mueller.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In 1960 he became employed by Astro Space Laboratories, a
commercial contractor supporting MSFC.
Retired from employment in 1977.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 115.
138
�Nein,
Hans Joachim
Feb. 15, 1931
Aschaffenburg, Germany
2014 address: 1095 Graystone Crossing, Alpharetta, GA, 30005
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1958.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. In Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Division in MSFC 1963 Directory. Retired Jan.
1997.
Immigration
He is on a third Paperclip list.
Incidental remarks
From 1964 to 1970 he was assigned to the MSFC California
Residence Office at North American Aviation & Douglas Aircraft.
In the 1972 Marshall Directory he was in the Engineering Division
of the Astronautics Laboratory.
Manned Flight Awareness Honoree Oct. 1989. (photograph)
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
139
�Nein,
Max Eugene
Mar. 9, 1929
Aschaffenburg, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection.
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Education
Humanistisches Gymnasium (Abitur), Aschaffenburg, Germany.
Attended Technical University of Munich 1950-1956, graduating
with a Master’s in Mechanical Engineering.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in Huntsville in October 1956. Assigned to the
ABMA Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Lab, Structures and
Mechanics Division. Worked primarily on heat transfer and fluid
flow problems of the Redstone and Jupiter Missile's propulsion
systems and the thermal protection of the re-entry bodies.
MSFC
yes, Worked on thermodynamic analyses of the propulsion
systems, fluid tank pressurization and engines of all Apollo
vehicles. After the Lunar Landing joined the newly formed
Program Development Organization working on the Space Lab,
Space Platform and other projects for the planned Space Shuttle
Fleet. Worked on thermo-structural problems of the HEAO 1& 2
telescopes and concepts studies for the Large Space Telescope
(LST), later the HUBBLE Space Telescope (HST).
UAH involvement
Worked for UAH Optics Department and assisted development of
ideas for the James Webb Space Telescope.
Immigration
Recruited by USAF to travel to the US under Project Paperclip.
Arrived in the United States at McGuire Air Force Base August 30,
1956.
Incidental remarks
Retired from NASA in 1998 and worked in US space industries
until 2004. Received NASA Exceptional Service Medal in 1993
for concept development of a Lunar-based Telescope.
140
�Neubert,
Erich Walter
Jan. 19, 1910
Feb. 27, 1990
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Audio interview for Stages to Saturn
Education
Technical University, Darmstadt, BS 1934
Technical University, Darmstadt, MS 1936
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Starting Oct. 1939.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Associate Deputy Director, Research and Development, in
1960 MSFC initial management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of
Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18. 1945.
Incidental remarks
He was at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD from Oct. 1945 to Jan.
1946, and at White Sands Proving Ground, NM from Jan. 1946 to
Dec. 1946. However, he is in the Mar. 1946 Fort Bliss group
photograph.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Center Associate Deputy Director
Technical.
He retired from MSFC June 29, 1973.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 118.
141
�Neuhoefer,
Kurt Kunibert
Nov. 12, 1903
Feb. 12, 1973
Eger, Austria
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Munich Institute of Technology, attended two years – no degree,
About 1924 (general machine construction)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945, Assigned by Army, Rocket construction and
propulsion.
Fort Bliss
yes
GMDD-ABMA
no, Not found in Redstone Arsenal Directories. Moved to private
industry.
MSFC
no, Not found in directories.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At Fort Bliss he was assigned to work on a rocket design that was
eventually named Loki.
In about 1971, he moved back to Huntsville and is listed as retired
in Huntsville directories until his death in 1973. He is not found in
Huntsville or MSFC directories before 1971.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 119.
142
�Nowak,
Max Ernst
Sep. 27, 1909
July 7, 1998
Zeitz, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the
first lunar landing) he is listed as Technical Assistant to the
Director of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 120.
143
�Oberth,
Hermann Julius
June 25, 1894
Dec. 28, 1989
Nagyszeben, Austria-Hungary
Nuremberg, West Germany
Archives holding
Several of his books.
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection with various items.
Education
Attended universities in Munich and Göttingen.
His proposed doctoral thesis on rocketry at the University of
Heidelberg was rejected in 1922. He declined to apply elsewhere.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1955-1958
MSFC
no
Immigration
He came to the USA for only a few years and retired in Germany.
Incidental remarks
He is considered to be one of the founding fathers of rocketry and
space travel.
He was a mentor of Wernher von Braun.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 120.
144
�Osthoff,
Leopold Franz Karl
Oct. 13, 1909
1980
Berlin, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Munich, Dipl.Ing., 1933.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Jan. 1943-Apr. 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Sep. 8, 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, At least 1950 through 1952.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 8, 1947.
Incidental remarks
A history of St. Mark’s Evangelical Lutheran Church in Huntsville
notes that “In the summer of 1950, the Reverend Dr. Charles E.
Linn, President of the Georgia-Alabama Synod … was contacted
by Mr. Leopold Osthoff concerning the organization of a Lutheran
congregation for these space scientists.”
A 1952 Huntsville telephone directory lists: Osthoff, Leopold,
Sunrise Terr. He is not found in later directories.
An unverified report says that he returned to Germany.
An individual, Leopold Osthoff, filed for a German patent in 1956.
This individual also obtained later German patents.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 121.
145
�Paetz,
Aug. 13, 1909
Robert Heinrich Karl July 9, 1998
Hanover, Germany
Grant, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Mittweida Polytechnic Institute, BS, 1932, (electrical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942 – 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes,
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1970.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Saturn V Program Office, S1C
Stage Project Office.
His widow, Elfriede, married well known pianist Hans RichterHasser.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 122.
146
�Palaoro,
Hans Rudolf
Feb. 25, 1919
July 21, 1994
Schellstein, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Ingenieurschule, Ilmenau, B.S., 1939
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939 – 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
Page 288 of The Rocket Team has an account of the rescue in
Germany of Palaoro’s son by Luehrsen.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director of the Propulsion
and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 122.
147
�Panzer,
Walter Bernhard
Dec. 27, 1900
Oct. 11, 1989
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Engineering School Hasse, Berlin 1922 – 1925
Gauss Engineering School, Berlin 1938 – 1939.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1935 to 1945 he was employed by Messrs Kreiselgeräte
as a plant manager in Berlin. This company supported the
gyroscope development for the V-2 rocket at Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1956.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1968.
Incidental remarks
To avoid being sent to Russia to reassemble a gyroscope plant
disassembled in Germany he sought employment by the U.S.
In the 1964 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Astrionics Lab.
Inertial Sensors and Stabilizers Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 122.
148
�Patt,
Kurt
Mar. 18, 1913
Apr. 1, 1969
Berlin, Germany
Palos Verdes Estates, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
College for Mechanical Engineering Berlin, BS 1936 (mechanical
engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, From 1936 to 1937.
Peenemünde
yes, 1937 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, From 1950 to 1956 when he joined TRW in California.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
The biography in his Archives file contains a rather detailed
account of work assignments in his sequence of positions.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 123.
149
�Paul,
Hans Georg
Apr. 15, 1909
May 6, 1980
Mainbernheim, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Munich Institute of Technology, B.S. 1930 (mechanical
engineering). Hanover Institute of Technology, M.S. 1934
(mechanical engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Apr. 18, 1942 through 1945
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1960.
MSFC
yes, July 1960 to December 22 1973. On July 1, 1965 list of
Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
UAH involvement
After retirement from MSFC, he worked with the UAH Johnson
Center on solar energy collectors.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He worked on research, development and design in the areas of
chemical propulsion, cryogenics, thermal engineering,
thermodynamics, fluid dynamics for launch and space vehicles.
While employed by the Army, he was instrumental in developing
the first ablation cooled re-entry heat protection for the Jupiter
IRBM.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Propulsion Division of
the Propulsion and Engineering Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 124.
150
�Pauli,
Fritz Karl
Aug. 22, 1913
Apr. 26, 1969
Munich, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Fritz Pauli Collection/.25 linear feet
Education
Universities in Weimar and Munich, Ing. degree 1933 (mechanical
and electrical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, arrived 1952.
MSFC
yes
Immigration
Came in 1952
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory.
The archives has a German original of the account: “Der Kleine
Rutsch,” “The Little Trip” by Fritz Pauli of the relocation of his
family from Europe to America. There is also an English
translation by Monika Sieber Sayar of “The Little Trip.”
From July 1946 to Apr. 1952, he worked in France for the Société
d'Études pour la Propulsion par Réaction.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 124.
151
�Pfaff,
Helmuth Gunther
Aug. 5, 1906
Nov. 26, 1984
Ludwigsburg, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama (home, Grant, AL)
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Helmuth Pfaff Collection/.25 linear feet
Education
Technische Hochschule, Dresden, 1925-1928
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, 1935-1939, Dipl.Ing.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1954.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1971.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, ElectroMechanical Engineering Branch.
He was employed at Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt from
1946 to 1947, and at Eucom Engineering School from 1947 to
1950.
In Huntsville, he worked on early US satellites.
Helmuth Pfaff was an original member of the Huntsville Civic
Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 125.
152
�Polstorff,
Walter K.
May 20, 1912
Mar. 12, 2007
Europe
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Doctorate
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1958.
MSFC
yes, Thirty-year civil service award in 1988 (Marshall Star July
13, 1988.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Computation Lab.
He was the author of several patents reported in Marshall Star.
He was the Plaintiff in a 1978 suit vs. James C. Fletcher.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
153
�Poppel,
Theodor Anton
May 23, 1918
Mar. 3, 1986
Epe, Germany
Titusville, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technikum, Bad Frankenhausen, BS 1939 (engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes From Jan. 1940 to 1945
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950 – 1960.
MSFC - KSC
yes, From 1960. Transferred to KSC in 1965. He was Director of
Launch Support at MSFC and subsequently at KSC. Retired in
1978
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He developed the Crawler, which transported rockets to the launch
pad and designed gantries for launch support.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 128.
154
�Prasthofer,
Willibald Peter
May 17, 1917
July 30, 1993
Marburg, Austria
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Education
School of Engineering Graz-Gösting, Austria, BS (mechanical)
1937.
University of Alabama in Huntsville, MS (Systems eng) 1965
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, ABMA employee in 1959 and 1960 Huntsville Directories.
MSFC
yes, 1960-1980.
UAH involvement
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, 1980-1989.
Senior staff engineer, School of Engineering and Research Institute
1989-1991.
Immigration
Came to USA in 1958.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div.
1946-1953, Worked at Laboratoire de recherches balistiques et
aérodynamiques, in Vernon, France.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
155
�Raithel,
Wilhelm
May 20, 1913
Nov. 15, 2008
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, Dipl.Ing. 1936
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, Dr.Ing. 1944
no
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
Höchst an der Nidder, Germany
Chevy Chase, Maryland
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Aug. 22, 1947.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Moved to General Electric company before 1960.
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1952, at the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal
Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Raithel was a lecturer in Strength
of Materials.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Aug. 22, 1947.
Incidental remarks
One of his contributions to space operations was the “ablation
concept” for re-entry into the atmosphere.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 129.
156
�Rees,
Eberhard F. M.
Apr. 28, 1908
Apr. 2, 1998
Trossingen, Germany
DeLand, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Audio interview for Stages to Saturn.
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technical University Stuttgart, B.S. (Mechanical Engineering)
1931.
Technical University Dresden, M.S. (equivalent) (M.E.), 1934.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Plant Manager for rocket development.
Fort Bliss
yes, Assistant to Wernher von Braun. Arrived Oct. 16, 1945. In
the late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes. Deputy to von Braun
MSFC
yes, Deputy Center Director, Research and Development,
July 1, 1960-Jan. 27, 1970.
Center Director, Mar. 1, 1970-Mar. 17, 1973
UAH involvement
Honorary Doctorate from UAH.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Oct. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
Rees and von Braun were a very efficient top management team
over a long period of time.
The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville
have document holdings for him.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 131.
157
�Reichert,
Rudolf Guenther
Aug. 18, 1929
Stuttgart, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Stuttgart, B.S. 1956 (mechanical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1957 Huntsville Directory as emp Redstone Arsenal.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory and in directories through 1963, but
not in 1964 Directory.
Incidental remarks
In the 1963 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Test Division.
In Jan. 31 1962 he is cited in the Marshall Star as the operations
officer in the Huntsville Soaring Club.
He is missing from Huntsville City Directories from 1964 onward.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 132.
158
�Reilmann,
Karl Heinrich
Sep. 16, 1918
June 1, 1994
Lüchtringen, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Ingenieurschule, Bad Frankenhausen, B.S. 1939 (mechanical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1943. Test engineer.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1953. In 1955 Huntsville City Directory.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory, Systems
Engineering Div.
He was a member of the MSFC Test Laboratory in 1968 when he
received a 15-year service award.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 132.
159
�Reisig,
Gerhard Herbert Richard
Mar. 3, 1910
Mar. 9, 2005
Leipzig, Germany
Moorhead, Minnesota
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Gerhard Reisig Collection/48 linear feet
Education
Technical University of Dresden, BS in engineering physics. 1932
Technical University of Dresden, Diploma Engineer, 1934
Technical University of Braunschweig, Dr. of Engineering.1963.
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Video interview with his daughters, Godela Reisig Iverson and
Gerlinda Reisig Talbot.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1937-1945
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes. 1950-1962
MSFC
yes, 1962-1973. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from
Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1952, at the University of Alabama Redstone Arsenal
Institute of Graduate Studies, Gerhard Reisig was a lecturer in
aerodynamics.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Computation Lab. Specialist in
environmental effects on rockets. Post MSFC retirement, he held
academic positions at University of Tennessee Space Institute and
Concordia College MN. He played the viola and was a longtime
officer of the Huntsville Chamber Music Guild.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 133.
160
�Rheinfurth,
Mario Hans
Sep. 29, 1929
Brauerschwend, Germany
April 2014 address: 4019 Juniper Dr. NW, Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, M.S. 1954 (physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1957.
MSFC
yes, From 1960 to retirement on May 3, 1994.
UAH involvement
He taught part-time at UAH from 1959 to 1994 in the Mechanical
Engineering Dept. (Adjunct Associate Professor).
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab,
Dynamics and flight Mechanics Div.
When he retired, he was chief of Control Theory Branch in AeroAstrodynamics Laboratory
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 134.
161
�Riedel,
Walther III
Jan. 23, 1903
Nov. 16, 1974
Oschersleben, Germany
Hamburg, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Charlottenburg, Berlin, Dipl. Ing. 1929.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1945
Fort Bliss
yes, 1946-1947
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Incidental remarks
Left Ft. Bliss in 1947 for employment with North American
Aviation.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 135.
162
�Rosinski,
Werner Kurt
Sep. 23, 1914
May 14, 2000
Baruth. Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Education
Golßen Technical (engineering) school, Baruth, (near
Kummersdorf.)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, In1936-, electrical subforeman [NARA file]
Peenemünde
yes, Starting 1937 and through 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1960.
MSFC
yes, 1960 to 1970 retirement. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip
specialists from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Electrical Systems
Integration Div.
Consulted with private industry after retirement from MSFC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 138.
163
�Roth,
Ludwig
June 10, 1909
Nov. 10, 1967
Groß-Gerau, Germany
Redondo Beach, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with his son, Axel Roth.
Education
Darmstadt Institute of Technology, M.S. 1933 (engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945 Head of Future Projects Office.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Aug. 22, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Left in 1956 for position in private industry.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Aug. 22, 1846.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 138.
164
�Rothe,
June 2, 1907
Heinrich Carl August Feb. 21, 1994
Weimar, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Höhere Technische Lehranstalt in Hildburghausen, 4 years
training, (precision machinist).
Evening school, Berlin, graduate (electrical engineer).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Presumably interacted with Peenemünde on gyroscope
technology while working for Kreiselgeräte in Berlin.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Aug. 22, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, From 1950 to 1958, Deputy Chief of Gyro and Stabilizer
Branch. From 1958 to 1960, Chief of Gyro and Stabilizer Branch.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Aug. 22, 1946.
Incidental remarks
From 1934 to 1945 he worked at the Kreiselgeräte company in
Berlin doing design, testing and development. A product of the
company was gyroscopes.
Technical Director at Astrospace Huntsville (company name) from
1960-1965.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 138.
165
�Rothe,
Kurt Wilhelm
July 4, 1902
July 17, 1994
Europe
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Starting in 1939 and continuing until the British bombing raid
on Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1953.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1970.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, System Engineering Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 139.
166
�Rudolph,
Arthur Louis Hugo
Nov. 9, 1906
Jan. 1, 1996
Stepfershausen, Germany
Hamburg, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Arthur Rudolph Collection/.5 linear feet
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Berlin Institute of Technology, BS 1930, (mechanical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, 1934-1937, Superintendent in charge of development and
testing of early rockets.
Peenemünde
yes, 1937-1945, Manager in charge of testing and production.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. He was manager of the Saturn V
Project Office up until his retirement in 1968.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
Arthur Rudolph, who had built a workable rocket engine for the
German Army in 1931, was hired at Kummersdorf in 1933 [Rocket
Team, p 19]
He returned to Germany in 1984, where he lived until his death.
The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville
have document holdings for him.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 139
167
�Ruppe,
Harry O. H.
May 3, 1929
Leipzig, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Berlin, Ph.D. 1962. (Thesis outlined a
manned expedition to Mars.)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1957.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. In 1964, he was named deputy
director of the Future Projects Office. He resigned from MSFC in
1966 to accept a professorship at the Technical University of
Munich.
Immigration
In the U.S. from 1957 to 1966.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 140.
168
�Sassenfeld,
Helmut M.
July 4, 1920
Sep. 1, 2014
Emmerich, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Darmstadt, Doctorate in mathematics
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1953
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
Taught graduate mathematics courses for University of Alabama
starting in the late 1950s.
Incidental remarks
In the mid-1950s he left civil service to head a group of computer
specialists working for General Electric as a facilities management
contractor for the Army Computation Lab, as explained by Charles
Bradshaw in his book Rockets, Reactors and Computers Define the
Twentieth Century.
Obituary relates that sometime after leaving Huntsville, he was a
civilian employee at White Sands Missile Range.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
169
�Schaefer,
Herbert
Nov. 2, 1911
May 13, 1999
Berlin, Germany
San Diego, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Beuth Schule, Technical College of Berlin, Graduate Mechanical
Engineer 1932.
New York University, B.S. 1945, M.S. 1948 (aeronautical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, From Nov. 1, 1932 to Jan. 27,1934, Laboratory Engineer,
Rocket Proving Ground, Berlin
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Joined Dec. 1, 1959.
MSFC
yes,
Immigration
Came to the United States in 1936. Citizenship 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the story of his life that he wrote and sent to Konrad
Dannenberg, he relates that “My first employment was as
Laboratory Engineer at the Raketenflugplatz in Berlin-Tempelhof,
where I participated in the development of rocket motors and three
launches.”
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Advanced Systems Office,
Resources Management Office.
Worked for Kollsman Instrument Corp. in New York state from
1937 to 1959.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
170
�Scharnowski,
Heinz Ludwig
June 3, 1910
Sep. 21, 1952
Elbing, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Heinz Scharnowski Collection (Digital)
Education
State Technical Academy, Nuremberg, B.S. 1934 (engineering).
Berlin Institute of Technology, Dipl.Ing. 1940 (electro-techniques
and machinery).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1943-1945, Specialized in measurement techniques.
Fort Bliss
yes
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Until he died on Sep. 21, 1952.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
\Incidental remarks.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 143.
171
�Scheufelen,
Klaus
Oct. 30, 1913
Oberlenningen, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with Konrad Dannenberg
Education
Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, Doctorate 1937
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, Only one year. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Returned to Germany after about 4 years in the USA.
Incidental remarks
His family was in the paper manufacturing business, to which he
returned. His company produced a flame-resistant paper used on
later Apollo missions. The Archives has a copy of one of his
documents about paper.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 144.
172
�Schilling,
Martin
Oct. 1, 1911
Apr. 30, 2000
Horde, Germany
Burlington, Massachusetts
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Institute of Technology in Hanover, Ph.D. 1937 (applied physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Left ABMA in 1958 to join the Raytheon Company in
Lexington MA.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At Raytheon, Dr. Schilling became vice president for research and
engineering. He retired in 1977.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 145.
173
�Schlidt,
Rudolf Carl Hans
July 15, 1914
Sep. 28, 2012
Goch, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection & Dorette Schlidt
Collection/1 linear foot
Education
State Institute for Applied Technology, Köthen, B.S. 1939.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1944 Inspection engineer, strength of materials, and
metallurgy. Worked in the material science laboratory under Dr.
Wolfgand Steuer.
1944-1945 In charge of finishing jet rudders.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In Technical Feasibility Study Office.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory but not in 1969. In January 1963,
Schlidt took a position with General Dynamics in Germany. The
family moved back to Huntsville in 1979.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
Rudolf Schlidt married Dorothea Kersten, the secretary of Wernher
von Braun in Peenemünde.
The Marshall Star cites that Rudolf H. Schlidt received awards for
patents in 1962 and 1966.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 145.
174
�Schlitt,
Mar. 15, 1912
Helmuth Wilhelm Emil Aug. 1976
Darmstadt, Germany
Woodland, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Darmstadt Institute of Technology, M.S. 1937, Ph.D. 1944
(engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1944-1945 Development engineer for rocket controls and
electronic measurement devices.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1951 Redstone Arsenal Directory, but not in 1956.
Test and Engineering Div, GMDG in 1951. Moved to private
industry.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 146.
175
�Schmidt,
Helmut Heinrich
Sep. 12, 1914
Apr. 27, 1998
Dresden, Germany
Spokane, Washington
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Dresden, Ph.D. 1941.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Mentioned in the Rocket Team account of the British bombing
raid on Peenemünde. He was probably supporting
work at Peenemünde under a contract with Technische
Hochschule, Dresden.
GMDD-ABMA
no, Not in 1950 Redstone Arsenal Directory.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
There is a handwritten notation on the Department of the Army
list: “Left for Germany to marry (9/4/49) ; to leave Germany
(10/24/49).”
The Rocket Team mentions that Helmut Schmidt was a former
Olympic ski champion.
He went to the Army Map Service after Fort Bliss.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 146.
176
�Schneider,
Horst W.
Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Aeronautical engineer.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no, Dannenberg lists him as a German immigrant, but having had
no involvement with Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
yes
Incidental remarks
In the 1960 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Structures and
Mechanics Lab. In 1961 and 1961 he is listed as a MSFC resident
representative at General Dynamics-Astronautics in San Diego,
California.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
177
�Schnelle,
Heinz Otto Willi
Oct. 30, 1921
June 28, 1991
Braunschweig, Germany
Europe
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Städtliche Maschinenbauschule, Braunschweig, 1938 – 1941.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Mar. 1942-1945. Drawing control and checking. Later
pressure valves.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1952.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 and 1961 MSFC Directories, but not in 1969.
Incidental remarks
In the 1961 MSFC Directory he is listed in the Structures and
Mechanics Lab.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 148.
178
�Schuler,
Albert Eugen
May 6, 1915
July 9, 1998
Mosbach, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Darmstadt, M.S. 1936 (technical physics).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1939 to 1945. Measurement procedures.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Disability retirement 1969.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory, Test
Instrumentation and Control Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 151.
179
�Schulz-Arenstorff,
Richard Franz Josef
Nov. 7, 1929
Hamburg, Germany
In 2013 he seems to have been living in Nashville, Tennessee.
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Ph.D. 1956 (mathematics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1957 Huntsville Directory as mathematician Redstone
Arsenal.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. In 1969 MSFC Directory under
Arenstorff.
UAH involvement
Taught graduate mathematics courses for the University of
Alabama starting in the late 1950s.
Incidental remarks
Worked in the ABMA and MSFC Computation Laboratories.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 152.
180
�Schulze,
Heinrich A.
Aug. 29, 1914
Dec. 2, 1993
Hanover, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical College in Bremen, BS 1937 (mechanical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, He was chief of the German Guided Missile Training School
from 1942 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in February 1953.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1970.
Incidental remarks
After WWII, he was employed in engineering activities in Hanover
until he came to Huntsville in 1953.
The Marshall Star carried a biographical article on Heinrich
Schulze in its Mar. 29, 1961 issue.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Chief Technical in the
Facilities and Design Office.
While at MSFC, he was very active in the employee travel club
and was for some time its president.
The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville
have document holdings for him.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 152.
181
�Schulze,
Nov. 23, 1905
Wilhelm(Willi)August Nov. 4, 2001
Neulaubusch, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
William Schulze Collection/4.5 linear feet
Education
Max Byth Ingenieurschule, Berlin. Ing degree 1935.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, A biography states “In February 1937 he joined Dr. Wernher
von Braun in Kummersdorf and then later moved to the rocket
development facility at Peenemünde.”
Peenemünde
yes, 1937-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, retired 1969. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from
Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Vehicle Systems Div.
Schulze’s home town, Neulaubusch, honored him with a memorial
air mail envelope with his picture and with a special cancellation
stamp having his name and his facial line image, 2002.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 152.
182
�Schwartz,
Friedrich Wilhelm
Feb. 8, 1909
Nov. 24, 1961
Fulda, Germany
Phoenix, Arizona
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Gauss Technical Institute, Berlin, B.S. (communications
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes. 1941-1945. Measurement installations for test stands.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as an engineer at
Redstone Arsenal. Not found in later directories.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3,1946.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 154.
183
�Schwidetzki,
Walter Hans
Oct. 28, 1910
Dec. 17, 1996
Bromberg, Germany
Lubbock, Texas
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Berlin-Charlottenberg, Dr.Ing. 1939.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1942-1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Sep. 18, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In 1951 Redstone Arsenal Directory, but not in 1956.
Test and Engineering Div, GMDG in 1951. Moved to private
industry.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 155.
184
�Seiler,
Ernst Edward
Apr. 5, 1913
Sep. 8, 1997
Danzig
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Danzig (1034 – 1935).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945. Construction of propulsion parts and evaluation
of test data.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Jan. 5, 1948.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Retiree.
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Jan. 5 1948.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Quality and Reliability Assurance
Lab.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 156.
185
�Sendler,
Karl
Aug. 19, 1914
2001
Vienna, Austria
Cocoa Beach Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Vienna, MS (electronics engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC – KSC
yes
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945
Incidental remarks
At KSC, he was the Assistant Center Director for Instrumentation.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 156.
186
�Sieber,
Werner Hans
Mar. 27, 1912
Apr. 3, 1995
Jena, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Werner Sieber Collection/13 linear feet
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technical University, Hanover, Dr. Ing. 1939 (engineering
physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes
Fort Bliss
yes, In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
His Archives collection has many documents of historical value.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Test Instrumentation and
Control Division of the Test Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 157.
187
�Speer,
Fritdjof A. (Fred)
Aug. 23, 1923
Berlin, Germany
April 2014 address: 2417 Rogue Valley Manor Dr., Medford, Oregon
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Berlin, PhD. 1953 (physics).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, In Signal Corps of German Army 1943-1945. Stationed at
Peenemünde. Involved in flight tracking and evaluation of V-1.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived Mar. 26, 1955.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC initial directory. Appointed Associate (Center)
Director for Science in 1983. Retired in that position on Dec. 31,
1986.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Manager of the Missions Operations
Office.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 160.
188
�Sperling,
Hans J.
May 26, 1930
May 19, 2012
Europe
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Doctorate
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1958.
MSFC
yes, Fifteen-year service award in 1974.
UAH involvement
Taught graduate courses at University of Alabama Huntsville
extension in the early 1960s.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab.
Archive file has a list of some of his theoretical mechanics papers
in German journals.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
189
�Spohn,
Eberhard Julius
Jan. 23, 1906
2005
Blaubeuren, Germany
Heidelberg, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Dr.Ing. 1932.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
yes Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, In the 1951 Huntsville Directory he is listed as a chemist at
Redstone Arsenal. Not found in later directories.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He worked for Portland cement companies from 1934 to 1945.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 160.
190
�Stein,
Arnold Bernhard
Sep. 4, 1905
Aug. 26, 1992
Lüttich, Belgium
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Ingenieurschule, Köthen, Ing. Degree, 1928
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Worked in Berlin and travelled back and forth to Peenemünde.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived June 11, 1948
GMDD-ABMA
yes From 1950 to 1960.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. Retired 1972.
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived June 11, 1948.
Incidental remarks
In the 1970 MSFC Directory he is listed in Program Development,
Advanced Program Support Office.
His specialty was design of structural airframes and integral
missile tanks.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 161.
191
�Steinhoff,
Ernst A.
Feb. 11, 1908
Dec. 2, 1987
Treysa, Germany
Alamogordo, New Mexico
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Darmstadt Institute of Technology, B.S. 1931 (aeronautics)
M.S. 1933 (meteorology) and Dr.Engineering 1940 (applied
physics).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From June 1939 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. In
1949 he transferred to Holloman Air Force Base.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He left federal service in 1956 to work in private industry, but in
1963 he returned to Holloman as Chief Scientist of the Air Force
Missile Development Center. He retired there in 1972.
He was inducted in 1979 in the International Space Hall of Fame at
the New Mexico Museum of Space History.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 161.
192
�Steurer,
Wolfgang Hermann
May 11, 1913
Apr. 12, 1986
Freiburg, Germany
La Canada, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule, Stuttgart, M.S. and Ph.D., 1942.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Oct. 1943 to 1945. Chief of material development and testing
laboratory.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, From 1950 to 1958 when he left to join private industry.
While with the Army he was Chief of the Materials Laboratory.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
After leaving Huntsville he moved to California where he worked
for Convair, General Dynamics and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 162
193
�Struck,
Heinrich Georg
Dec. 3, 1925
Thal - Bad Pyrmont, Germany
April 2014 address: 10 Old Chimney Rd, Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University of Brunswick, Diploma (MS) (aerodynamics
and fluid dynamics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived Oct. 1958.
MSFC
yes, From 1960 to retirement in May 1994. Worked in the
Dynamics Division of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory.
UAH involvement
Lectured in evening courses at UAH on a variety of subjects,
mostly aerodynamics and flight dynamics, for about seven years in
the 1960s.
Incidental remarks
During the Space Shuttle period at MSFC, he worked foremost on
the Solid Booster parachute recovery and other main engine
problems.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
194
�Stuhlinger,
Ernst
Dec. 19, 1913
May 25, 2008
Niederrimbach, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Ernst Stuhlinger Recognition Collection/ 2 linear feet
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Audio interviews (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
University of Tübingen, PhD, 1936 (cosmic ray physics)
no
Peenemünde
yes, Transferred by German Army to Peenemünde in 1943 when
he returned by foot from the Russian front.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950 to 1960. Director Research Projects Division, ABMA
MSFC
yes, Director Research Projects Division in 1960 MSFC initial
management structure.
MSFC Associate Director for Science, 1968-1976. Retired 1976.
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama
Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Stuhlinger was
a lecturer in Physics
Senior Research Scientist and Adjunct Professor from 1976.
UAH hosted a one-day “Ernst Stuhlinger Recognition
Symposium” on November 18, 2008.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
He co-authored with Frederick Ordway III: Wernher von Braun
Crusader for Space, An Illustrated Memoir.
He pioneered the development of electrical propulsion.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Director Space Sciences Laboratory.
The personal papers of Ernst Stuhlinger are in the Archives of the
U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to th
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 164.
195
�Tessmann,
Bernhard Robert
Aug. 15, 1912
Dec. 19, 1993
Zingst, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Bernhard Tessman Collection/1 linear foot
Education
Gewerbesaal College, Berlin, BS 1935 (mechanical engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, Starting in 1935.
Peenemünde
yes, 1936 to 1945
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Retired 1972. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists
from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
UAH involvement
The Ilse and Bernhard Tessmann Music and Foreign Language
Scholarships are awarded at UAH.
Volunteer help at the Johnson Environmental and Energy Center
after retirement from MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In 1935, von Braun recruited Bernhard Tessmann, who was then
employed by Orenstein and Koppel in Berlin, to join the
Kummersdorf team [Rocket Team p 23]
Tessmann and Dieter Huzel were instrumental in preserving the
V-2 documents as the war in Europe ended.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Deputy Director of the Test
Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 167.
196
�Teuber,
Dieter Ludwig Heinrich
Mar. 22, 1928
Jelsen, Germany
April 2014 address: 1032 Toney Dr. SE, Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview by C. A. Lundquist.
Education
Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt, Dipl.Ing. 1951.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1953
MSFC
yes, From 1960 to retirement in Jan. 1984.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab,
Dynamics and Flight Mechanics Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 167.
197
�Thiel,
Adolf K.
Feb. 12, 1915
June 2, 2001
Vienna, Austria
Palos Verdes Estates, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Dipl. Ing and Dr, Ing. 1945,
(aeronautical engineering and mathematics-physics)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Worked full time under contract to Peenemünde from 1941 to
1945 while at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived July 12, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Was director of Technical Feasibility Studies Office from
1952 to 1955. Resigned in 1955 to accept employment at TRW.
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
Beginning in 1951, the first year of the University of Alabama
Redstone Arsenal Institute of Graduate Studies, Dr. Thiel was a
lecturer in Mathematics.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived July 12, 1946.
Incidental remarks
He was director of the Thor ballistic missile program. Retired
from TRW on Dec. 31, 1980 as Senior Vice-President.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 167.
198
�Thomas,
Horst F.
Nov. 1, 1931
Berlin, Germany
Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University in Stuttgart (master’s degree in mechanical
engineering) 1956
Technical University in Berlin, PhD, 1969
Rakenteflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Came to Huntsville in 1958.
MSFC
yes, In 1960 MSFC Directory. He got 10-year service award in
May 1968.
Incidental remarks
He probably knew H. H. Koelle from their days at the University
in Stuttgart. Koelle preceded him at ABMA.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as chief of the Advanced Studies Office
in the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory.
In 1970 he was host for a HEAO meeting at MSFC.
In 1978, he was Head of Aerospace Engineering at Aachen
University in Germany.
In the 1980s, as part of the Aachen University-University of
Tennessee Space Institute cooperation program, occasionally he
taught at UTSI.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
199
�Tiller,
Werner Gerhard
May 9, 1914
Mar. 15, 1974
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Preußische Bergakademie zu Clausthal, Zellerfeld, attended 1942.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945. Designer.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived June 24, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Director of Weapons Systems Office in 1960 MSFC initial
management structure. On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists
from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived June 24, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant to the Director of the
Quality and Reliability Laboratory.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 168.
200
�Tschinkel,
Johann Gustav
Apr. 7, 1907
Sep. 21, 2004
Linz, Austria
Tallahassee, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
German Charles University at Prague, Ph.D. 1931 (chemistry)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, When Germany occupied Czechoslovakia during WW II he
was drafted into the German rocket development program.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Left in Sep. 1957 to join Pratt and Whitney Aircraft at
Hartford, CT.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 171.
201
�Tuebbecke,
July 15, 1907
Julius Karl Reinhold Oct. 23, 1959
Berlin, Germany
Madison, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Gauss Schule, Berlin, Dipl.Ing. 1931.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945. Electrical engineer in section for control
instrumentation.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1951.
MSFC
no
Incidental remarks
At time of death he was an engineer in the System Analysis and
Reliability Laboratory of ABMA.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 171.
202
�Urbanski,
Arthur
Jan. 24, 1900
Jan. 1977
Klausdorf, Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Machine Construction School, Berlin. (master mechanic)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, 1936-1937. Worked on driving mechanisms and valves for
rocket testing [NARA file].
Peenemünde
yes, 1937-1943. Master machinist and workshop foreman.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, Noted as retired on July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists
from Fort Bliss currently employed at MSFC. He is listed as Chief
of the Mechanical Systems Analysis Branch of the Quality
Laboratory in the 1963 MSFC Directory, but not listed in the 1964
Directory.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 172.
203
�Vandersee,
Fritz
June 22, 1918
Mar. 1, 1975
Bobau, West Prussia
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Trade school, Berlin, 1940.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1943-1945. Assembly foreman, testing and assembly of
rockets.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Test Laboratory.
He was the subject of a “Star Salute” in the April 18, 1962 issue of
the Marshall Star.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 172.
204
�von Braun,
Magnus
May 10, 1919
June 21, 2003
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Universität München, M.S. (organic chemistry).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Arrived in July 1943.
Fort Bliss
yes.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, He left Army employment in 1955 to accept employment with
the Chrysler missile division.
MSFC
no
UAH involvement
In the academic year 1951-1952, Magnus von Braun was a parttime instructor in German at the University of Alabama Huntsville
Center.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
.
Incidental remarks
Greifswald, Germany
Phoenix, Arizona
After working for the missile division, he served in the UK as the
Chrysler export director until 1975, when he returned to the US.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 020.
205
�von Braun,
Wernher
Mar. 23, 1912
June 16, 1977
Wirsitz, Germany
Alexandria, Virginia
Archives holding
Wernher von Braun Collection/3.25 linear feet
Video interview with Bob Ward, including a discussion of writing
Dr. Space: The Life of Wernher von Braun.
Remarks by Frederick I. Ordway III about writing The Rocket
Team.
Videos of several von Braun talks and presentations.
Oral history
Audio conversation with Willy Ley, particularly events before
Peenemünde.
Education
Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg Berlin, Dipl. Ing., 1932
Friedrich Wilhelm University, Ph.D., 1934
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, A leader in the group of young rocket enthusiasts.
Peenemünde
yes, Technical director of rocket development.
Fort Bliss
yes, Nominal leader of the team. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Technical director.
MSFC
yes. Center Director, July 1, 1960-Jan. 27, 1970.
UAH involvement
In a talk to the Alabama Legislature, he convinced them to
authorize the University of Alabama Research Institute in
Huntsville.
Von Braun Research Hall at UAH was dedicated in his honor.
He was a vocal proponent of the need for a research university in
Huntsville.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Sep. 18, 1945.
Incidental remarks
The UAH commemoration of 100 years since his birth was video
recorded, including a panel discussion and performance of his
piano compositions.
Personal papers of Wernher von Braun are in the Archives of the
U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville.
His Paperclip U.S. employment file was not sent to the National Archives and Records
Administration.
206
�von Pragenau,
George Landwehr
Jan. 5, 1927
July 11, 2013
Austria
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
George Landwehr von Pragenau Collection
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived 1958.
MSFC
yes, Retired April 1991.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Flight Dynamics
Branch.
George von Pragenau was 1985 NASA Inventor of the Year.
He is cited many times in the Marshall Star for having been
awarded patents.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
207
�von Puttkamer,
Jesco Hans Max
Sep. 22, 1933
Dec. 27, 2012
Leipzig, Germany
Washington DC area
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technische Hochschule in Aachen, graduate
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
yes, Joined MSFC in 1962. Moved to NASA Headquarters in
1974, where he worked until his death.
Immigration
Came to the USA in 1962.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Aero-Astrodynamics Lab.
Not in NARA Foreign Scientist Case Files 1947-1958.
208
�von Saurma,
Friedrich Graf
Feb. 28, 1908
Dec. 12, 1961
Dahsau, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with his wife, Ruth von Saurma, Jan. 2015.
Education
Technical University of Breslau, Dipl.Ing. 1940.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, In 1943 he became Technical Director of the rocket testing
and training center at Zempin on the island of Usedom.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in January 1954. Became Chief of the Weapons
Systems Information Office.
MSFC
yes, At the time of his death in 1961, he was a senior engineer in
the Saturn Systems Office.
Immigration
Came to the United States in 1953 under Paperclip program.
Incidental remarks
For part of his time at ABMA, he was an assistant to Wernher von
Braun and occasionally substituted for him at public occasions.
Friedrich’s wife, Ruth von Saurma, was an employee of ABMA
and MSFC, until her retirement.
The Archives at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center in Huntsville
have document holdings for him.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 142.
209
�von Saurma,
Aug. 29, 1921
Ms. Ruth G. (Ramthun)
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Resident of Huntsville, AL in 2014
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview, Jan. 2015
Education
College of Foreign Languages at Lette-Haus, Berlin
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, worked for Askania-Werke at Peenemünde, within sight of the
rocket test flights.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Began employment as a translator and writer in the
Development Operations Division at ABMA in 1958.
MSFC
yes, From July 1960 until retirement in July 1982. Ultimately was
the International Public Relations Specialist. This involved helping
international visitors during their time with MSFC
Immigration
She came to the United States with her husband, Friedrich von
Saurma in 1953 under Paperclip program.
Incidental remarks
For several years she assisted Wernher von Braun with
international correspondence. She translated incoming mail,
composed draft replies and transcribed the reply in the language of
the original sender.
In the Nov. 8, 1961 Marshall Star, she is cited as the translator of a
paper, “Flight Mechanics of Photon Rockets,” by Eugen Saenger, a
prominent German space scientist. Ms. Von Saurma then worked
in the Space Systems Information Branch of the Management
Services Office that distributed the paper within MSFC. She also
translated and authored other documents
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) she is listed in the Public Affairs Office.
She became very active in cultural activities in Huntsville.
210
�von Tiesenhausen,
Georg
May 18, 1914
June 4, 2018
Riga, Latvia
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg
Education
Engineering Institute Hamburg, B.A. Mechanical Engineering
1943
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1943 to 1945
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, From 1953 to 1960.
MSFC
yes, Retired 1986.
Immigration
Came to the United States in 1953.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Advanced Systems Office,
Mission Engineering Office.
After retirement he was a regular lecturer at the Space Camp and
Space Academy in Huntsville
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 168.
211
�Voss,
Werner Erwin Otto
June 25, 1913
Aug. 14, 1993
Stettin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral History
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Maschinenbauschule, Stettin, 3 years (electrical and mechanical
engineering) followed by 2 years of correspondence school in
Berlin.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1939-1945. Test stand technician and experimental valve
development.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived July 22, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived July 22, 1946.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Propulsion and Vehicle
Engineering Lab, Propulsion Div.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 174
212
�Vowe,
Theodor Karl Otto
June 25, 1904
June 7, 1989
Berlin, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Polytechnic Institute of Lage, B.S. 1930-1933 (mechanical
engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1945. Construction of test stand installation for V-2.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes,
MSFC-KSC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
Was in Launch Operations Directorate at MSFC.
Theodor Vowe was an original member of the Huntsville Civic
Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 174.
213
�Wagner,
Carl Wilhelm
May 25, 1901
Leipzig, Germany
Göttingen, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
University of Leipzig, Ph.D. 1934 (physical chemist).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, He was a university professor who cooperated with
Peenemünde via a contract.
Fort Bliss
yes Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. Note that he moved to Cambridge,
Mass. in 1949
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
From 1940 to 1945 he was a Professor of Physical Chemistry at the
Institute of Technology, Darmstadt.
Reported to have returned to Germany before 1960.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 174.
214
�Wagner,
Hermann Rudolf
Aug. 3, 1910
Jan. 8, 1999
Pima, Germany
Tucker, Georgia
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Hermann Wagner Collection/.5 linear feet
Education
Engineering School of City of Dresden, graduated 1939,
(mechanical and structural engineering)
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1939 to 1945, as a design engineer for launching and
handling equipment in the V-2 rocket program.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived Apr., 1953.
MSFC
yes, Retired in 1973
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Materials Div.
In Huntsville, at ABMA and MSFC, he worked on many scientific
payloads, from Explorer 1 through the Apollo Telescope Mount
carried on Skylab.
He had patents on a collapsible loop antenna system for satellites
and on Separation devices.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 175.
215
�Weber,
Fritz Horst
May 9, 1916
Aug. 4, 1996
Striegau, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection, including a major
report by him: “Saturn 1B/V
Archives holding
Instrument Unit.”
Education
Berufsschule (Electrical) Schweidnitz, Schlesien, 1933-1936.
Höhere Technische Lehranstalt Gauss, Berlin, Dipl. Ing. 1939
(engineering and mathematics).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Oct. 24, 1941 to Sep. 30, 1945. He was Section Chief for
instrumentation and testing of steering controls in static tests of
missiles.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Jan. 5, 1948
GMDD-ABMA
yes, 1950-1960. Pershing Guidance and Control Project Leader for
G & C Lab.
MSFC
yes, 1964-1965, Chief Project Engineer for Saturn 1B/V
Instrumentation Unit.
1972, Chief Engineer for Gravity Probe A Project.
UAH involvement
He worked on the electric car project with Ernst Stuhlinger in the
mid-1970s.
Immigration
On the Department of the Army list of special employees brought
to Fort Bliss. Arrived in New York, Jan. 2, 1948.
Incidental remarks
He was a German soldier in Poland in 1939, in France in 1940 and
in Russia in 1941.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Chief of the Projects Office in the
Astrodynamics Laboratory.
Sherman Seltzer in quoted describing how Fritz Weber mentored him during his early
years at ABMA and MSFC.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 170
216
�Weidner,
Hermann Joachim
Aug. 24, 1912
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Audio interview for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Darmstadt Institute of Technology, M.S. (engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1941-1945. Assembly and supervision of an A-4 rocket test
stand.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired Dec. 1973.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
He was selected as the first MSFC Director of Science and
Engineering by a vote of the laboratory directors, who would
thereafter report to him. Later, von Braun would sometimes
introduce him as his “pope.”
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Director of Research and
Development Operations.
He retired unexpectedly early due to ill health of his wife.
Subsequently he returned to Germany and remarried.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 177.
217
�Wiesman,
Walter Fritz
Aug. 30, 1920
July 11, 2000
Dortmund, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Ludendorff Scientific High School, Dortmund, 6 years, graduate.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Drafted into the Luftwaffe in 1940 and arrived in Peenemünde
in May 1943. He became the business assistant to the development
manager and chief technical designer.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC. Retired 1970.
UAH involvement
Worked with UAH for more than a decade and was the 1990-92
Executive-in Residence at the College of Administrative Science.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as responsible for Internal
Communications in the Manpower Utilization and Administration
Office.
He became an authority in organizational communication, and his
work for the Army, NASA and after retirement involved many
public speaking engagements.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 181.
218
�Wittman,
Albin
Nov. 17, 1907
Aug. 16 1988
Obrigheim, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Trade school, Mosbach, Baden, Germany, 1922-1925 (electrical
engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, Oct. 1941 to May 1945. (master electrician). Foreman and
section chief for A-4 electrical wiring and ground installations.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Dec. 6, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC
yes, On July 1, 1965 list of Paperclip specialists from Fort Bliss
currently employed at MSFC.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Dec. 6, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Quality and Reliability Assurance
Lab.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 183.
219
�Woerdemann,
Hugo H.
Feb. 21, 1915
June 24, 1999
Hamburg, Germany
Temecula, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Technical University Hanover, B.S. 1938 (engineering)
Technical University Dresden, Dipl. Ing. 1940 (engineering.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From 1940 to 1945, while at the Technical University in
Dresden, he worked under contract to Peenemünde on electronic
equipment for the A4 rocket.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph. He
left Fort Bliss in 1949 to work for North American Aviation.
GMDD-ABMA
no
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 183.
220
�Wuenscher,
Hans Friedrich
Jan. 29, 1915
Dec. 13, 1980
Stollberg, Germany
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Audio interview (2 parts) for Stages to Saturn.
Audio interview made during the initial information collection
period for Stages to Saturn.
Education
Technische Hochschule, Berlin, 1939-1941.
Technische Hochschule, Prague, 1941-1943.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in 1958.
MSFC
yes
Immigration
Came to the US in 1956 to work at Holloman Air Force Base.
Incidental remarks
Worked as an aeronautical engineer for the German Aircraft
Development Center before coming to the United States.
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed as Assistant Director for Advanced
Projects of the Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory.
At MSFC, he was a pioneer in space manufacturing, with a
particular interest in crystal growth under micro-gravity conditions.
He was the subject of a “Star Salute” in the January 29, 1969 issue
of the Marshall Star.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 184.
221
�Zeiler,
Albert Franz
Mar. 9, 1913
Oct. 16, 1975
Niklasdorf, Austria
Merritt Island, Florida
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Bundeslehranstalt für Maschinenbau und Elektrotechnik,
Klagenfurt, Austria, 1929-1934, BS degree (mechanical
engineering).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, From Oct. 1939 to May 1945. He was a launch pad engineer.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Feb. 3, 1946. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes
MSFC – KSC
yes, From 1960. Transferred to KSC in 1963, and became Center
Coordinator for Mechanics and Propulsion, Launch Operations.
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946.
Incidental remarks
He was launch pad engineer for the first Redstone rocket launch on
Oct. 20, 1953 at Cape Canaveral. He planned, designed and
coordinated construction and operations of the special launch
facilities in the Pacific for Operation Hardtack.
He was involved in about 700 V-2 launches in Germany and 139
launches at KSC.
Albert Zeiler was an original member of the Huntsville Civic
Orchestra during its first full season, 1955-1956.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 185.
222
�Zettler-Seidel,
Philipp Wolfgang
Aug. 1, 1914
Mar. 19, 2002
Leipzig, Germany
Du Bois, PA
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
Philipp Zettler-Seidel Collection
Education
University of Leipzig, 4 years, Ph.D. candidate, (physics,
mathematics and philosophy).
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
yes, 1940-1944, Exterior ballistics and gyroscope technology.
1944-1946, Wind tunnel technology at Kochel.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
Moved to Huntsville in 1952 from Silver Springs, MD.
Moved from Huntsville to Pennsylvania in 1959.
MSFC
no
Immigration
Navy list. Arrived Feb. 3, 1946 at Naval Ordnance Laboratory,
Silver Springs MD.
Incidental remarks
The UAH Archives has copies of several reports co-authored by
him during his tenure at Peenemünde and Kochel, Germany.
During the later years of his life he was an assistant professor of
physics at the Du Bois campus of the Pennsylvania State
University.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 185.
223
�Ziesmer,
Erich W.
Nov. 29, 1913
June 6, 1997
Europe
Huntsville, Alabama
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Education
Trade school.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
no
Peenemünde
no, But may have been involved in gyroscope development for
Peenemünde while working as a draftsman for Kreiselgeräte Co. in
Berlin from 1934 to 1945.
Fort Bliss
no
GMDD-ABMA
yes, Arrived in 1954.
MSFC
yes, Retired in 1974.
Incidental remarks
In the February 1969 MSFC Directory (five months before the first
lunar landing) he is listed in the Astrionics Lab, Inertial Sensors
and Stabilizers Div.
From 1946 to 1950 he worked for the British Government.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 186.
224
�Zoike,
Helmut Max
Apr. 12, 1915
Aug. 15, 2005
Danzig, Germany
Santa Barbara, California
UAHuntsville
Archives holding
File folder in Charles Lundquist Collection
Oral history
Video interview with Donald Tarter and Konrad Dannenberg.
Education
Attended Gauss Engineering School in Berlin for one year.
In 1935 he joined Siemens, Apparate und Maschinen GMBH as a
laboratory technician for automatic autopilot development.
Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf
yes, Joined Raketenflugplatz activities in 1930, at age 15.
Later, in 1938 he moved from Kummersdorf to Peenemünde,
[Wernher von Braun, Crusader for Space p 27].
Peenemünde
yes, Came to Peenemünde on Sep. 1, 1938. His biography notes
that at Peenemünde he was in charge of the first 28 V-2 firings.
Fort Bliss
yes, Arrived Nov. 16, 1945. In late 1946 group photograph.
GMDD-ABMA
yes, From 1950 to 1955.
MSFC
no
Immigration
On Department of the Army list of special employees brought to
Fort Bliss. Arrived Nov. 16, 1945.
Incidental remarks
In December 1955 he joined Servomechanisms Inc. in California.
His biography relates that at Raketenflugplatz he met Wernher von
Braun, Hans Hueter, Willy Ley and others.
At the National Archives and Records Administration, in Record Group 330; Foreign
Scientist Case Files 1947-1958, his personnel dossier is one of over 1500 dossiers of
German and other foreign scientists, technicians and engineers who were brought to the
United States under Project Paperclip and similar programs. His dossier is in Stack Area
230, Row 86, Box 186.
225
�
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Title
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Charles A. Lundquist Collection
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/46" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Charles A. Lundquist Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
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Charles A. Lundquist Collection
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<i>Transplanted Rocket Pioneers</i>.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Engineers
Fort Bliss (Tex.)
German Americans
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Peenemünde (Germany)
Huntsville (Ala.)
Madison County (Ala.)
Operation Paperclip (U.S.)
Description
An account of the resource
The information in this dataset is reproduced from Charles Lundquist's 2014 monograph Transplanted Rocket Pioneers. The information includes biographical and professional information that he compiled to produce the book. Each individual represented in the dataset also has a vertical file in the Lundquist Collection at UAH.
Transplanted Rocket Pioneers is a recognition of the early members of the von Braun rocket team, many of whom were key players in the successful moon landing. Many historians conclude that the lunar missions of the Apollo Program could not have been possible without the leadership and experience provided by a corps of engineers, scientists and managers transplanted from Europe to the Unites States after World War II. This fact motivated Dr. Lundquist to deposit this work in the Archives of the Library at the University of Alabama in Huntsville by assembling a file on each of the individuals who came from Europe to participate in the rocketry activities in Huntsville, or, in a few cases, individuals who had other ties to Huntsville.
This dataset includes a standard one-page summary sheet for each subject. Although most sheets are relatively complete, some data are still missing.
The first two lines on each page records fundamental identification information:
Family name Date of birth Place of birth Given names Date of death Place of death
The next standard entry is a statement of the extent of the Archives Holdings, either i) A primary collection of documents housed in one or more banker boxes, usually a separate individual collection ii) A secondary collection in a standard archive box, or iii) a file folder. Next, if there is an oral or video history for the individual, this fact is noted. A statement about the highest education levels of the individual follows. The next five entries, in chronological order, record whether the individual participated in activities at five sites:
1. Raketenflugplatz-Kummersdorf: Individuals engaged in the activities at these sites of early rocket development experiments sponsored first by VfR and subsequently by the German Army.
2. Peenemünde: Included here are individuals who participated in Peenemünde programs under several auspices, including as Army civilian employees, as members of the German military, as contractor employees on site or visiting as needed, and as university employees collaborating as required.
3. Fort Bliss: Individuals who were brought to Fort Bliss from 1945 to 1950.
4. GMDD-ABMA: Individuals who came to Huntsville, Alabama to work for the US Army rocket programs in the decade 1950 to 1960.
5th MSFC: Individuals who were employed by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in the 1960s.
Some people had various relationships with UAH and that is so noted. Additionally, a statement of immigration details is noted if pertinent. Finally, a great variety of incidental information is included under Incidental Remarks.
UAH Special Collections welcomes additions of biographical materials to the vertical file in the Charles Lundquist Collection. Please note that the work is that of Dr. Lundquist and may contain errors or omissions which are solely the product of his work on the project, as noted in the introduction of the work.: " Finally, it is pertinent to note that any document containing large files will surely have some mistakes or omission. Any errors are the responsibility of the author alone." As was the wish of Dr. Lundquist, we will strive to make factual corrections to the online copy when necessary.
Creator
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Lundquist, Charles A.
Publisher
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The University of Alabama in Huntsville
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2014
Rights
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This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Language
A language of the resource
en
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
web_copy_Transplanted_Rocket_Pioneers
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Text
Source
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University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/43/60/spc_schl_007_058a.pdf
5fc365b722840fa417d4dd33bab2f6e5
PDF Text
Text
SPRING 19S8
50.¢'
• FATHER OF ROCKETRY
Rolph I . Je nnings
• LIFE ON OTHER STARS
Dr. Ernst 5tuhlinge r
• THE REMARKABLE 'X' CRAFT
fre d e ri(k I. Ordway III
• ROCKET MAIL TO THE MOON
Dr. Harold W . Ritchey
�~
ENG..);
Exp loring
New
Concepts
Of
Precision
Design,
..
/UUJMUHl.-
EERING ,
IN C.
Engin eering And
Manufacture Of:
AUTOMATION, SERVOS,
MACHINES,
SPECIAL
GAGES, MACHINING
MISSILE COMPONENTS,
AND FABRICATING.
2300 CLIFTON ROAD
NASHVILLE, TENNESS EE
TEL. BR 7·0566
..
�r
spa ce journal content s
Vol. I, No.2
Spring 1958
de~i gn
p ~ tented
FRONT: L"yout and
mooring
by H ll rry Ltlnge. Sketch is space 5hip
by Dr. Robert H. Godd,trd. Photo of
Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger's ion space ships orbiting around Mars
is from Walt Disney's "Mars and Beyond."
BACK:
Oil painting by Le e Moore illustrates die m a r~er dissipa _
tio n upon impact of first rocket to reach Moon.
BOARD Of CONSULTANTS
Df. W or nner "on B,~ un
P r, Ern, t St uh lin ge r
Prof. Her monn Ob. ,th
HI ITOR_iN_CHIEF
4
SPACE JOURNAL ____ So Spencer Isbell
I
STRIDE INTO SPACE ________________ The New York Times
8. Sp enco r l , b. 1I
EDITORIAL STAff
___ _____ ____ ____ R"'lph E. Je nn ings
Rolph E. J onning '
MM~q . rg Editor
James L. D~ n i . I •. Jr.
A"oc i&t o Edi tor
Milch. 1I R. Sh. rp e, Jr.
A"oc;&te Eddor
David L. Ch,i,t en' en
A"i,loot Editor
21
__ ___ _ ___ __ Dr. Ernd St uhlin g er
______ Or. Ha ro ld W . Ritchey
THE REM A RKAB LE 'X ' CRAFT ________ Fre deri ck I. Ordway III
G RAPHICS STAff
Lee R. Moore, Jr.
___ _____ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ sp",ce pre view
___ __ ___ _ _______________ space cadoons
___ __ __ _____ _ ___________ __ _ _____ reaction
Dir.ctor
H .re ld E. Price
G r .p~·c,
Loyou t Oi,,,olo,
H."y H .-K. Lon go
Ad Diredor
E. . .. 1t H. Ro b. ,ho n
Phot09r5phy DirecTor
35
BEYOND THIS STAR __ ____ _________ ___ J a mes l. Da niels, Jr.
BUS INE SS STAFF
Yew,,11 Lybrond
Jomo. P. GMdMr
Geor90 A Ferre ll
GENERA L MAN AG ER
R,<h.,d T. H•• ~y
PUIIUSHER
St., e y
~_
~o , n.
Jr ,
SPECIAL CRt DIT S
Of.
Photo~ .. p~, ono mot.".1 10' · ·F.t~ .. 01 Rook.h,"
COPY"9hted ono "ere I"n',o.d b. M".
E"he. C. Godd •• d· mo'. r;.1 fo' "Mo" .,d ~y<>"d" .. e'. f"",,t-od by Con Podoroon: ··Oul·O,,"
Spoc. ·· <",'oon' ... ~r. c,U'ed by Con f~d . ""n 0.<1 O.;,V L.,go: . ,1100', 0';on fo' "$'r:de in'.
S".~o· -, b, Gordon W; lI h:le "0 leo Moo,. : ."1""";0" '". "'Lde 0 ' 0''", St.,," .'. by
Iho", o, ,pe,oO' o"d He;" 0 . ,de,ell. : -llu,". "'" 10' 'R<x~.' Moi' '0 ,~. Moon" i, b, Lee
"'00'. ' .,0 ,11 " ,1'."0"' fo, "Boyo"o I~" St. , "' .,. b, Ho", H _K, L. n~ •. Pho'09roph, OI od i "
' M." ' ,,o 8eyo,d" .'. cop"i9h,.d by W.lt O'"ey p,odo""""'.
CON TRIBUTORS
R<»~ M_ Motto" )e'l HamiU",. "'oll~ Doe Scott. M oo~ ) e"""~' , " I, i, Ho".,d.
Go'don D. WIII,'I. . ",I, . E. ~ om. ,_ eo. Ped.",on. Horol" EMon ,
SUBSCR IPTION INfO RMATIO N
Un ;lod S·ol., ond Coo.d. $2 p'"
v'o ' . Fo.ei~n $3 per ' ' ' ' . ~I"'e ""d . U
9~ , N•• ,,,,II •. TO"""M .
PUBLISHING INfORM ATION
SP"CE Jo"ool i, p,bl',hed q"ortdv by Spooo E, ·.,p·:,.,. Inc :, P: 0 , a", 9~. No,,·
" d l. T.,,",,ee '0' SP"Cf Jo,,".1. 1.< .. A Mop,oli! 0'9"""" '0" 01 'n. Rode'
Cily' ",-,ooo", i<o l """,,;.';0' , H o" """.' "I.b.m •. All molor;.1 copV';~".o b,
~~"ce Jo" ••1 Inc ~ ep,,,d"<I;on of ""y "'''''0" " .I~oul """0 ' po""'" on ., pm·
n;b;,.d _ ~,io'eJ '" U. S_ " . Space E"e",,, •• , 10<. , (;eo'jO J. 1.10" " P'e.,oe""
SIM'e r F, Horn J r. V,Pre •. : R:e'.'o l. H e.~v , V· , ••. ; Thom., Sent.I., .
Secre-.,,, M."" I $"",,,,.,, T, .. , _: L E. Nordho ld, hod W,i~M. D;,.<I"" .
ED ITOR IAL I N fO RMAll,)!>!
"" "'OOUIO'-P," ",",I b. IV,,'''':''o. 000 "bmitted ;0 d,o li<. te "ith t.'"to po,lo~o ;j tho •• ,e '0 b. '"'" '"eo , Soou,ity <I. or._,,;:e fo, . 11 Mo'o,i.1 "b""neo " tho
,.""", ib;IiIV 01 the ._,hot . S.,d . 11 ",o",e.,p," 10 Spooe Jo",'ol , P. O . Bo, 82.
H",,,,, ill •. AI.bom • .
"bsc,:ptio", '0 SPACE Jo",oo l, 1o,
journa l
K~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _space
_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
�(OITORIAL
g
\'Iit~
spa ce j ournal
By B. Spencer I sbell
.ditor
P UTNIKS a nd now our own Explorer ha\"e changed a 101 of things b)' opening the
eyes of Ihe p ublic to t he bct lllal space tra ' <c] has become :1 re:llil)'. As ),ou might
guess, the impact of 5.1tellite launching s upo n this fledgling publication has lx.'1!n ,·ery
favorable. One ne ws comtllenn<lor SHItN. " It (SpUllI ik) has shot treme ndous Ihr ust inlO
whal sla rlt.'"<l Oul as AmeriC:L·S fi rst, fa lteri ng space magazine called SPACE JOllrnal-dcdi.
GIlt.'<:! to publicizing fa CHIal discussions of interphLnetary m l,·e]."
S
The St.'Cond edilion of SPA CE J Ollrn(l1 was prepared prior 10 thc birth of Explo re r;
and , therefore, il was iml>ossibie 10 exploit Ihe \"aSI amount of new information for inclosure in this edi lion, Tht"!re is liule doubt that Explorer will h:l\e its effe.:;:t on expandi ng
the horizon for
SPAC I~
Jour n:.!.
Volume I, No. I broughl many ··lellers to the C(litor·'; (I few arc published in {his ed ition's Re action Department. Amo ng other things. some tellers requcsted predictions of
what thc future will bring in Ihe realm of space ltavel, explanations of rclativistic agi ng,
a nd repon s on whal progress has been made toward de,·elopi ng an '"electro-Sta"itic" propulsion s),slem for space ships.
Forthcoming issues will include articles which will atte m pt 10 satisfy these requests.
The next issue will includc ~.n :lr(icJe on what we have al re"dy learned (rom Explo rer.
\~ith due respect for our more imlgina ti,·e readers, we wero;: mo rc impresscd-and
should add , quite concerned- by the volume of mail rcceiv(.""(1 from our younger (a ns. AI·
mOSt illva ri ~. bly the)' wanted detailed information th:.t would help them to bu ild t heir ow n
rockets ( usually proposed as :. basemem project ), These young people "pvc"r resourceful,
if11 ngimLl ive, and capable of SOIlLC startli ng acco mplishments. Thc)' will be our neXI ge neration of scienlists and e ngi neers.
\X'hile t heir quest for knowledge and experience is certainly laudable, the dangcr to
life and p roperty in herent in amateur rocke t building and fi ring ohen creates a highly
undesi.l:able situatio n. This d ~L ngcr is recognized by the professional engineer :ond scientist. as well as the org:l!l i ~:lt i ons actively c ng~l gl'"<l in rocket and missile work. Dr. E<!w:lrd
H. Sey mo ur, Director of l{cse:.rch at It eaction " ·I otors, Inc., has prcpared a SF.eei a] !cner to
young scient ists. \'\fe feel Ih:1I il may help an evcr- increas ing n umber of youngste rs who a rc
interested in und ertaki ng o;:xperimems of th is type.
2
sp",ce iournal
�r
TO T H E AMATEUR ROCKET BUI LDER
W e were happy to ' <.'eein' your recent [clter. a nd 10 Jearn of your plan' for
a n cxpu imcmal rocket.
T he rocket engine is an intriguing dC"icc, and working
On ils develop m ent Can be an
inle r~5'inS
manufacturers. we arc
encouraged
3I w3)"
and ,,,.idying I'roje<:l.
(0
As r ocket engine
sec young people become c nl hus;as!;,
about this area of ani"ily, for i, is you ng men like you who will be Ihe e ngineers
a nd scientists of to m o r row and bdping .0 maiola in progress in this vital field .
Alt hough the approach 10 a n experimental \",i1 such as yOIl oudi ned a p pea rs
re aso nable, we have found .h a. it is n ol po.,ible for U5 10 determine t he fea sihility, Or c"en mOre importan t. the sa fet), of such ;' unit wi.hout more informa·
lion.
All cxpc;rimcnta l work must be reviewed carcfullr to determine how cal"h
pic~e
is to be built, and what trpc of operating procedure is to be u \.ed.
use 'he Sa me approach in our work.
\'ife
Each new d c, isn is carcfulLr ch ecked ,
" nd teStS arc ru n with cucfully planned an d supervised procedures.
Almost all rocket engine test ing, esp(>ciallr new designs, is done behind explosion_proof.
a re
s.~fely
re inforced COnaete
barricades,
separatcd from the uoit undcr ,cst.
training and c05tl)"
~q ui p m ent,
this ro "
wh~r~
a ll Ol",rating
T o t he am a teur, w;thou,
of
rl:s~arch
pl:rronnd
ext~nsi"e
is extremely hazardou s.
For your own sa fl:!)" as wcll as till: safNy of ot hcrs. we Cannot emphasize tOO
st ron);"ly the dangers inhcrcnt in this typc of work.
Ox ),!;en and propane, for
instance, contain more enNgy p<! r I>ound than dox'S TNT, J( it h appens to be
rdcasc<l explosi"ely instead of in normal bu r ning, considerahle danlage and
injury can OCCur.
am so rry we Can nOt give yOu a mOre dire<:t answer to yonr qucs! ion,
but experience h as shown u s that i. is no< p ossible to do th is without being r ight
on ,he sJ>Ot e"ery day, and th e importance of avoiding injury and damagl: is so
);"rea t that we fecI . ha t this must be our p olicy.
I would urge ,hat )'ou diseu" rour planned work w ith your high school
se;ence
t each~r,
"nd
inve~'i~ate .It~
possiltili.y of form ing an amateur r ocket cl ub.
It is far beuer to .ha re wi.h o thers the joyS and h a rd ships,
f~ilures,
(and incidentallr, th e
~xpen",s)
of work on such an
th ~
Successes ,.nd
<:xcitin~
l"oj"'t.
Th e, e are a number o f such sroups throughout th e country, m any o f th em
affiliated wi th th e Ame rican Astronautical
Fed~ra .ion,
a "ational organization
dedica.ed 10 th e coll",. ion "nd di.,."minmion of inform'lti on and th e promotion
of space flight, or with t he Ame r;can
R oc k~t Soci~ty.
W h~ther
ro n form s nch a
gro up or nOt, an)' fu.ure wo rk you d o shou ld be u n der the guidance of a
rC'lponsibIe adult such as your s.:ience
teach~r,
Should you d <><:ide to follow . he i,,,crest you h a,'c already shown in this
field, and we ce rlain l}' hope ro u d o, you will be coming into an
ex~iting
pro·
fessio n at th e m OSt d"""a,ic ,iml:. T hroushout the co u rse of history. man h as
always bc<: n intrigued b y exp loration of t his blan k e. of air that surrounds u s.
lII"ny o f his attem p ts to pie rce it. including Some o f those c urrem lr in progress,
h a "e '",en pla gued wi th failure. Nonetheless, he has p<!rsi;ud w ith a wi ll to SUC·
ceed that has put wi thin our srasp the means to accomplish hi s m ost fascinating
drea m-fl ight into outer space.
Dr. Edward H . ~~'mour
Director o f Research
R eaction lII otors, Inc.
3
space journal
-"---------------------------------------------------------
�S PACE
PHILOSOPH Y
stri de into space
R ep ri n t ed F rom The New York T imes
A
J.R EADY NOW it is clear that O Ctober 4, 1957 will go dow n imperishably in the annals o f humanity as th e date
o n which o ne of mail's fi llest a<:hievements
was acco m pl ished,
That which WOlS so
recent ly a subject only for theoret ical speculatio n or sciellce fi ctioll h;ls now become
re;IIi!},: a ma n ,made sp ace s.:ue!!it e now revoh'cs, for a time, around o u r globe. \x/ ilh
t hat feat h um anit y has mke n a gi:m t stride
toward space. The dream of the greatest
minds amo ng mllny past generat io ns is now
well on the way to ward becoming reality.
The sphcre which now revolves in t he
he avens ;.bo\,c us is t he guarlllllce that m an
ca n soon brc:ok comple tely the fetlers of
grav ity which have hitherto bound life to
thi s tiny planet. The long road to the
stars is now open .
It was the Soviet scie nti sts lind lechnidans who bui lt :Lnd laun<:h(.-d this concrete
sy m bol of mall's com ing lihcrlltion from
th e forces which have hitherto bou nd him
to earth . To them m ust go the congratula _
tions of all humanity. This is a feat of
which lIll mankind Call be proud . The
$oviet cit i..-;ens w ho accomplish(,-d it set the
peak on a huge tower w hi ch h,Ld bee n
raised by men of ma ny nlllions in t he decades and cenruries earlier. Newl'On and
Ke p ler, Galileo and Cope rni cus. Tsiolkov_
sky, God dard and Obcrth, al! these and
many others m;ode their contributio ns to
buildillg the edifice of knowledge which
made possible th is superlati ve Olchievelllent_
Every great ;ochievcment o f modern wehnology o pe ns up two rollds before humanity. One is the road of hope and pro m ise,
a road made possible if m en of a ll n atiOIlS
li nd all beliefs will work IOgether for the
good of humanit}'. The o t he r is the rOlld
of despair and di saster, the rOlld which is
4
space journal
followed if t he great ach ie"ements of un ive rsa l scie nce arc used for the purposes of
aggression , death and destruction,
So it is w ith the space siltelli{e. The
rocket m OlOrs wh ich se n t it inlO the upper
atmosp here can be harnessed for a great
cooperative h um an assault on the barriers
of diswnce whic h still sepa ra te us from
c,'en o ur nearest neighbors in space. Or
they can be incorporatc<1 inw in tercontinental ballistic missiles deliveri ng hydrogen bombs upon defcnscles.s milliOIlS. It
is fo r a ll ma nki nd ('0 <Iecide which of these
tWO roads shall be mken. And the fantastically rapid lCmpo of modern scienti fiC
a nd technical advance perm its no dawdli ng
over reaching the dec ision.
�..
DEDI CATI ON
lathe r 01 rocketry
B y R alph E. J enn i ngs
(ED ITOR 'S "';OTE: Th., aUlhor i, indebted
to Esther C. Goddard for making available 10
him p;clures and ;nforn,,,I;on " 'hieh han nen,.
before been published. In a lener .0 Mr . Jenning'- Mrs. Goddard ,Ia.ed : ' 1 am delighled Ihal
rou plo,,, 10 dediC'llle Ih", $oCCond i,we 10 m}' La.e
hU5band and hi, work on rockets." SPACE
Journa l lakes prioe in presenling ' 0 ;IS r",aucu
,om" hilherlo "np"blisheo on,,,er;.L concerning
.he life ami work of a g,,,,at Am",ican sdenl;sl. )
he ao;:quired h is M.A. and Ph. l). Aher l WO
years as a resea rch fellow at P rinceton Uni,·e rsit)'. he went 10 Clark Unh·crsi l)' where
he was 5ucccssi"ely lin instructor. assista nt
p rofessor. and professor of physics.
While at Clark. Dr. Godd ard set down
some recol1eo;:tions w hkh began: "Owing
to t he widespread intcrest whic h is certain
to a r ise ItHer regardi ng space navig:l{io n, o r
T
il E Fm ST t:LlG HT of :1 liqu id oxygen-gasoline rocket w~s obtai ned on
Marc h 5, 1926, in Auburn , Mass., and was
reponed 10 the Smi lhsonian Institution May
5. 1926... . The rocket lraveh.'<1 a distance
of 184 fccr in 2.5 seconds, as timed by SlOp
watc h, making the speed along the traje<:tor)' abouI 60 miles per hour." Thus wrote
Robert Hutchings Goddard in his second
Smithsonian repot!. " Liquid-Propellant
Rocket De,·elopmenl." \X/ hat seemed 10 be
an insignificant evenl aCtuall)' marked the
binh of a new era. For when Robert Godda rd's rocket lra,eled 184 fec i. the distance
was a step fo r ward in sc"en-Ieague boots b),
Ma n in h is long str uggle up from darkness
toward maSter), of his c n,·ironmenl.
In t hc words of Har ry F. Guggenheim,
presidellt of the Guggenheim Foundat ion,
Dr. Godd:lrd "was iusI as surcl)' the fa ther
of modern rocketS as the \V r ight Brothers
were of t he airplane." H e was o;:erw in ly the
greatest experime ntal pioneer in this subjecl- nOt (I mere d (lbbling inventor, but
one w ho unde rstood t he pr inciples involved and was capilble also of developing
the nec(.'Ssar), t heor ies, as was to be expco;:ted
from a man with his suco;:essful academic
career.
Bo rn o n October 5, 1882, in \X' ora'ster,
Mass., young Goddard attended school in
Doston and then entered \\'I'o ro;:eSle r Polytechnic Institute, obtaining a B.S. degree
in 1908. He was a ph)'sics instrunor at
\'(lo rceSter until 1911, d uring which period
COPY I!lGIIT IlY ),IRS.
1I01l ~:RT
II. GOOOAltO
Dr. Roherl H. Goddard lIlakillg adjustmellts at tbe upper elld oftbe rockel com·
busrioll chulIlber. ArOll1lt1 tbe cbamber
are slIIa/l coils oj copper tubillg for "aporizillg liqllid lIitrogell ill order to "rodllce
pressure for the Juel tallits alliJ Jor opera/·
illl{ cOlltro/s. PUIII/JS were used Jor Ille
/iqllM Jlle/s. Pbolograpbel/ ill 1940.
5
space iournal
�record of suggestions..•• T he suggestions
wcre very dh'c rsified, and concerned the
possibility of using the magnetic field of
the eanh; sllCOting ' nllteria l to a 'spacc
ship' by means of elcclric, and other , guns;
an airplane opera ted lit high speed by lhe
repu lsion of charged particles; :Irtificiall y
stimu lated rodio-activil),; artificial atoms of
g reat energy, consist ing of mov ing posili\'e
nnd negative charges; p ropulsion in space
by repu lsioll of charged panicles; reaction
agai nst dis p lacement Currents in space; re·
sltmds
frame before tbe world's first flight 01 a
liquitl-propclltlill rocket 011 i\larch 16,
1926.
interpl nnemry studies, it seems wonhwhile
to nOte t he developme nt of the writer's
ideas a nd experiments upon the su bject .
.
Dr. Goddard neve r published these notes.
\,(I h:1I he published principally we re his
p:ltcnlS and twO repons to the Smit hsonian
Institution, the product of yea rs of independent and methodical experimenta tion.
''<'hat he did not p ub lish were h is spec u lations on sp:lce flight-Ix.'Cuusc he thoug ht
more of them, not less o f them. At o ne
point, he fil ed these spt.'Cui;ltions a way in
a fr iend'S S:lfe and ma rked (hem: "To be
op'ened on l)' by an o p timise"
They are now being opened, in the
cou rse of prep:lring Dr, Goddard's biogr:l_
phy. Mrs. Godda rd is engaged in editi ng
h is expcrimem:il nOtes for publication.
Scie n tistS and laymen alike wi ll be interested in Dr. Goddar<i's resume of some of
these speculations whic h he set down between 1904 ami 1908 wh ile he was an undergraduate nt 'X/orccstcr. " I bought a
n umbe r of green-cown.-d notebooks," he
w ro te, "and started to make a systemat ic
6
space journal
thelter III Jhe If/tlrtt Farm, Aubllrll, i\ltlJS.
PholoC",ph ttlRe,t 0 11 Jllly /7, 1929,
pulsion o f high ly healed materi:d particles
at the focus of parl~ bolic mirro rs; Ihe lise
of solar energy, by light de\·iccs. on u 's pace
sh ip;' th e idea of the mu hiple charge rocket ; the usc of liquid p rope llants; a nd several
other plans." A su mmary of 26 methods was
w r inen on December 28, 1909.
Like other men of vision who have made
" a lllable contributions to fund ame ntal and
his im portant wo rk were lill ie known Juring his lifetime. In Ihe cou rse of h is pioneering im 'csligations, I)r. Goddard achieved
m any "fi rSts" in rocket research, anyo ne
of which would be sufficien t 10 assu re him
a permane n t phlcc in the history of mo<lern
science and eng i n(.~ ri ng.
�7. He deveLo]X-J thc mathern,nica! theory
of rocket propuLsion and flight .
8. H e fi rst proved. both mathemat icaLLy
a nd by actual test, that a rocket will work
in a vacuum.
\'('hen the United St(ltes entercd the fi rst
\'('orld \'('ar, Dr. Goddard volunteered his
services and was given the task of exploring
the military possibilities of roc kets. He
succeeded in developing a trajectory rocket
which (ued intermine[J{ly, tllc charges be·
ing injected imo the comhUSl ion chamber
by a method simi lar to tha t of tbe repeating
r ifle. H e also devcJo]X-J sewral types of
projectile rockets intended to be fired from
a launching tube held in the hands ,IOU
steadied by twO short legs--much like the
bazooka of \'('orld \'\!ar U.
Dr. Godd,ml ill bh laborato r), at Clark
UlIiI·ersity witb tbe rocket tested 011 May 4,
1926. Tbis rocket h tbe second "//Iodel 0/ a
iifJllid-propeU'1II1 rocket first f/OWII 011
Ma rc/) 16, 1926,
Amo ng the principal oncs arc the following :
1. He developed the basic idea of the
bazooka in 1918 during \'('orld \'('ar 1. The
weapon was nor uscd until \,\'orld \'('ar H.
2. He developed a rocket motor using
liquid fuels and uscd it in a liquid· fuel
propelled rocket in L926.
3. H e was Ihc first to shoot a rocket faster
tha n the speed of sound.
4.. H e developed a gyro5Copic steering apparatus for rockets ten years before it was
developed in Europe.
5. He was thc first to use vanes in the
blast of the rocke t motor for steering rockets.
6. H e patented the idea of "step-rockets."
These weapons were demonstrated quite
successfully at Aberdeen P ro,·ing Grounds
00 Novembe r 10, 1918, before represcnt~'·
ti ves of the ~lrmed services. However, the
armist ice on the foLLowing d:,y pllt an end
to the war and also to immediate interest
in these weapons .
.i.\"lany a great man owes much of his success to the loyaLty, devotion, and eacourage·
ment of a woman who is vitally interested
in his career. These qua lities were brought
into Dr. G oddard·s life by Esther Kisk
whom he married in 1924. She took an
acri,'e ioterl'st in his experiments and served
as the official photographl'r of his tests.
Dr. Goddard's resea rch and exper iments
during (he oext twO decades were summa rized in twO papers, "A Metho<l of Reaching
E"Heme Altitudes" and ·' Liquid-Propella n t
Rocket Development." These tWO famous
reports d id much to estabL ish on a world·
A rocket tested 011 Jill)' 10, 1927. Note tbe
similarit), of arrallgemel/l to Jbe V ol.
7
space journal
.
�w ide basis the sc:entific and engineering
w lues in rocket nnd jet propulsion research.
Dr. Goddard even made some tests to fi nd
OUt how much powder would be required
to make a Rash visible at a dista nce of 2!4
m iles, lind from this he c:.lcu lated thllt II
rocke t weighing about 3 \4 Ions would be
requ ired to carry sufficient Rash powde r to
make a visible fl ash o n the moon. He went
o n to make fhe further r.It he r vague state·
ment (G odd ard's imlics): "Th is pla n of
sendin g a Illass of flas h powder to the su r·
f:"c o f the moon, althoug h a maner of
ru m;\, gencnd interest, is not of o b vious
sciemi fi c importance, There are, howeve r,
tICI'eio/wHlm s 01 Jhe gelle l'nl lIIe/botl under
t/i1cuSlioll, wbicb ;1I1'o h 'e n IIlIlIIber of im·
portallt fealllres 1I0t herei.. mcntioned,
whic h cou ld lead to results of m uch scien·
t ific in teren. T hese developme nts invoh'e
nlany experimenta l d ifficulties, to be S\Ire;
b ut th e)' depend upo n noth ing tha t is really
im l>ossible." It may be arri"ed at by con·
jL'Cwre that the unspecified de"elopments
might be tIl ken to include manned inter.
p\ane("olr), It;H·C!.
Dr. Goddl. rd 's precocious talents and prophetic w ri tings are analogous (0 those of
Leonardo da Vinci whose original and dar·
ing theories might we ll ha"e revolutio ni zed
the thollght of h is day had they been ex·
tracted earlier from his "oluminous manu·
scripts, whic h remai ned unpublis hed until
recent ti mes. Dr. Goddard 's proposal to
explode :. load of flash J>owuer o n the moon
set o ff a Roman Holiday nmong newspaper
men. The idea of it blinding man·ma<\e flash
on the Illoon c:'ptureu t he imagina t ion of
the public, And (0 compou nd the excite·
ment, Ih is was nOt tho! in5:Ule proposal of
th e stCreotYI'L-d l':lflUloid scientist of comic
strip lore who slirround<.-d hi mself in his
slu m attic w it h bubbling caldrons of green
mist. It was the ide:. of a d isciplined,
p sp;:holog ically well.adjusted teache r of
ph ysicS. It wns the p roposal of a man who
rocket ;11 t be sbop a' R oswell, Neill ,\ lex;co, 011 f eb",ar) 6, 1940. i /lfscd ,"'!liPS
jor fllels alld II'US approximalel)' 1Z feet IOllg,
8
space journal
�r
AmeriC"J. n magaz ines on an ar licle which
presu med to suggesl Ihllt ato m ic energy
would onc d ay propel II rocket into inlerplanetar), space. One edilor rep lied: " The
speculation is imeresling, but the impossi.
bility of e,'e r doing it is so cen a in th at it
is nOI p rac tically useful. You have writlen
well a nd clearl y, but nOI helpfu ll y to science
as I SC(! il..
I relUrll the p aper wi th
thanks:'
Specul at ion on whether our ge ne rat ion
will li"e to see the p redictions of Robert
Hutchings Godd nrJ become real ized fans
is not of pa ramount concern. Bllt whet her
(here is 10 be li n llggressivc con tinu ation
of fund amental research in n climate of
tolera nce is the concern of eve r)' li"ing
Ame rica n. It is imperative Ihnt such a climate incl ude aid, encouragement, and prop·
er recog nilio n for men like Goddard who
in spite of tC1:hnical d ifficullies, disbelief,
and ri dicu le persist wi th dogged reso lu tion
u nt il they rea lize the ir a ims. The true fu lfillmem of our hopes for a p<'IIceful a nd
beuer world lies in the (ru it of the ir labors.
Tbe begimling oJ a fligbt 011 March 17,
/938. Th e IIi/mch;II!; lou'er shows a calapull arrill/gell/em,
had eMlled his Ph.D. in his ow n flcld and
who us a commissioned office r had improved
sisnal rockclS for the Navy. 10 addition, Dr.
Godd nr<I's work had the blessings of the
Srnithso ni:w Institution.
A few months :ther Dr. Goddard had been
elecled 10 t he BOil Td of Directors of the
Amc riClm Rocke l Society, he died on AugllSI
10, 1945. " The life·wo r k of Goddard," wrote
th e di rcclOrs. "both as a scientist and a
man, will always remain a brillian! inspira.
t io n 10 those who are privileged to carry
o n his e ndeavors, and 10 enr}' other bold
explorer on the frontiers of science. In lime
10 come, h is name will be SC I among the
foremos t of American Icchnical pioneers."
Fifty )'clln ago, in Ja nuary, 1907, Goddard
as II SlUde nt lit Worcester Tech received
rejcclion lette rs from Ihree highl y esleemed
9
space journal
.
�SPAtf.
AMALYSIS
lif' on oth,r stars
B y Ern s l Stuhlinger
di,.ctor, , . ,u,ch projuh ollie.
.,my b.lli,!;c, millil •• ~.ncy
(Editor. ,.ot~: This is ,he firs. inn.llmenl of
• Ihree·part arlide. The Olhe. ' ....0 parIS ....·ill
follow in l ubsequenl iss ue, of 51'ACE Journal).
N l:ORMER TIMES there was no q uestion about life on other stars. The com·
mon belief followed a literal interpretation
of the teachings of the Dible. Our earth was
though I 10 be the center of the uni\'e rse, the
only place inhabited by Ih'ing beings. At
Ihe lime of creation all the plants and aninlaiJ had come into exislence as they arc
now, acco rding to ODe well-conceivcd master
plan. No change occurred-no development,
I
Figll'tJ 1. Relative sizes 0/ Ihe plalJeIl al letJlI
10
space journa l
no expansion. The nalura l K iences, 100
much in their infancy, a nd 100 stricli)' limilcd to a selcclcd few, did nOl provide enough
cogen! evidence to the conlrary to make a
mooificadon of this com mon belief necessary.
Some few hundred years ago, the h uman
mind entered into a new phase of itS evolution. It developed an inquisiti\'e curiosity
10 know morc about the worid. Tooay our
earth is no longer accepted as the perfect
masterpiece of one six-day creation. It is
recognized as a small planet among billions
f,011l
fbe e(.frtb.
�PLUTO, . -1
• MOO N, . '0,27
•
MERCURY I
•
r - 0.39
MAR S, . -0.52
•
VE NUS, .. 0.97
•
EARTH •• -!.O
NEPTUNE •• >3.9
URANUS , r - 4,0
Pigure 2. Relati ve shes of the plal/ets.
and bi ll ions of Stars in a boundless universe.
E\"olution, not perfection, setS the grandiose
stage on which we are the actors and the
Spcct:ltots as well. We came to realize that
the human mind has the capability of learning and, to a certain degree, of unde rsrand·
ing how this world came into being, how
it is built, and how it de\'elops. To Ihe
\'isible world a rou nd us which was accessi ble to our forefathers, modern scientists
h;n 'e pdded ncw wo rlds: the world of the
tHoms, ;md the world of the stars. \Xle ha\e
fOUlul tlmt there :Ire universal h.w5 of natu rc
va lid equally in th ese three worlds which
help us to unde rstand their interrelations
and some of thei r mystcries. The natural
sciences today offer uS the foundation for
a concept of the world which is nor o n ly
more correct, but also much grcater, a ~d far
lIlore magnificent, th om any concept our
forefathers could de\"elop in their tilnes.
Life o n other stars ? It would have been
a profanity in medieval times 10 believe
that it might ha"e existed. Today this q uestion is one of the 11100t challenging problems
of science. There is hardl y onc grea t scho lM
who d ocs not g ive it his attention, and many
of t hem arc rew;Lrdcd br brill iant new ideas.
The remarkable fact is that e\'ery branch of
natu ral science bears upon t his problemastro nomy. physic~, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, and all the others. Once
we have the answer, its impact will be felt
C\'en b r sciences as sublime as philosophy
and theology.
The questioo of whether life exisUi outside
th e bounds of ollr earth cannOt be answered
by a plain yes or 00 tod ay. If the answer
should be positive, it may well be th at ""c
will have it as soon as a manned sutellite
around the earth offers a platfor m fo r observations. \'\' 1' certainly will know when
our (ust imerplane wry space ship takes us
to t.hrs; and this nmy pmsibl)' happen be·
fore the cnd of our centurr.
It is anot her thing if we ask what the
prubability is that life ex ists on other celes·
tial bodics. \Xle know the external cond itions lI nder w h ich life was ab le to de\"e lop
and subsist on earth. Wc know much abou t
th e environmental conditions which prel'ail
on other planets in our solar sy5teOi. and
cven on other fi xed stars. Comparing the
necessary conditions lor life with the exist-
II
sp~ce journal
�II
ing conditio ns o n stars, we can conclude
wit h a h igh degree of probability whe t he r
lifc shoul<1 be cxpeclCd (here, a nd into
what forms it may have dc,·eloped.
This way of reasoning may seem rather
bold. Howe,-cr , count less obscn~.l { i o n s o n
t his ciln h have shown Ihm w henever the
conditions for a certai n dc\C~ l opll1c[)[ a rc
favo rable, natu re docs nOt hcs italc 10 sian
this dc\·clopmcnt. Scientists arc confident
that this Tille, so ohen confirmed on eaflh,
may St ill be applied when the dC\'clopmclH
is IIml of living organisms, a nd w hen t he
place is nOt confined 10 this c:Lr\ h.
Our original questio n about t he e xistence
of life outside the ea r th, t he refore, reduces
10 the question of cnvironmcoml condi·
tions on other Slars and of nlXessary condi .
lions (or the development of life. These
q uestions clI n be answered to a considerable
degree uxl:.y, pa rt ially from d irect observa.
tions :lIId experi ments, part ial ly fro m extra·
pollH ions and log ica l de<;luc l ions.
Althoug h we usually Ih ink of planets only
when we discuss Ihe chances of finding life
o n other celestial bodies, 1I't' sholdd II0t
ol'ulook Iht' pOJSibility 0/ lift (Itf'tlQPillg
Illso 011 Iht "("uk" COlI/fioU CIII of a dOl/ble
jlllr, whe re lig ht and hea l wou ld be avail·
able fro m Ihc "bri ght" com ponen t. In t he
p rese m anicle we reSl r icl our considerations
10 p laner.like bodies whic h are much small·
er than the central Slar t hat gives t hem light
and hear,
\X'e will div ide our sub ject fro m he re
on into Th ree pans; T he as tro nomical as·
FigJlre 4. T he Crab NebJlla, a Ieflof'er of "
mPeNIQI'a e,.plQsiQIl i,1 /054 A.D .
pc<:ts, t he physica l cond itio ns, and the
biolog ical problem, The present article
will dea l wit h the astronomical aspt.'(:15 o f
life on othcr stars.
\X' hen we Ihink of life o n orher celestial
bod ies, we are incl ined 10 associate its
I>ossible exislence wit h c nv i.ron melllal con·
dilions as we havc t hem on o ur earth. T he
average lemperattlfe should nOI be: al>o\'e
60 C to 80 C, and not m uch below the
freezi ng point of water; the re should be
a n atmosphe re wi l h at lcast somc oxygen
or carbon d iox ide; Ihere shou ld be wate r;
nnd Ihere should be occasional sunshine,
or nn eq\livalellt smrsh ine. As we will sec
hLter, these cond itions ilfe mandatory.
T hat such an accumu latio n of condi lions
lIlay well occur in planetnry s),StemS is
proven by our own enrth. T he question is
thclI: \X' hal is Ihe probability thai a pl:lnemr)' s),stcm like thc solar fam ily occurs
among the fi xed Stars? De fore answe r ing
th is q ues tion, we take a sho rt look at t he
Structu re and the history of t he solar sys·
tern, of our galaxy, and of th c stellar uni·
"erse,
Jiigure 3, Relati,'e
tlis/at/eel
o/Ibe platlets / rolll ,be
Hili .
�One of the mOSt impressive fe:lIures of
t he solar syuem is the smallness of its componentS as compared to t heir distances. If
we should build a model of the sun and ilS
planets, a nd if we chose a sphere of three
inches in diameter, for example. an orange
for the su n , the planets would have the
following diametcrs and distances: Mercury,
0.01 inches u 10 feet; Venus. 0.026 inches
at 20 fcc t; earth, 0.027 inches at 27 fee t;
!\lars, 0.015 inches at 40 feet; j upite r, 0.3
inches at 135 fcct; Saturn, 0.25 inches at
255 feet; Ura n us, 0.12 inches at 525 ft.'Ct;
Neptune, 0.12 inc hes at 810 feet; Pl uto,
wit h as )·et unknow n diameter, at 1,060
feet (Figs. I, 2 and 3.) In the same
mode l, the nearest fixed star would h:1\'e
a dista nce o f 1,000 m iles fro m the sun, and
the e nd of our ga laxy would be 20 million
miles away. Besides the nine planets, we
find a belt of ma ny small astero ids berwecn
the orbits of Mars and j upite r; about 1,500
of them ha\'c been ide ntified. The mass of
the sun comprises about 99.8% of the tota l
mass of the solar system; the planets only
I:;gllrtl , . Th, big sp;rlll1leblllll ;" AmlroflleJIl.
0.2% . On the o ther hand, the combined
angu lar momentum of the planelS is about
98%., and that o f t he su n 2%. of the total
angular momentum of the system. The
sun consists of o,'er 90% hydrogen; heavy
clements arc rare. On the earth, heavy
c lements arc much more abu nd ant. The
composition of the planetS, disregarding
thei r atmospheres, is "ery probably similar
10 that of the e;lrth.
The la rge angular mOlllentum o f the
p lanelS is a very strong p roof agains t the
assumption that the planets were in former
times a part of the su n, or e\'cn that the
sun and Ihe planet5 werc formed in onc
p rocess out of a big diffusc nebula. A more
satisfactory expla natio n is possiblc only if
anothe r star, in add ilion 10 the su n, is assumcd to havc participated in the plane.
togcnic process. Theories by Chamberl in
and Moulton, a nd in n very advanced and
refined form by jeans, succeeded in describing many of thc detailed features of
the solar syStems by assuming the closc approach of anOlher Stur. Gravitational
�I
forccs WQuld p rod uce huge tidal wa,"es
a nd would c ,"en pull large amounts of mat·
rer out of the $u n , in the form of
II
giga n tic
" /illlnlcOI." This lila ment would finall y
break up unde r ils own gravitation aod
form a number of separate bodies wbich
finally would mo'"c around the sun in plane.
{'.try
orbits.
Their
angu lar
m oment um
would ha\"e been provided by t he passing
Slar.
The
s;\ffiC
p la net-fo rming
process
would a lso accoun t for the moons of lhe
pl:Lncls. One conspicuous faer remains
1I1lcxpinincd by this lhcory~thc fast rota·
lio n of some of the pl:mcls. I n order to
make this rot ation unde rsta ndable, J effreys
supposes a
"gm~ i ng
collision " between a
StH r and the sun, instead of n dose approach.
Frictio nal forces, in addition to g ravita.
tional forces, oou[(1 then accounr for the
rotlu;omll motions o f Ihe planet.
\'(' ilh t his assumplion, the obsen'ed rOtlllion and the total maS5 o f the planeu can
be explained s.,t isfactor ily. Howe\'cr, the
lurge :mgula r momelllum o f the planeu
then remains a myStery.
A new idea was introduced by R u~ 1I
a nd de\'elop<.od further by Lynleton. They
pointed out tlmt many of the Stars, almost
one-half of them, a re twin nars, revolving
arou nd each other at d istances w hich may
count fro m aOOm a third of a light year
down to less tha n the diameter of o ne of
them. POI:lri S, ollr north sta r, is k nown to
be II (I'lintupl et; CaSto r is e\'cn composed
of six indi vidual Sta rs, all orbiting Mound
ellc h other. R usse ll ass\lllled Ihat our sun
hlLd a [win, 100, 0.1 about the dist;mce of
the major planets. This twin was hi T and
snmshc,d to pieces by anot her star. Some
of the frag ments re mained in solar orbits;
they a rc our planets now.
This theory is able to explain Ihe rota·
lio n. Ihe angula r momenrUlll, t he distances,
a nd many o ther features of the planets. lis
sho rtcoming is the eXlremeiy sm;11I prob.
a bility for a direct hit between stau. To
help th is situation, Hoyle made the sug·
14
space journal
geslion that t he tw in Star may nOt hn\'e
been h it by another sta r, but may ha\'e
go ne through the naturJI cycle of its e\'olution, w hic h terminatc<l in a C:lIaclysmic
explosion. The hea\')' pieces of this ex·
plosion were hurled fa r Out inro sJY.Ice; a
huge cloud o f gases a nd dust remained in
the sola r gra\'itado na l fiel d , but with the
angular Illo men tu m which was left over
from the twin sta r. This gas and d ust cloud
first spread OU I arou nd the sun in a riog.
shaped disk, but later il contracted into
discrcte blobs becausc of eddy currents and
gravilllliona l inst1lbililies. Most of the
mass contained in (he g(IS nnd dust cloud
was finally concenlrnted in the ninc planets.
This th,--'Ory of planetary origin is part
of a comp rehensive "New Cosmology" by
H oyle and L),ltletOn. Allhough it is by
no means free of conlro\ersies, it offers very
intriguing desc ri pl ions o f the life cycles of
5(,ITS, of their energy hal;lIIce, and of the ir
compositio ns. T he explosion of the sun's
twin sta r, in the light of this theor)", would
be a "supernO\'a," the laSI phase of o ne
specific grou p of SUles called supergiants.
Three supernovae were observed within
our ga laxy in historic t imes: the firs t was
seen in 1054 by the Chinesc; rhe second in
l 572 by T ycho Brahe; :I nd the third in 1604
by Keppler. The firSI 5u pe rnO'~1 left a
gllscous mass, the well·k nown Crab Nebula
( Fig. 4), which has heen ex panding dur ing
the paS t 9DO rears with a peri phcral velocity
of abou t GOO miles per second.
Supernova explosions arc kno wn from
other galax ies. Their outburst of light is
so treme ndous t hai they ca n be observed
from the earth. Althou1,;h the final development sta1,;e of a supergi(lnt which
leads to a supernova mo.)" weB extend o\"er
millions of )Cars, the explosion itself I:1St5
only fo r a few da}s. T he frequency of
supernova explosions, according to I),'ade
a nd Zwicky, is about once in "DO or 500
rea rs per gal:lxy, a fi1,;\ue wh ic h agrees well
with rhe three supern ovae ohscT\'ed wit hin
OtiC ga laxy during the last 900 yea rs.
�H oyle's theory is well Cllpablc of explain.
ing many of the outstanding features of our
planetary SYSlem. It e\'en explains why
we find an abundance of heav)' e lemenu on
tile planetS, but not on the sun; heavy
nuclei a rc fo rmed in energy-consuming
nuclear processes during the collapsing
phase of a superg iant, shortly before its explosion. During this same phase it is likely
t hat a supergiant emits electromagnetic
waves which are obsen-cd by redia astron·
omers on earth. The last phase of the
entire process, the cont raction of the gas
lind duST cloud into diSl; retC planets, has
heen studied in great det:lil by von \'(feiz_
saecker. );xpanding Ihe law5 of fluid dyna mics to an aSlConomical scale, and Ill'plying them to the specia l case of II gas
and dUSt cloud around the sun, he could
derive many of the speci:11 properties which
we observe in t he plane tary s)'stem.
It cannot be said today whether this concept of planelogenesis comes close to the
truth. H owever. it ~ms to lead to less
controversies than older theories, and we
may well IIdopt it unti l bener theodes are
available. The probllbilities (or all the individual steps of {his planemry history can
be est ima ted from observations and mathe·
matical deduct ions; we finally can calculate
how of len a planetary SYS{ClII may ha\'e
,Ie,-eloped within our galaxy since its beg in ning.
Th is article is fa r tOO short to give an indiOltion of the demils of the various
theories or of rhe methods of o bsen'ation
and reasoning which a rc applie<1 by aStrOnomers to o bmin n u merical resultS. The
rollow ing !l umbers a nd f'gure$ are there_
fore only transmitted as (acts without
fu rther arguments.
Pigllrtl 6. A Sla r 'cloud' ill SagilJarills. This is onl) II lIl;'llll e porlion of the slars ,.isible i'J
Olle glllax)'. lVi/bill Ibe ellrtb's range of absen'lltioll Ibere lire abOli1 100 mil/;oll ga/a:des.
Each glllllX)' ilia), colliain 100,000 se//- slI#tlillillg plal/ets.
15
space iournal
�Our galaxy has an age of aboul " billion
years. \Vi(h one SU I>c rnova explosion e"cry
400 years, about 10 million supern ovaI.' must
have exploded (luring our gabxy's life
span. Eve ry second o ne of (hem may havc
hee n one component of a twin star, giving
risc to a c irculllstell:ar gllS and dust doml,
and subscquemly to a family of planets.
E\'en if it may be tOO oplimislic to assume
Ihal each of the resulting 5 million planetary syStemS COlllains at leasl one planet
wilh condilions favorable fo r Ihe developmem of life, it is cen ainly not un realist ic
to expect that onc planetary fumily out of
50 includes a mcmber o n whic h condi tions
similar to those on our c,tnh prevailed at
o ne time o r anOther. Tbis lIIeUIlS (bllt we
sbollid eX/Jeff tbal Ii/' ill Jome form may
bal'e det ·eloped. dllrillg tbe laJt 4 billiD"
)earS, f)l1 ubolll 100,000 ,IiUert'''' pial/tis
wilbitt Ollr gala:.:y.
O ur own !;lllalCy show the structure of a
spi ral nebula. Its size and shape resembles
"ery closely one of its neMeSt neighbors in
spnce. the benutiful spirn l ne b ula in Andronu.xI(1 ( Fig. 5). w h ich is "only" 1,500.000
light rears away. The diameter of our own
galaxy is about 60,000 light years. It conmins belween 10 and 100 billion Slars.
Comp;oring (his treme ndous number of
stars within our galaxy with Ihe 100,000
planets which may possibly bear life, we
must conclude that lifc is, on a n absolute
scale, a fre<.luCIlI e"ent within Ihe galaxy.
Re\;olively speaking. however. it is elC(reme-
I'ig ure 7. A rllISler 0/ galaxies ill tbe CorOIl(l
110realh. A lllbtl il/distillct b/otciJes ill Ibis
(Ibotogr(lpb, uboll~ '0, are galaxies app rox;.
11/lIlel)' Ibe size of Ollr OW".
16
space journal
Iy rare. Only one in about a million stars
is privileged (0 send its warm ing sunshine
out to a satellite o n which livi ng organisms
dc,·elop.
Our most powerful telescope o n Mount
Palorll(lT IS able to discern ynlaxies as far
out as one bill ion light reMS. \Vithin rhis
obscT\'ation range there are about 100 million yalaxies ( Fig. 6 and 7). I:ach of them
may (;ontain lOO,<XlO life-sustllining planets,
lI·hirh leads /IS /0 a to/al 0/ tell thousalld
billioll plallets, witbi" totllly'J obJfrr.·"ble
mlil'erse, ubicb IIllly be il/b(lbited b)' liI·il/g
beillgs. The toml n umber of stars in Ihis
vo lume is te n billion billions.
It is well to remember that this yiga ntic
n umber is numerically eq ual to (he n umber
of mo lecules within one cubic centimeter
of air.
H ow long will life continue to prosper on
our earth? The heal bala nce of the eMlh
depe nlls almost em ire!y on the su n. Solar
heat is cons(;lntly produced by the fusion
of hy{lrogen nuclei into helium nuclei.
This hcat production will go o n with :I
slowly increasing rate for :lbom 50 billion
yea rs. \X' hile the hydrogen supply is g radu_
ally consumed, the sLln will slowly heat
up and, at the sa.me time, swell to a
diameter about as brge as the orbit of
,\I:lrs. From then on the S\lIl will stan to
sh ri nk. II w ill not expl<xle like :I supergi:mt, but ,"cry gradually cool off. At the
end, (he sun will be a black dwurf. Lnng
before t h:lI, life on any of t he sobr " hltlelS
will Im"e become impossible Ix.-causc of Ihe
he:ll increase during the hydrogen-helium
con\'ersion. BUI (here is a good chance
that life w ill persiSI on eart h for se"eral
billions of rears-as far liS t he sun is concerned.
In (he neX I edil ion of SPACE J ournul
wc w ill (liKUSS the "ar),;ng p hysica l conditions whic h arc found on a pla nc.! in (he
coursc of its life cycle, and we will sec: in
pllTt icular w helher the earth is prepa red
to su pport life for some more billions of
years.
�SPACE
PROJECTION
ro ck, t mail to the moon
What should the stamp cost, based on current propulsion technology?
B y Dr . H . W .
Rit chey
lech~ic81
dirodor
Ihio~o l chemic81 corpO'8 l ion
red, lona divi.io"
M
OST AS P ECfS of space travel oave
been covered extensively in a great
volume of literature that has appeared on
t ois subject over the laSt few years. The
problems of propulsion and control have
received a treme ndous amount of attention.
Other problems relating to the survival of
the h um an being in space and his psychological and physical reactions to wide variations in g ravitational fields have also received considerable attention.
Perhaps t he one greatest problem now
impeding progress is that of the subconscious inhibitions buried in toe minds of
those technologists now «'pable of effecti ng
space travel. This problem may be solved
for future gencwtioos by the publicity now
being released in the semi-tech nical publications and on television. The yo unger generation, now in the for mative swge, h'n'e
seen animated cartoons and other demonsn;.tions of the feasibility of space travel
to the extent that they now look upo n it
as an accomplished fact. On the other
hand, our present generation of scientists,
even those who arc able to prove logically
by eng inee ring calculations t hat space
travel can be accomplished, have been so
subjectively inhibited by their early condi t ion ing that most of t hem still regatd
it as impossible in some segment of their
mind bur ied deeply in subconscious. Only
wi t hin the last few years has it been respectable in sciemific circles to discuss seriously the feasibi li ty of space trave l.
The actual fact exists that we arc now
capable of sending an objcct outside the
influence of the e~rth's gravitational field
and, therefore, with an adeq\l~te system of
guidance could send this objcct almost anywhere in {he solar system. The design
chMacteristics of a rocket system capable of
propelling an object outside the earth's
gravitational field are so weB understood
that it is possible to make reasonably accurate calculations of (he cOSt of such a
propulsion system. Such a propu lsion
system could carry rocket-mail letters to the
moon or to a planet, ~nd we are then able
to estimate to a fair degree of accuracy the
cost of a rocket·mai! stamp needed to send
a rocket·m~il !eHef to ourer space.
The problems inherent in the necessary
prop ulsio n sySl'em have already been solved
by progress in the field of so!id-propellant
rocketry. In the so!id-p ropellant rocker
engine, the propeJlant is properly mixed
and " injected" into the combustion cham-
17
space iournal
�bet at the manufacturing plant.
II
A com-
posi te type of sol.id p ropellant can be
processed a5 a slurry in the m an ufacturing
p lant lI od OUI directly in to the pressu re
veuel. A typical engine of this type is
shown abo.·c.
The charge burns o n all the exposed inside
su rface of a speciaUy·s haped propel.l ant
cavi ty. Since bu rning occurs from the
inside outward, the flame docs not contact
the walls of the pressure vessel until near
the c nd of t he b urning period. If a proper
fue l bind er is used. the charge can be
bonded 10 the walls of th e p ressure vessel
lind pc nnilics i n we ig ht (I re pa id for support
of the propellant. Although the performance characteristics of present rockets cannOl be disclosed, calculati ons urili:dng obvious assum p tions concerning propellant
de nsit ies and de nsities of the high-stren g th
st rucmrol matcria ls can be used to show
that it should be rc lat ivcly easy to make a
SOlid-propellant rocket engine in wh ich
86"AI of the gross weight would be propel1:1111. Si ncc both this ratio and Ihe propellam sp<.'Cific impu lse are related 10 combust ion c hamber pressure, it is assumed
that this ratio can be at tained wit h a propellam u hibiting a 5ea-Ie\'el impulse wit h
an optimum nozzle of 195 Ib-s«/Ib. H
such u rocket is designed 10 operate somew here ncar opti m um in the ,'cry low-pressure co ndilions e)Cisting at h igh ald tude,
this speci fic im pu lse figure will r ise to a
"alue of about 230.
M:Hl y muJciswge. solid·propellan t rocket
ve h icles IHlve been fired and the ca pabi lities
of staging and of high.altitude ignition
lw,'c already been dcmo nstrated in such
missiles as t he Loc k heed X 17 ;Hld the
multismge, solid-propellant test vehicles
fired by NACA. For the purpose of estimating thc f1lke·off weight ill an "escape
"elocily" missile, the stage load rotio of 1:4
has been assu med; in other words, each
rocket cnginc weighs four times all the
load that it carrics. ThC5e performance
valucs and design criteri a arc thc n used
in the following equation for rocket mo' tion;
18
space journal
,
v
~
V
~
I ••
~
•
-
W,
-
W,
~
I." x g x 2. 303 log
W,
W,
velocity. ft/sec
propella nt specific impulse,
Ib-sec/ lb
g ra"italio nal accelcration, 32.2
It /sec?
initia l we ig ht of syste m
fi na l wc ig ht of system
Thc calculated velocity, unco rrccted for
drag and gravitational efT~t, is shown in
T ab lc L This ve locity is the n COrtt'Cted
for drag :tod gravitati omll effect b y su bfracting an o\'cr:tll gross " loss" figurc, convcned 10 equi valenl vclocity loss.
It has becn assumcd that eac h rocket stage
is a fa ithful linear scalc rcp roduction, in
w h ich case t he fo llowing sclle re lat ions hips
obtain:
Burning lime of Rockel B = scale facto r
times burning lime of Rocket A
T hr u~ t of Rockct B _
:scalc raClor
5quared timcs thrust of Rocket A
Gross wcighl of Rocket B = scale factor
cubed times g ross wc ight of Rocket A
Using thc5e rclationsh ips it is easy to
esti mate the time of burning and obtain a
corrcction for the so-C'J.llcd "8" losses of
,·e lacity. This corrt'C ti on is also shown in
T able T. II is morc difficult to arriyc al
:to accu ratc corr~ti on for at mosp he r ic d rag,
eSf>Cci:llly sint"C dcs ign of the specific aero·
dynam ic con figu rat io n is beyond th c scope
of this article. Based on c)Cpcricncc, how·
e\'cr, it wou ld seem reasonnble and adc(l\I(\CC
to incorporate a corrC(;tion of 2,000 it/s«
as the loss to be incurred by atmospheric
drag for the smaller, "h igh_g" rockct, and
1,400 ft/sec for fhe larger rackct. T hus, as
Table I illustrates, it is possible 10 attaiD
escape vclocities wilh a one-pound payload
using a missilc hlt\'ing II lotal take-off
weight of less than 3.200 pounds.
It is also beyond the scof>c of this article
to estimate thc productio n cosu of such a
m issilc ; however, expericnce w it h relatively
small numbers of rockets made in research-
�I
TA BLE I
M A il ROC KET TO TH E MOO N - SPECIFICATI ONS
"oG'
......
"
~ .,
.. ,..
'''''"f
.... "lA.,
~"
" "0
.
H',.,'"
.... H . .. '
, ,,'"
,.,g.",, ' ,
. ......,
' • '0
'
1
f
(
. RETRO
~ ... nO"'D
< IT
0
Wl1HO UT
...
"",
'0'"''
II ...
~OC ( H
W ,TH
5
5
,
0 .85
230
8dOO
1 ~8dOO I
2.0
,
25
20
0 .85
230
8400
8400
,.<
,
125
100
0.85
230
8400
8400
59
2
'"
SOO
0 .85
230
6400
8400
10.0
1
3125
2500
0.8 6
no
7200
8400
17.1
AVDW
15, 625
12,500
0.86
7200
29.2
195
195
40 , 80 0
40,800
lOSS
1,400
2,000
D' AG 1055
2,000
1,400
37,400
37 ,4 00
lOlA'
•..
""
,
--~
without " ,e t, o -,ode'"'
aml-Jc>'clopmCnt qu a nti ti es wou1d indicate
th at 20 such syStemS could be :.ssembled ill
a total cost not exceeding 5 10.00 per pollnd
of missile weight, amou nting (0 $}2,000 1:>cr
vehide.
Cer tain olher problems wOllld natllnrl]y
exist if such a project were to be attempted.
r or e xample, there is hardly m:ed to se nd
a roc ket-m a il letter (0 the moon unless
someone were there to receive it. This
problem is norrllally not related to the COSt
of t he smmp. l(Od, therefore , the cost of
placing a recipient in Ihe rig ht location has
nOI been included.
T here is also the problem of either hil ting the mrgc. object with i' free-flight
ballistic missile or providing some type of
wilh ",e lro -rocke t" '
termi nal guidance. Since the moon subtends a "isual angle of aooU! [0 mils, it
shollid not be tOO difficult a task to la unch
a rocket in the right dircction and with
sufficient velocity to hit the moon on a frecflight ballistic trajectory,
T he recipient POSt office on the moon,
of course, IllUSt bear the COSf of fmding
the rocket at thc impact poinl a nd recover·
ing it. Here we get into a nebulous area
where it might ver y well be argued th a t the
COSt of finding and recove ring a rocket
wou1d far exceed the COSt of the vehicle itself. [n fact, the expe nse of remi ng one of
the cOIH"cmional l;wnching sites for [aunching the >-e hicle might very well (all LnlO
the sa me category. l.et·s assume, howeve r,
19
space
journal
�tlmt it rc(!uircs inve~trllem of two man-da ys
time li nd $2,000 in amortization of C<juipment in order to Iliunch the rocket_ So far
as recovery is concerned at the other end of
the !Inc, ir hardly seems reasonable to per_
mit the rockel to impm;:t on the moon's
surface with the incre mental "elocity
C<ju ivalem to free-fa ll in the moon's g ra,-i.
rnrional field p!U$ what ,'e!odty is left at
the "tu rn -over" ]loOi m , In other words, in
order to pte,'ent th e rocket from being completely dcsltop:d o n impaCl, it would be
neccssary to ,:a nee! out about 8,500 ft/see
accu lll ulau.'(1 vClodty shortly before impact. Th is would be done by \.sing the
last stage as a " Tetro-rock et" and by adding
on a new firsl stage weighing fOUT times
the 3.125 poullth appe:. ring in T able I.
This adds a n addil iona l 12.500 pounds to
our rake-off weighl a nd :.ddilio na l $1 25,000
to thc COSI.
The pay!o:ld will be a one-pound object
consisting of a steel shell, a properly constirutcd dre marker. li nd the mail will be
micro-filmc<1 on 16n1l11 film. Eac h Hamp
will allow the scnder twO pages of correspondence which would be tr:Ltlslllitled in
the form of twO micro·fillll frames, Since
vo lnt ility of the dye Illarkcr would be a
matter of eXlreme importance. the dye
marker will consist of carbon black and a
small e"plosi,-e chnrge, the tom l of which
we ighs four ounces and which will be at·
rlmged to explode on impHct SO that the
impact point will be mnr kc<l by the black
powder,
The steel shell comaining t his load will
weigh two ounces. The burned-out ' retrorocket" itself will act as a buffer agai nst
impact damage, and it is e"pec(ed that the
steel shell conraining ten ounces of 16mm
micro-fi lmed corresponde nce would $uT\' ive
a n illlpact at sc,'era] hu ndred feet per second . The COSI of recove ry and delivery at
the receiving end will , in accortl:tnce wit h
U. S. Postal policy, be subsidi zed by the
U. S. Governme nt , and, Iherefore, these
COSts (lfe not includc<1.
T he len ounces of micro·film w ill contai n
12,800 16mm frames, and will r('(luire
6,400 l>O$tage stHmps 10 send 6,400 leuers.
A summary tabulation of the COSt of mail
service is as fo llows:
$125,000.00
Addcd Siag e
32,000.00
Other roc kels
2,000.00
Amort iza tion launchi ng
e(lu ipment
250.00
Two mun-days (consult·
am rate)
159,250.00 -:- 6,400
525.00 pe r
stamp
Di vidi ng by Ihe number o f letters th nt
m ay be mlllsmiued, this leaves U$ a COSt of
25.00 for rockel-mail stamps to the moon.
the
20
space journal
mOOll.
�L
SP.t,Cf.
FLIGHT
remarkable x-craft
By Fr e d e ri ck I. O rdway, III
"'n.p. e •• dent
9 ue •• 1 •• Ironeulic. co.poretion
T
H E UN ITED STATES h as seen R uss ia
slowly dose the wide ak- power gap
that once se parate(1 the twO nat ions. Mil itary experts 1I0W agree that in many areas
lhe Soviets arc <Iuantinlti\"e l)' ahead of us,
and as far as quality goes they a rc catching
up rap idl y.
To offset any c hattenge to our ae ri al
supremacy, the Un ited StalCS has embarked
011 an ambitious experimental research air·
eraft program th:lt, it is hoped, witt insu re
the mailllena ncc of leadership in superior
q ua lity a irpla nes and missiles in the years
to come.
i\hny of th e exotic spaceships of th e
scie nce-fiction world we re prefixed by th e
letter X; tod ay many of the astO n ishing rese:lrch missiles and pl:lnes being developed
by American tcchnology have the same in·
trod uctory Iclter. The X-series is our pre"iew of tomorrow's aeria l wcaponr)'.
The idea for seui ng up a researc h series
of :Ii rcraft bcgan d uring the course of
\': 'orld \\7 ar It , bu t work was no t t)Cgun
seriullsly until the end of hostilities in
19'15 . T he Air Force, Navy, and National
Ad visory Conuninee
for
Aerona utics
Bell X-I
Bell X-III
(NACA ) coocei"ed of, aod ha"e conti n ued
development o n, an ad " anced series of re·
seMch vehietes.
t)(:t:lils, from few to rather complete, arc
available on more t han a do~en X -craft.
\X' e fi nd that thcre arc three t)'pes of veh i·
clcs that ha\'e been gi"en the X.designation:
(I) manned rocket ai rpl anes, (2) manned
turbojel airplanes, and (3) unmllnned missiles. Ra ther than tfy to look at them
in n ume r iC'.!.1 order (X- I, X ·2, X·3, X·4, etc.)
it should be more in teresti ng to th ink of
them by caICgory. Since the most exci tin g
frontie rs of flight 'Ire usu:tll y :tssocialcu
wi th man :LS well as speed a nd altitude,
leI us look at what has been (lone with our
pilOted rocket airplanes.
The l.icll X·I was the first a irplanc in
the world (Q reach supersonic speeds in
Ic,-ei fl ighl, crossing whut W:lS known as
Ihe "sound barrier" in October of 19-1"7.
T his WIIS an c "c nt of tremendous il1lpor.
ra nee to the aero nautical sciences, :md was
accomplished by designi ng and fl)' ing :l
rocket.prOI)C!led ;,i rplane th a t was ~ Imost
lilenl ll)' a m:lnn(.-d m issile. The pl:Lne was
lJeff X-Ib
/jell X·2
21
space journal
�driven by a powerful Reaction Motors
GOOQ·pound t hrust rocker e ngine operating
on liquid oxygen a nd alcohol. It p rov ided
milir;u·y a nd induslrial aeronau tical reo
searche rs with invaluable data about t be
t hen.virtual1y.unknown reg ions o f high.
speed flight, a nd d ata derh'ed from rhe
program were fed into late r combat air·
p lane des ign.
A modification o f the early model was
the X·IA. five feet longer thall its prede.
cessor. After thorough teHing in 1952
and 1953, this I:.rget plane amazed t he
wo r ld by tt;lve!! ing ,I( 2V2 t imes the speed
of sound, or 1,650 miles per hour, in Dc·
cemlJcr of 1953. In another flight it
reacht.'d :1 record altinuJe of 90,000 feet,
whic h liter:,lIy brought ma n to the fron·
tiers of sl).lce. \'I:' hile the X·I cou ld only
sUSI:dn PQwered flight for 2V2 minutes,
the X·tA could e n joy four minutes of full
power since it ca rried considerab ly more
fue l.
An X·1 11 was bui lt and speciall y instru'
mented for resc<Ltch on high speed frictio n
he:lling. As the myMeries of the sound
harrier were dispelled, thosc of the " thermal
barrier" wNe explored. All of thesc X·I
ai rp lanes were nornlally air·l,. unched from
specially adapted bomber.t)·pc four.engine
airpln nes. Th is ('nil bled the X.plant'li to
util i:,.e their precio us fuel on ly for the re·
scarch purposes (or which they were de·
signl.'d. without wa~ting ill. )' for take·off
and cli mb to Hlti t ude. The planes can and
Imve. howc,'er, wkcn off from the g round
under Iheir own powcr.
It is imercsting to know that the X·IA
:md D plu nes weigh about 16,000 pounds
and arc crammed with 1,000 pounds of in.
strulllentation to record the variety of tests
that the pian(.'s \U1dergo at the outer reaches
of the tLlmosphere and at extreme ,·elocities.
NOt al[ ai rplanes of the X·I series were
successful. X·I Numbe r 3 was destroyed
during a fuel opcralion, a modified X·IA
exploded in 1955, and a model D of the
series also WaJ destroyed.
It is "'1.'11 know n that air in motion
possesses kinetic energy. Now if we de·
22
space iournal
cide to b ri ng to a halt rapidly.movi ng air,
the e ne rgy contained in it 1I1L1St be con·
ye rted soUlehow, a nd we find that we end
up with heat and pressure energy. A simple
equation tel ls aeronautical.design engineers
and ilerodynamidsts what the tCIllpt:'taturc
rise will bc of :m object encountering a
rllpidly.mov ing air Slfealll. As ai rplanes
and missiles roar t hrough the utmosphcre at
e\·er.;nc re:,sing speeds mo re and mo re
,"elocity energy is convc rted in to hcat.
\'\Ihlle some o f this heat is cond ucted
through wh:1! is called t he boundary layer
and w h ile, especially at extreme altitude,
some is radiated out the air frame , much
has to be absorbed .
Specially prepared timniu m, stainless
steels. ilnd ceramics are used to prOlOCt the
aircraft from th is heut. Moreover, each
craf! hilS a cerrain heat capaCit )'; bur " ircraft
designers kn ew that sooner o r lau~ r re·
frigeration syStems would ha,·c to be in.
corporated if man anJ materiHls were to
sut\·i,·e the "thermal barrier."
It is ohvio us th:1! the denscr the atmos.
phere the more acme the heat p roblem beCOUles. To study the thermal phenomenon
propedy, greal speeds a nd high.altitude
mpability arc necessary. If we were to fly
tOO low a t tOO high a velocit)" we would
burn up like a meteor. Man ht.s found
trmt if he w,mts to go substantiall y funer
than he d oes today he mUSt gCt be)'ond the
thick anllos pheric blnnket ilnd into the
rnrefled upper le,·cls.
Till.' X·2, :mOfher Hell- Air PorceNAC.t\ rocket rescMc h nirplane, w:.~ spe·
c ifica ll y designed to explore this thermal
barrier. In J ul), of lasl yea r il had reached
a top speed of thrcc limes the speed of
sound or ahout 2,200 miles pcr hour. To
get th is eX1C1I periormllilce a Curliss-\\ltight
liquid.propellilnl rock"t engine. de"eloping
15,000 pounds of thrust, w .•s u!ICd. Perhaps
e,"e n more astounding than the 5p'-'Cd produced was the record altitude flight of
126,000 fCCt , o r nearl)' 21 miles straight up.
The powerful rocket engine a llowed
d am 10 be gained of airplane l)('rformance
at hig h angles of :Llmck. When spee<ls
�I
of .Mach 2 to 3 are reached, the temperature of the skin may r ise from 250 0 P to
650 ' F at high alt itudes. Designers have
therefore fitted the X-2 with t'emperature·
resistant glass and a heat-insubted cabin
to provide protection for the pilot. Furthermore, special alto),s were used in critical
parts of the plane. In else of airpbme
malfunction, the elbin could be ejected and
parachute· lowered to an ah itude where
the pilot could separate and complete the
(lcscent with his own parach \lte.
One of the X -2's exploded a nd was intcmionall), jettisoned fro m its mothe r
launching aircraft in May 1953. The last
X -2 crashed because of stability prohlems,
killing the pilot, Capt. M. Apt. So the X·2
progr;lm is officiall)' over.
T o carr)' on the work st:Lrted b)' the X- I
and X-2 ;lirplanes (as well :.s the rocketpowl.'red Nav)' D-5S8-2. not a part of the
X.program), one o th er manned rocke t craft
is being developed, dle X·lS. The Bel!
X _I E witt be used for .Mach 2 research
until these new pl;lnes are ready. Its (ust
flight occurred in June of this )'ear.
Details are shaping up about the North
American X-IS , which is sponsored by the
Air Force, N avy and NACA. it will in\·estigate the unknow n velocity regions at
five, six, or more times the velocity of
sound, and il" will p robe 100 miles above the
su r f;,ce of our planet. IFe ellll almost COI/.shier the X-15 as II IIMlmed stUlcesbi/J, alUl
it will t1rob"bly be Ibis progressioll Olltwards illl)eiocit}, Iwd "di:Jt"'lce Irolll tbe
eartb" that will bring /IS to lull·fledged
IIUII/lled spflCe fligbt .
\'(Ie S'IW that the old X-I planes produced
6,000 pou nds of thrust, white the X-2 built
up 2 V2 times that; as much power as put
Out by a typical Navy cruiser. T he X-IS's
rocket engine, to be built by Reaction Motors of New Jersey, will release 60,000
pounds of thrust, :lnd will fire from 1 to 3
minutes.
Despite this enormous amount of power,
despite the fact that the a irplane is designed
to explore areas where no man has yet been,
and despite the fact that frictio n heat generated may rise 10 ISOO Df to 2500° F, the
plane is considered quite safe. Depe ndi ng on
the c ircumsta nces, the p ilot, in case of a mishap, will have a 90 to 100 per cent survival
chanl·e. The airph10e has been carefu!!y
designed from th e human enginee r ing poi nt
of vicw, with :,erome<!ical scientists of the
Air Force ;1Od Navy cooperating closely
w ith the manufacturer. It will be heavil)'
inst r umented to record conditions of ree n try from sp.Ke into (he earth's aUllos,
p here, heating, st;lbility ,It high speeds and
a1cimJes, and comro!' The X_IS wi!! be
the first, {fUe hypersonic boosted glider.
The initial flight test is expected in 1958.
Although less spectacular, high I)' import'lm work is bei ng, ;'nd has been , accomplished by rurboiet-powered research
a irc raft such as the X-3, x·4, X-S, X-l3,
X-1 4 and X-lS. A!! manned , these planes
have probed a v<Lriety of aero nautical unknowns, :md results are rapidly :lnd effi·
ciently being "ploughed back" into industry.
DOllglas X-J
�The X-3 h as often b<.-en referred to as
the " Flying Pencil" ix'Causc of its long
(nearly 67 feet), thin shape. Powered by
tWO ' Xlestinghousc jets. it produces 14,000
pounds of th r ust and land s at a brisk 215
miles per hour. The wing loading (a term
dcnoti ng thc gross we ight of the airpla ne
divided by thc a rea prcsented by its wings)
is somc 200 pounds for cach square foot, a
"ery unusua l figure.
This m i(l·w ing airplane carries 1,200
pounds of research instru mcntation a nd a
rcf r igen ltion system for cool ing the cockpit and instrumen ts. An imcresting fact
is th:or it uses somc of its fuel to circulate
in the nose arca fo r cooling. The a irpla ne
was desi gned to tCSt out slIStll;lIed, \'ery
high speed flight. and was a joint A ir Force,
N:lvy and NACA projecl. Much of the
craft was madc of lilanilllll.
Meanwhile, the X- 5 is :! plane featuring
a var iable sweep wing; that is, t he backward 51(.nl of the w ings can be :tdjustcd
durillg flight . W h ilc landing and taki ng·
off the sweep is about 20 degrl'e5, and in
fli g ht it can be positioned b:lck to ~ degrees. The w ing·sctting mechanism is
coupled 10 an a pparatus th aI immediately
compensates for the shift in the center
of g ravity of the IO,OOO-I'ouod ai rpl ane as
the wi ngs arc changed. T he usc of sweptback wings bOlh delays and red uces transonic elTects, but the exact degree of swccp
is often a problem. AsSO(:;ated widl 5W(,'CP,
howe"er, is a number of <Iiffie"!ti,, such
as t he thickening of Ihe so·callcd hound:lry
In)'c r ncar the tips. flow \'clocitics along t he
wing, necessity of large anglcs of aWlCk at
high lift. and d ynamic stabi lit y. Thc X·5
was designed to im·cstigare the aerod)·namic
cfTecu of swccpback and change of sweepback . Two airplanes ha"e crashed in thc
leu program.
'Xle now turn ((I anot hc r type of turbojetpowered research airpl:.ne known :IS the
V'\'OL {meaning Verlica l T (l kc'off (' n<l
Landing ) , represented by the X·I3, X .1 4,
and X·lS. All t hree planes ha"e come into
Norlbrop X-4
T he Northrop X -4 :H1J Bell X-5 rep resent a d ilTe re nt sort of airp lanc in that they
arc not prim:! rily designed for speed and
altitudc testing. Thc x -4 is charactcrized
by a tailless configuration wilh swept wings,
being pattcrned after thc well-known "fly_
ing wing" design. Ele\'ons on the Iraili ng
edge of the wing act us uilerons and ele,'ators. It is u SllIa ll plane, weighing only
7,000 pounds (11\d measuri ng less th:1II 27
fccI long. Much valuable in formation has
been gained on sUl b il ity ,md {light charucteristics from th is a irplane in rhe subsonic speed region.
Bell X-5
24
space jou rnal
,
;
�the news vcry recently, and all three ofTer
different approaches 10 the same end.
The X- 13 is pop u lar ly knowo as the
Verl i jcf, and its a pproach 10 vertica l takeoff is very d i rcc~: SCI the plane in a l u il-
downward, nose-upward positio n, a nd lake
otT. It is launched from a trailer bed
which is hydraulically r:l ised infO the ven iCli position .
•
The plane hangs from a
hook on a stretched albIc, and when ready
10 fly build s up power from its Ro lls.Royce
A von e ngine ulltil thc thr ust (,,,",eros Ihe
weight of t hc :lirplanc. In Apr il the first
" mulSit ion" flight was made when t he plane
,·cTli(.-ally look nIT, "conve n ed" 10 the horizontal position. flew at a rcspccra bl)' high
speed, agai n con vened and nmd c a ve rt ical
la n<l ing.
A jet reactio n
CIl,l[Tot
system is
A SUI'(,rson ic VTOL lighter has reporl(,'(!'
Iy been des igncd based on the X · 13 which,
it is claimed, could climb to 15,000 ft'Ct d ur o
ing the ti me II cOIH'cmional fighter is be·
coming airborn e. Th is and o ther VTO l.s
w ill probably re\'0Iutioni7.c the concept of
aerial warfare in tha t no ebborate (a nd
vu lnerable) land ing fields and carriers will
be necessary. Gi.·e the VTOI. a littlc sp;\ce
in the b;\ck )';\rd lind thllt is all it :lsks.
The sh rouds of mili!;,ry sccreg' have o nly
been lifted from the Uell X·14 which
might be call(,'([ a hori 7.0ntal VT OL. lis
two Armstrong·Siddeley ASV. S Vipcr jet
engines produce hot disch:lrge gases wh ich
are di.·erred downward du r ing take-off 10
p ush the a irpiline upw:trds. The total
JUSt
e mployed during periods of rising, lower.
ing o r JUSt ho."ering; the pi lot del1ectS the
jet exhaust by thrOllle control. Onl y 24
fect long. the plane has Jirecti onall)·-controlled bleed jets on the wingrips, and exceltern performance character istics (good
climb. m"neu\'Cr"bility, etc.). The Air
I;o r«:, Na\·y. and N ACA have "II su p ported
th e program at one stage or anmher, al·
though Ihe Ai r Force supports the
as such.
x·n
IJell X·14
thruSI is 3.500 pou nds. As the plane rises,
the exhauu gases arc di rected by special
vanes more and more rearward and hor i·
zonml fl ig ht can commence. Three com·
p ressed ai r jets arc used to comrol a!litude
when the plane hovers. The pl:'ne has
a lready completed preliminary f1 ig hl lests
both co n\'emionall y and unde r VTO I. con·
ditions.
RY"'I Verlijet X·13
T he fina l X·VTO t plane lIbout wh ich we
know sollll'lh ing i5 H iller Helicopters' lilt·
wing X . IS, which feature s four turboprop
engines, with twO COunter-rotating propel.
lers. This approach [0 Ihe VTO t a.rt
relies o n tilti ng Ihe w ings fro m the hori·
zo nlal 10 t he vert ica.l posi tio n and allow ing
25
space journal
�the ClIrboprops to literally screw the plane
up into (he air. Small turbojets in {he tail
provide comrol dur ing hovering operatio ns.
This p lane will pro b;tbly be used to nans-
I.
port troopS anJ supplies
to
and from arcas
through thc atmosphere into sp:lce (a pproximately 200 miles) then tilt and , with
m otors still fi r ing, emcr the earth's atmosphere at fiftccn times the spccJ of sou nd.
All this is done to test re ·entT), proble m s
where no airfields arc av:,iJablc. J{ eportS
arc tim! it (:UIl rno \'c along rather rapidly.
H iller X-J8
Wre now come TO the third a nd hml\
category in our su r vey of the X-sedcs, Uflm a nn('d missiles, the X-7, X - tO "oJ X-17.
Lock/)«etl X-7
[Oleh is powered by " different type of
engine; each has ils own specific rC5Cilfc h
purpose. Lockheed has twO, the X-7 al1<1
X·17, and North Arncriclo one, the X -IO.
A 11 :ITe c"lled {cst veh ides.
The X-7 is powe red by two ramjet cogines, being what is called a (CSt bed for
the type of powe r pl;ont that propels the
Boman: intercepter missile. The missile
has heen under development a nd test fOT
approximatel y ten ),ears and will continue
at leaS[ one more. It is usu:lll)' air-launched
and boosted by :l rocket e ngine to accelerate
the missile to the point where (he ramjets,
whic h need ra m :lir 10 sustain their opemlion, C:ln take over.
Unlike most missiles, X·7 is not expendable, and Gm be parachute. recovered for
continued use and evaluation. It ohen
lands nose fu st on a nose spike. Dat;L arc
tra nsmitted to the surfacc by a radio telcmc u y system.
The X-17 is a more a m bitious rocket,
being a three-st"ge affair, 40 feet long.
Normally, the roc ket will take off and fly
26
space iOlKnal
and the vit;d nose-cone aspect of the forthcoming intercontinental ilnd intermediaterange b .. llistic missi les. On one flight,
whcn the tilt ing mechanism did not function, the missile flcw to an altitude of more
t han 600 miles a nd a r,mge of more than
700 m iles. During flights in April and
July speeds of 9,000 miles per hour were
reported and later confirmed.
.i\fore than 20 of thc G·wn . solid.propelled
rockets havc been fired from the Air Force
M issile Test Center, most with good results. \Vhi le the findings TO d ate have bccn
i,pplieJ by thc Air Forl'e to its Atlas, T itan
and Thor b"I!istic missile projects, the
Navy may coorinue to fly the X - 17 as a
test vchicle for its submari ne-based Polaris
l R.BM .
\Vhere"s the X·7 and X-17 use ramjc[s
and rockets resp<.-ct i\'ely, the X·lO is provided with twO wrbojet engines. It is a
test vehicle fo r the rt.-cent!y-cancelled Navaho XS M-64A imercontine ntal-range cruise
�l..ockheed X·1 7
Nortb AlIIericlIIl Nambo X-IO
\
m issile, nnd it is e mployed 10 check out
nerodynnmic problems, electronic co mpo nents, :md gu idance features. Flight testing of the X·tO has been successfully CO Ill pleted according 10 the A ir !'orce. It has a
lnnding gear nnd ca n be reco vered after
fli ght fo r re-use, offering a great savin g in
money. Na"aho, the end product, was to
ha\'c bee n I>owc roo b)' Tam jets and boostoo
by three 120.000'pound li(IU id rockeu.
ila"ing brieR)' lookoo at t hese spectllcular
X-crnh , we mn)' ask : "" 'l?hat next? 'Vhat
w ill happe n 10 to 15 yea rs hence?" Th e
Air Force has IIlreally predicted lIIt1l11lt!d
rocket tI;rcrlljt flJillg tit um times t he speeli
oj SQI/lld u'i/hill tI~is lime perimi. If the
X ·15 re~c hcs 100 milcs, a laler X·plane,
which may then be calletl a spaceship, may
re:tc h 500 m iles, 1.000 miles, or more. T he
I>op u iur dist inc t ion bctwo:."en airplanes and
missiles 1Il1ly fude as the y blend imo tomor·
row' s space "chides. !I1ilitary
pial/lien
lire alread), Ihillkiug oj Ih e possibility 01
II'ars jOl/ghl ill the s/,(f(e slI rro mulilig tbe
e"rlb 11111/ ils Jlilllospberic bl'lIIkel.
,\ t th e $,'I me t ime our cruis<', interceptor,
:lIld ball isti c mi ssi le prog r~ ms w il! become
highly sophisticated. 'Ind again, if peace
conti nues, techniques c\'oh'oo could lead
to rockct nnd ramjet·propelled commercial
air liners ('d rr)' ing passengers at thou s.'I nds
of miles per hou r at the Olller fr inges of
the uimosphe re fi nd, of course, spaceships.
Tbere seems lillie doubt Ibtlt b~llisli~ mis·
siles <llId rOcitel ~irpllllles u ·HI be lII~ted
IlIIII del'eloped ;1110 lIIalllled r ebides IbaJ
will 0118 lilly re'lch t be 1110011.
27
space journal
�SPACE P RE V I E W
" mar s and beyond "
N DECEMBER 4th of last year, view·
ers of ABC·T V's " Disneyland" hour
watched the third of \\1all Disney's T omor.
row/and space ser ies unfold, MarI and Be)mJd,
in the 48'millllte documentary
"so:;:iencc·factual" fo rmal, sur passes its tWO
O
excellent predecessors, ,\ 11111 ill Space and
Ala" (lOul tbe M oo'i.
Now being re leased in T cchnicolor for
IhClllrical dist r ibu ti on, Ma rJ a"d Beyond
rcprescnu the culmi natio n of IWO rears'
research, w riting and artistic en<lcavor br
D r. ErllSI StuhlillKer, a /ea(ling scielltist ill t be rocket IIlId !SliMed lIIissile fieM (/e fl ,) ami
D r. "" ember /10 11 /Jral/II, rQcket ellgillee r (right), cOllfer Q II a sCIl/e mode/ of Ih e IIt omic·
electric splice sbi/! Ihal wOII/(1 make 1,01$ib/e Ib e I OllK trip 10 MarI ill tbis scelle frolll
IVlIlJ D ist/ey's j\I / IRS IIml BEYO N D.
28
space journal
----------------------------------------~i
�I
a dO;j;cn Disne y specialists, under the n'r·
s:u ile direction of W ard K imb.111. The film
aS$Li15 the enormous subject of life o n other
worlds, firST by a ca n oo n sequence tr.lcing
ma n's cosmic specu lalio lls througho ut his·
lory, then by a sober ,·iew of comcmporary
scientific hypothesis and conjcnutc.
E"olution of the solar system and life, the
conditions of m an a nd hi s environment, and
t he condi ti ons he may expect on other
,,1:1110::1$ IIfC conside rations wh ich form the
I11I1;n th read leadin g us to the rC(1 planet
liS the only other habitable sphere with in
Ollr solar f:ullily. After a dramat ic pc r usal of
(aCI5 lind spccu i:ltiol1 on Mats a nd its m ys·
ecries, co nducted by towcll Obscrval'O ry 's
Dr. Earl C. Sliphcr,
II
Its {/escelll slowed by a (Irag rhllte, a
Martiml Imutillg rmlt Ilears tbe m r/l1ce of
Mtlrs,
method of space
!light new 10 t he gcneral public is p re.
sc n{c<I: the io n propubion system devised
b)' Or. Er nS( S t u hling~r .
In a simulated trip to the fo urth planet.
the atomic-e lcctric spaceshi p and irs orbit
are broug ht om in a nimated ill ustra tion
which captu rcs the imagination. The ac·
curate presenrution. carcfu l allcm ion to de·
rail, and concise narratio n cstablish Dr.
Stuhli nge r's ha rd ware as a revolutionary but
.sound means of ext raterrest ri,,1 navigation.
In tclcscoping the }'ear·and ·a·half "oyagc
into :1 few minutcs on the screen, lll ar$ alld
lJe)oml achic ,'cs th e dream li ke re:llity of a
Chcslcy Bo nc5tcl1 pa iming brought to lifc.
Crew members 0/ a M art;a" ship obsert'e
a lefet'hiOIl srree'l the progress 0/ Ihe
lille 0/ the other ships hi tbe fir$l exped;.
tio" 10 the plauel ,\Iurs,
0/1
Thc olllswnding virtue of this motion
picw re is pe rh aps its success in prese ming a
difficu lt s\,bjccl to $0 w ide an audience.
"I";me, in a rev iew of u n usual praise. points
oul , "The)' d id not confuse thc popu lar
wit h Ihe vu lgar, avoided th e error of talk ·
ing down to t he viewer."
SPACE J ou rn al recommends ,ll4rs alld
He)o/Ill to all aStrona\us who want to in·
troduce th eir ne ighbou to the age of space.
I;or those who saw it on television, you will
be surprised ar the added dimension afford ed
by a l:lege scree n and the superb colo r for
which it was designed.
Crew memhers ;11 bottle suits mOI'e Ihe
rorkel fa"di"K rrafl aU'a), from Ibe Martiall
ship a"d il/lo positiol/ prior 10 attemptillg
Ihe hazardous 600 mile drop 10 the M artiall
SIIr/aCtl.
29
space journal
�SPACE CARTOON S
out-our space
"Good heaIJem, tlfe
Ibe 1110011.'''
}'Qtl
CQillC to build it to
"Uh_ob •••"
J.I-l£
~Dv£nTU1~:£\
30
space iournal
�RIE O\ CTlOI
VO X pDpuli
(EDITOR'S NOTS: The ~m edition of SPACE
Jnurnal broughc che following reactions from
r..,.ders. ) ""
, , , You may not remember . hi5 little SlOry.
Professor Obcr.h, because it is so typical of
you that it might ha\'e happened many
times, hut it is as fresh in my memory as
if it had occurred yesterday,
It was early in 19·'13 at PeenemeunJe, the
Ge rman rocket developme nt center on the
banks of the Baltic Sea. \'(Ie test·f.red one
of the first V2 rockets, and bec'.IIlSC the art
of rocketry wns still in its infancy in those
J t,ys. there was no "pad safety" to hold us
hack from the launch ing site, When a
missi le was fired, we stood under some pine
trees not more than 300 feet away from ,he
firing plalio r m. and we were happy to feel
the dust and ,s,"l nd. and e\'en the fringe of
•
the hot biaSI, right in Oll r faces. T he V2
missile wen! off fine dun Jay, anJ our eyes
followed it until it had d isappeared in the
deep· b lue Baltic sky.
When I turne(1 my eyes earthward agai n,
saw your filce close 10 me. I h:.J never
seen you before, but immediately recognized
you from pholOgraphs. YOII gazed at a
disrnnt point somewhere in the sky, but
not at all in t he direct ion in whic h the
hig rockel had jusl disappeared, I felt very
happ y to stand so close to such an extraordi.
nary man and perhaps 10 listen 10 what he
miglll say, n ut you did not care to ta lk.
After a long silence, I finally said, " It must
I
.--.-,.~=---=
.. _-_.------._--.-
-
.
---
31
space journal
�certai nl y be a most gratifying experience
for you, Professor Oberth, to see how beautifull y you r ea rly dreams and concepts of
large rockets hll,"e now come to life." But
}'ou ne ither answered nor changed your
ex pression. I was convinced tbat I had said
so me thing "ery stupid, if not offensive.
Afte r a long ti me, you slowly turned you r
head , and you ke pt turning unt il you looked
fa r ouc in the opposite dircction . After
anothe r long pause, you talked, selecti ng
rour words as carefully :Lnd slowly as only
a dee p .probing thinker does: " 1 have the
greatest ad miration fo r the engineers und
Il'chnicians who buil t this rocket. But be·
yond th at, it does nm lILean IILILch. \'\Ie havc
known before that a rocket w ill work
within and beyo nd che atmosphere. This
rocket is only the first litt le step toward a
much grea ter project: the exploration of
ou ter space. Out th ere, there arc still so
lIl uny thi ngs whic h we do not know and
which a re perhaps far beyond our im"ginat ion . The re exploration is w hat really
counts. \'{Ie must not fo rget this goal in the
en th usiasm cha t a mere technical success
may g ive U5."
After th is. you contin ued to look sile ndy
into the depth of space which was far
away from your eres but so ve ry close to
you r heart.
H urll$vi lle, Al a.
Ernst Stuhl inger
Dear Editor,
Vol. I, N o .1 , was handed to me fo r comment. . . . . I have just fi nisll(xl read ing it
from co,'cr to cove r, somet hing I very rarely
fllld time to do with any journ a l. P lease
enter my su bscription, effective with the
fir S! issue if possi ble. I fear you have (!Stab·
lished slU;: h a hi g h level o f :lChievemcnr
with t his first issue tha t yo u will not be ab le
to sustai n ie, but the I>cst of I,,(:k 10 ),OLL in
t his ende:l,·o r.
In(:id ent aUy, regarding Dr. von Braun's
contribution ( React ion, p. 39) in which he
all r ib\L te5 rhe " Becau$C it is t here" remar k
to Sir Edmund H illary; I ha,"e not checked
any refe rences on t his but wasn't th is rc-
32
space
iournal
mark actually mad e by eiche r Ma llory or
In·inc quite a few yea rs befo rc !-lillary's
t imc?
Yours sincere ly.
Capt. Edwi n R . Arc hi b."lld USAF
Holloma n AF8, N ew Mexico
Dear Edito r,
I hne JUSt read )'ou r magalci ne SPACE
Journ al, and I like it very muc h. Howe,'c r ,
I wish to !,oint OUi an error in the React io n Depa rtment. In his first paragraph, Dr.
VOIl 8raun refers 10 th e answe r " l3ecLuse
it is there" to the questi on o f wh y anyone
shou ld want 10 climb Mt. Eve rest. I-Iowe"er,
this a nswer was not give n by Sir Edm und
l'l illar)', but by George leigh-Mallory, who
dis."lppeared on Mr. E"erest in 1924. On this,
his third attempt 10 co nquer Mt. J~ ,"eres[,
he and h is companion, Andrew Irvine, were
hLst see n by N . E. Odell, hig h up the mountain. I'm sure that Sir Edm und was moti.
vated by the d r ive to which Dr. vo n I3ra un
refe rs, but hc d id not make the remark
:lllrib uted 10 him.
Yours truly.
Euge ne Edelstein
New York, N . Y.
R ~gd~rI A rfbibnld ami f!.d~ls/~ill <Ire correel ill snj'itlg Ib,,1 Ibe sl<lletllellt I/'ns firs l
lII<1de by George Leigh-Alallar,. Dr. 11011
Brallli is <llso corren ;1/ <lUribll/;llg tbe reo
1II<1t1t to Sir Edmlmd. Itl tb t! fi/111 fiocllllle"t·
;lIg tb e eXf!Cllit;o" , Sir EdllI/lml /lJed tbe
pbrnse, g;Ii;lIg Le;gb-Mallory crefiil, alld
said tbat be /lias 1IIolil'''/{u/ b)' tbe sallie
reaso ll. Elli/or.
Dear Edi tor,
I w ant a one·year su bscription to SPACE
Jo urna l. Start me wit h the winter issue ..
Eadl iss ue of SPA CE J our nal COSIS SO
cents :LIld it is published quarte rl y. \Xlhy
docs it COSt $2. 2S for a one-yea r su bscri ptio n ? \Xl hy the ext ra 25 cents?
Yo urs trlLl y.
Leo Bigos
III Ibe rllSb /0 gel Ihe first issue 0111, a
good mall)' 1!J;'lgs bettll/lt! eOllfusednmOllg tbem tbt! priet! on tbe fO~'t!r of tbe
�I
scrolld prillll"g oJ the first ediliOIl. 'rhe
(OrTecl price per co/') is 50 cellI!; )early
Jlfbscriptioll prire;s 2.00. GrQwj,lg paillJ
of " Jledglillg publirlllioll were also tbe
callst! 0/ tbis de/a)e,1 steo"d cJilioll. The
ubeJule ;s /l OIlJ Slabiliud. &iitor.
Dcar I:ditor,
I :un enrolled in a Icacher training pro·
'.
•
gram at the local un;.crs ity and
study ing the dcvc lopnU'nI of a
~Lm
UlI;t
now
in the
upper clemen wr y leve l. W'ilh the cmpl13sis
placed on man and science in the world
IOday, we ha,·c choSl' n the Study 01 Ainu
as the theme of our initial unit dcvcJo p'
mCIH; its relation to his en vironment; its
effects [II difTerem altitud es ;",<1 depths; and
the co m pcnsnlio ns Ihal a rc n«C55:.r)' to
enable him 10 :';0 beyond the stratosphere
(:111<1 into space. if (:n:r).
Do you hl"'C any pamphlets or in form:uion tlml we could have in relation to our
IOpic? A bibliography and a lin of sources
of inform:uion would also help grcatly.
Ewa, Oahu. l!:awaii
i\laSo"lko K iyabu
A Iisl is 0'1 Ibe ",ay. &iilor.
Dcar Editor,
You·,·(' starled a publ ication which is
mosl welcome. an([ J ca n'l co ncei"e of "
beller group 10 hand le it. The SPACE Jou r.
nal ce nainl y n~doo 10 coulHcract some of
Ihe poo rl y wcineo "space a rticles" now appea ring in al m OSI e"ery newspaper and
m ag:11,ine o n Ihe newssta nds.
BUI my first reaction, when [ saw your
firSI issue al Ihe local m agazine shop, was
disgust. II's nOt bad enough that we're
behind the Russiuns on Ihis thing. I thought
- now here's another sensa tio n-ha ppy p ub.
lisher It yillg to ma ke a fasl buck on it. .. ,
So I bo t hered to pick up your fust issue
ami g lance down the list of contributo rs
on Ihe co,'er. \V'ell, il looked rat her good
-50 then. finally. I searchoo ins ide for the
small print telling who did publish this
magazine. /\nd I bought it.
Consequently, my first suggestion would
be thai )'ou incorporate 50me of that small
print somewhe re on Ihe front co\'er, giving
due cred it 10 the Rocket Cit y Astronomical
Association of H untsv ille. Alabama,
Secondly, I wou ld suggest thnt you ski p
Ihe pocU)' . • • . But th e mOSt serious re'1ueSt I ha,'c 10 m ake is th at ),ou omit any
science fiction. at least until the magazine
reaches a sufficient size to spare a few pages
on a sho rt slOry, InStead. I would much
rather ha\'~ some good biographical studies
of such men as Newton. Copernicus, and
I:ermi, as well as GOOd:lrd and lowell---Qr
eyen H. G, \'(' e lls or Daedalus, . , .
Chic:'so, ll1 inois
Joe Gibson
Tballks for tbe ideas, Joe. A"d (IS a slart.
ree tbe currem issl/e for a., <I,lide 011 Prof.
Go(l(ltml. Editor,
OeM Ed ilor,
I htuc read 5C\'cral arlicles in you r first
issue of SPACE Jou rn:ll, aod find myself
particularly intrigued widl D r, Yon Braun's
"Where Arc We Going?" nnd Mr. W hi p_
p l ~'s " \'(/ hy Conquer Space." I find that the
inspiration expressed by these could use
some backing in S P ACE Journal in OIher
forms than Icehoi",11 articles. . . . .
I call 10 mind particularly Ihe appeal 10
youth, And I can So"ly from my own ex.
perience that m)' present interest in astron_
omy has its founda tion s not o nl y in the
popular books 50 readily a\'a ilable on thc
subject , but 11 150 in li n aCli\'c participation
in some astro nomical experiment, I am sure
Ihat lmd I nOI observed an eclipse of the
moon in 19.f3 o r 1944, or lookl..x) at the
sky w ilh bi nocu lars lind 1:lIcr II telescope
(ho m em:,deJ. I would not have show n much
ell1husiasm fo r Ihe HatS, For m~ny peo p le
Ihe reading of books a nd art icles is ad·
c(pHl!e. bllt I fecI Ihol expericnci ng t he fecI
of looking through a Iclescope on a cold
night o r developing t he f,cst negrll i\'e of an
attempted moo n pholOgmph odds an
essentia l ingredient 10 th e flourishi ng of an
interest,
Somehow. I fee l t hat suc h an ingredient
should be pllt into SPACE Journal. As an
eX:lfllple YOll migl\l sup pl y information on
the frl..'quencies and noture o f the signals
10 be used by the \,:l riO U5 satellites' lransmitters 50 Ih:1I amaleurs with Iimiled equipmelll can cnjo), so me of this "acti ve p."lrtic ipation," That the R ussian Sputni k had
o ne signa l 50 com'enientl)' 10000led in the
33
space journal
�spectrum as to be available to inexpensive
short w,lve receivers was well suited {O
this. The satellite (.·ould be easily heard and,
for example, its pulse rate established
(counti ng pulses) and its signal strength
could be graphed. And thnugh no useful
d ata may be recorded in sllch a fashion,
what is there lost, if this helps boost someone's interest in the conquest of space?
I do not particu larly have in mind that
another Moonwatch be established. J USt
something that can put the amateu r in
direct connlct w ith the activities, nOt
through reading alone, but by "accive partic ipation .. · ' ,>,hat would be lost?
Ikrkeley, Calif.
',>,ill iam E. K unkel
Absolutely 'lotbing would be (mt, alld it
is O/le of tbc aims of tbe SPACE jOf/rnal
to stimulatc ;11$1 S/lcb illtercst amollg <I//latcurs. Ir1e pla'i to do i/lSt that ill fortbcomitlg isSllCI. Editor.
Dear Editor,
It is with considera b le enthusiasm that I
discovcr<.>d )'our journal, not in the sedate
and musty atmosphere of the public Jibr:try
of Los Angeles, but deep in the skidrow
section of Main Street. There in a bookstall famous for its girl)' magazines, foreign
car publications, art smdies, and pin-ups,
my ere fe11 on your exciting effort to interpret SP,KC [(....·hnology for the world.
Particul"rl), of interest arc the philosophical remarks or intellectual justification
for your acrivity. This I believe is importa n t for Americ;l11s, as we do not often u ndersmnd anything w h kh is devoid of economic motive. Thus far there has been no
mcntion of oil wells, uranium deposits, or
d iamond mines on Mars..
Just the pure
possibility of discovery. I approve of this.
The technical side of th is is of i[]{erest to
me as I h,l\'c a sm;111 part in the technics of
space travel: 1 work for a company Ih,1.[
manufaClllres vihrorrons, the vibral"ing wire
type of tra nsducer wh ich me:tsures pressures
with t;reat ,1(CUr;lCy ...
t et me compliment yOllr staff on its
rarc huma n appro;,ch to one of the greatest
teChnological efforts of all time. Dr. von
34
space journal
Braun, for a European, has considerable
insight into the th inkint; of Texas. Ev ident_
ly they, roo, have been co ndiIione<l by
"space" limitations,
Y ours sincerely,
V. E. Jenkins
Tusti n, Calif.
Los Allge/es, it appears, possesJeI OIIC of tbc
more (/iscrimifltllillg skidrows ill 'he Call/Itry. SPACE 10m·//al, it also "PPCIITI, elljoj's
evel1 a widcr audie/lcc tball we bad at first
supposcd. Il7bilc tbc fint issllc contained 110
"mel/tiOll of oil wells, "'·allium tICIJ05il$, or
ditmlO"d mines on ,\I"rs," succeedi"g issues
will illclude <lrticles 011 all pbases of tbe
1I1IlII)' facel$ of sl,ace e.v/JloratiOIl. . illellitl·
ing thc col/Jmerci,,1 possibilities of estabJisbiug illtlllstr)' 011 Mars, if such be feasible.
SPACE 10url/al is collcef/zed with alll'rob_
lems alit! I,o ssibilities illvoll'cd ill space
travel, alltl i" tbe futurc it willlJrillt (1Tlieles
accordillgly. Editor.
TH E ROC K ET CIT Y AS·
TRONOi\I ICA L ASSOCIATION
re-elected four officers and three
board mcmbers to their posts for
1958. Re·elected were:
Dr.
' ,>,eruher von Braun, who on
January 29 received the Space
Flight Plaque of the American
As tronomica l Society, presiden t ;
Mr. Conrad Swanson, vice president; Mr. Geort;c Farrell, secretary; all<I M r. Quincy Love, treas·
u rer.
Also re-elected as board membe rs of the association were Mr.
',>,ilhelm Angele, M r. B. Spencer
Isbell, and i\l r. Gerhard H eller.
Assoc iate board members elected
wete i\I iss Susanne H iltc n and
" I f. H artmut Schillint; to fill the
positions vacaled by M.r. Gerd
Schilling and M.r, Gerald SwanSOil.
�I
SP ACE
FIC T IO H
beyond th is star
B y James l . Daniels, J r.
B
RAO PIU;SSED T HE BurrON be-
side the buoyant cushion on whic h
he lay. The seamless fabric CO"cr ing slid
down from h is body and J isappcan.'<1 into
t he footboa r<1. He stretched to loosen h is
dormam muscles. So rhis was t he laska of
the attempt. I..aska, day; he was eyen \Ising
their wonls now. So flu, !iO far-from
th:ll blue-green Earth wi th ils you ng gree n
hills and azure sky. wilh irs sun_warm days
and rhi nestone ni ghts. More than six
months now, earth time, he had been here
0 11 this dead moon so far from Earth.
Now, if the csc-.. pe ancmpt worked, he
must go back with the disappointing an·
s .....ers-the few that he had. The only
reward for the whole long· heralded expedition was the p roof of (he Animate P rogression theory the Palomar Group had championed so long. The regimcntation, the
5lagn:1n1 Sffile of humanitr herc, the whole
cr:unpot.-d and smffy, tomb-like existence
of a dead·soule<1 pcople in these Domes on
Ihis :jirless ic), world-C"en with its ever·
lasting nuwmation , it was nil so dead, like
these undecorated metal walls around him.
•
Bnld rolle<! up w sit on the side of the
bed. T hc warnlth of h is feet wuehing the
cool floor ~ICltlarl.."{1 the silent weathertron
somewhcre in the cemer of the building.
Th!! elose air sti rr!!d and freshened in th e
room.
Across the narrow room the blank door
in the wall b)' the View-scree n broke silen tl r open. The liquid blonde girl who
entered came toward hi m, smiling-flowed
as if wil hout feet under her g listening Jegelinging skin. K ay-ba r! She alone could
make him think of the folly of the a llempt.
H e held out his (lrms for her. She g lided
into them.
"You sleep so long,
was warm (l Ito.
Ill)'
One."
Her voice
"Am I suc h (I fool to go?" Urad held
her out from h im. I ler face s,'"ldde ned.
" Is the lime so soon, Urad?"
T he answe r hurt within h im. " I suppose
knew th:1I you would know, Ka y.bar, b ut
couldn't (ell yo,,:' 1·le stood lip, Sl id ing
her hnnds from his nrms, and turned away.
The skylight had folded back, nnd the
perpetual sodiulll light caSt pale re llow on
the "~dlls of the room. Up beyo nd the
mile-high cry stal dome the awful sputtering g iant, J upiter. W(lS almost direnl)' over·
head. " 1 gue5S no 10"er in rour cons of
history, 1I0r in the shorr t ime of man on
earth, e ,'er faced a part ing an)' differently.
How does a m:1II tell his woma n, ' I am going- amI wi t hout )'ou.' l:wfI when he is
going to leln'c her. not jllSt hundreds of
mi les or thollsu nds, bm millions, behi nd
him."
" I, like your I::. rth·poe u ' love rs, would
sa)', 'T ake me with )'ou.''' She touched
his should.:;r gent ly, Her breath was warm
ugl. inst his back. I-Ie clasped the 11(lIIds she
folded around h is waist. "But I will not so
(lsk. I know thllt YOLl ha\'e ro, da rling; that
it is not for you r p«Jplc or m ine; not for
rour world or millc, bUI e"e n for all our
kind, that you go. Goodbye, Brad, and
may you Ih'e 10 see your green hills of
Earth agai n." Urad's brCflth ached in his
throat as she sli PIl,ed away and Out of the
room.
35
space journal
�" \'(filh how
sleps w<.' lea\'<.' the
dream couch, w which I wandered
afur," I-Ie finished the line wilh his
words, fo r truly his cOIning h:I<J been
afar.
lm'efrom
own
from
A long dme afterward. in the San i-closet,
with the cleansing son ic W:I\"<.'$ dngling his
skin like a neC(lie shower, he closed his eyes
to dream of Earth.
He had been tingling with neeJI('s of excitement when he had first climbed [hosc
long Slone stairs up to the oak.panel door
of the Observatory.
I I was t('n r('ars lal('r before he was
ready. bcforc [h('y e,"en loid him that hc
would be one of the three Ollt of Ihe thirty
in the organization. the P:.tomar Group,
who would take that long jump beyond (he
pale bl ue Earth into dark space-to find
those ancient answers.
Since the mid-century war the basic ques·
lion had been simple: "Can man endure
in the face of contimlL'<I fratricide, with
weapons in hand tnat can oblileratc life?"
36
space journal
,
Hut the sim plicity of the question had be·
lied the complexity of the answer. Neilher
Science nor Philosophy had been able to
begin to answer. The ]>ondering of the
q \lcsdo n had been bel:ned , pessimistic, and
negative.
In desperalion. Drs. Wherry, Carl, and
others of Ihe first Palomar Group in the
sixties had IllrnC(1 (0 the discarded theory
of Animate Progression. which was simply
Ihat solar syStem life had begun in eo ns
past on the outermost planet when proper
condi ti ons had e"olved; then as that planet
wilh ils own cooling. the diminishing he:1I
of the sun, and its own outward drihing
from the sun, had lost its atmosphere a nd
d ied, the life of the plnnet had moved on.
or hud been mo\',,'!! by unknown coslllic
forces, to the next planet nearer the Sun.
The process had repeated irself u ntil our
own Earrh had e\'olved life a nd l)Op ulated
itself. Most scienti fic and research groups,
infl ue nced by such limited theorics as
\Xlildl's atmospheric cornposirion theor)"which would preclude ex istence of earth·
�,
lorm life on the other planers-had dis·
claimed the An imate t heory and scoffed at
the Pa lomar Group. But the grou p con·
ti nued it.s astronom iC'll 1 resea rch. \'Vh ile the
wodd sciences de\'oted research toward
greater weapo ns and man rushed madly
toward annihilation, the Pa lomar G roup
de\'oted itself to t he Animate P rogression
research, turning its spectroscopic swdles
10 each pi:lnet in rurn, constructing a n ac·
curate sp:lce AIi:lS, and preparing men for
space travel.
Confident t hat t he guided missile and
man ned rocke t programs wou ld inevitably
overcomc ti,e tec hnological harriers to space
trave l, the G rou p directed research tow;lnl
sclecling the beSt possibility among the
solar system planets lo r surv iving life. They
reasoned that if [he Animate theory were
correct t here would be a strong possibility
that life had surv ived o n at least one of
the o lder 1,IaneIS in the progression, and if
such life had survived then the inhabitants
by "irtue of the very cons of thei r existence
shou ld be far wiser than earth's man. T he
proper presentation of the question of man'S
surviva l wou ld be to such "O ld Ones," if
the)' uistcd.
" b nned satell ites in the late sixties had
helped (0 make possible t.he technological
b reakthrough. The Moon Obsen'awry had
been completed in 1971 and the Palomar
Group, now redllime.:1 by science and the
governmen t, 1110v&l. in the re in ri me for
unobscured observations of Mars during its
dose llpproach in August of Ihat year. Mtlrs
prove<1 to be a ruSty d ri e.:l.up p lanet, but,
d uring the nex t yetlr, electro·spectroscopic
studies, without 1:1lrth's vapor Hnes to inter·
ferc, revealed tim! Ve n u~ aClUally did have
WlHcr vapo r in ils atmosphere. f urthermore.
tI,a! atmosp he re wns actually evolving into
a com l)Osit ion thar would support li fe for ms
such as found on Eurth. Heartened by their
Jisco\'eries, t he Grou p searched w ith re·
newed lcal for some sign of sur vivi ng life
on the outer planets.
h was only w hen they began t.he ir study
of the satellites that a real posSibility was
fo\,nJ, Europa, the thi rd moon o f J upiter.
Only sligh tly sma llc r than and tw ice as far
from its parent as I:arth's 1I100n, it fasci.
nuted t hc Group because o f its h ig h re fl ec·
ti"if)', so high that fro m t he Moo n itS albedo
pro"ed to be twe n ty times that of Earth.
There SCi!med no way to explain it other
than t har ir muS! be due to something a rt ificial. A nd art ifice in the Un;"crse could
only mcan life.
No t long aftt( the cad)' chemical space
(Irives had taken man fO t he I\100n, Dr.
Reinhold, wo rking with Neulfon ics Elec·
tric, hnd dC\'cloped his G·Null Converter.
R einhold had simply coupled Stuhlinger's
Ion drivc experime n ts w it h the f orce·field
Trtlnsmiue r developed in 1970 by H och·
berger at M .1.T. and had comc up with a
device for tra nsmitting a positive force
ficld to a p rescribed area ahead of t he shi p
and simultaneousl), pola ri zing t he entire
sh ip to negnti\,e. It wou ld sim pl)' draw the
shi p forward b)' lIU(nction, with its speed
regulated by the strengt h of the field. By
reversing the direction of the field from
front to rea r and adjusting the strength,
thc ship could be eased downward against
a gra\,ir.n ional pull nt a controlled speed,
thus simplifying landings on an)' planetary
body. The legendary Paragraviry Device
was a fact.
• • • •
i-iencc, the destination was determ ined,
the course c harred, :md a feasib le sh ip un·
de r construction when Brad Hudson. Myron
Drake nnd Sieve Arnhearst were Sl'lecte<1 fO
form t he crew of the SfA RI'fRE. T he
Sf / JRPIRI? had bunched from t he moon
in the spring of n inety. three.
Fo r the ent ire nine months there had
no r been a single major malfunction-just
the vast da rkness and the mo notonous h"m
of the G·Null Converter in the compart·
ment next to h is bun k. At times it had not
been easy to hold back the shrill \'o ice in·
side t hat kept trying to sh riek out agai nst
the h um and the weightlessness that "'en
t he mag net ic sole5 had not been sufficiem
to overcomc. The), st iU left o ne wi th the
feel ing o f hanging from the ceiliDg by the
shoes.
Another n inety hours would bri llg tbe
sh ip in to the J up iter gravitational field.
37
sp.!lce journal
�38
space journal
------------------------~
�T hen wou ld come (he real test of Reinhold's
Com "cncr. If it could build up sufficien t
braki ng power 10 ho ld aga inst t he J upi te r
fie ld, at least un ti l they cou ld get into a n
orbit arou nd t he tin y Europa! Re inhold
had been confidcm , but th en he was the
(:lI her o f the thi ng and was (J ot the o ne
hav ing 10 leu i l . Brad was som ewhat 11 (>prehensh -e. H is r ig id stomach m uscles assu red h im of t hllt.
•
•
•
Forwa rd, in the bu lbous nose of the ship,
t he shore squa t A m hearst am id dial s and
panels h unched suddenl y forward w ith his
eyes g lued to t he ele<:troocope, sca n n ing the
now baskct ball·s iwd J upiter and the rapid
e ll ip ti c swing o f Euro pa aro und it.
" Beue r gC I up here, you t WO," A m hcarst's
hoa rse "oice b las ted sudden ly loud over t he
he lmet inte rco m . Brad Soar u p as the lank y
D rake brushed paS! h im with his robot-like
wadd le_ Afte r twO yea rs of (raining and
ni ne months out, Dra ke st ill had n't lea rned
to coordi nate h i5 moveme ntS wi th t he alternate left- right, on-off, automatic switc h ing
of the magnetic soles for walking. Brad
followed the long man 10 the from. Beyond
the forward port, J upitcr was ballooning
at a terr ific rate.
" \Vhat ?" Drake's calm rationa li ty came
t hrough, C"en in his voice. The cool· headed
bean pole had been the smbilizing factor
th roughout the long ,·oyage. Amhearst, in
:lnswer , mot ioned IOward the forwa rd port.
" Europ:I'S Ihe lillie mile 10 t he right now.
Y Oll {;:Ln see it with t he naked eye."' And
Ihere it was, a tiny brighl light, sliding
across Ihe red Aurry of J upiter'S south tropi.
cal disturbance. "Now l:heck the electro·
scope!" Am hea rSI slid b.1Ck from the face
picce. Urad p ressed his own helmet to the
scope. T he enla rged scope image broug ht
the little moon a Ihousand ti mes closer. It
was ice wh ite wit h crystal-like specks dotting the face of it.
"T here's lifc--or was!" Brad forced himself to re lax against his childis h desire to
jump up and down. H e enriched his oxygen
supply and breathed deliberately slow and
long.
\Vithin ten hours Ihe crystal spotS had
resoh'ed in to dea r dome like Stnl{;t uces on
the ice,co" ered moon, spaced geometrically
m'c r t he su r face. T h us, the high albedo was
accounted for. In a nother live hours city·
likc arrays o f Structu res could be seen in
each of t he g ian t Domes.
Dur ing h is third ten· hou r w atch since
t hc ol»cr vatio ns had begu n Brad could
make o ut cylind r ical a nd hemis pherical
bu ild ings, g lint ing b r igh tl y me ta l.lic in t he
art ificial ye llow glow inside the Domes.
By now Ihe appre hoosion had again rep laced the exci teme nr: W ou ld the li fe th at
had crea ted th is hu man· like arc hi tecture
still exist inside t hose bu bbles t hat had no
do ub t enab led t he m to survive afte r the
death of their wo rl d? T he apprehension
doub led into cold sweat when Brad called
th e ot hers to statio ns for the fie ld reversa l.
110r now wou ld be the teSt- hu rtl ing in.
wa rd toward J upi te r Ilt one hu ndred thous... nd m iles pe r hou r. Dmke and Amhearst
sl rappcJ in and checked. Brad glanced
o,'er the panels and d ials.
"Nowl" he 5o.. id. He locked the la nding Con tro l in lO the orbit of Europa. H e
sucked in his breath and he ld it, Aashed
the red panel ale rt, and {;ut t he Con,'ener
to Zero. He pressed the Field Re,'ersa l
leve r to Automatic. The Field· D ial needle
snllppt.oJ across the face of the dial and
locked on Re\·crsc. Now, wou ld it hold?
Brad breathed again. lea ned back and adjusted his body straps. The slow ing bodylUgging tlcceler~lI ion began. Fi ve hours
of this and t he n lan<ling. Quite suddenly
Ihe b lackness came, and he knew no more.
\Vhen Ihe inwa rd Aow of returni ng con ·
sciousness ehbed, Urad was aware of an
ac hi ng while lig h t. It S<.-etned 10 ha ve no
sou rce. H e was not on the ship! H e mUSt
have rni.scalcll l ~lIed the decell'ra t io n rate.
So the AulQmat i{; had landed them. He lay
on a dllis of some k ind in the center of a
rather bare and cold hemisp heriC-oil roo m.
On one side of the room were te n whitecloaked figures scared behind a panel of
desks. After a momenl Brad reali~ed that
he was the object of their attention. He
bl inke.:l again, (o r the len were idemicalstmiglu coal·black ha ir, pale skinned and
heavy browed. As Urad studied the cold
39
sp ace journal
�impassive faces, the one in the cemer spoke.
"You, Space Comer, are in the presence
of Primesters. I am Ko-Pa ll, the J udge
Superior of th is world. \Xfe b(we ascertained that you are the Prime One of the
comers." If/bill of tbe olber$.' Urad cou ld
not spea k. " To know you nnd your race
we have kept )'OU unconscious as we found
you, for ou r psyc ho.physio exam inations.
Now, we must exam ine )'ou in a conscious
state. You w ill tOuch t he protr usion unde r
rour right hand, please." T he b:ISS ,·oice
/l owed Out with a hrp nolic resonance. The
ma n's f(lce rem;, ined expressionless, but
there was a sinister hardness a round the
da rk glinting eres.
Brnd fingered the knob under his palnl
and pressed. T he dais resolved itself imo
a n eas)' cha ir shape, leaving him in a comfortable up right position. So smooth was
the tr1H1sfoTm;,tion tha t Drad's reltex tensing
had not time to brace his bod)' agai nst it.
Now the tenseness weLU au I . The r;Ul{ness
in his head !Old him that his hod{s relaxed
condition was Slill part of the elTC(:t of
whatever narcoleptic inducing agent they
had used on hint.
" YOII have of course hccn thoroughly exam ine<1 by our l'srcllO- Physiological 1X."Ople
and aLIT Dio·7...QO logiC;11 staffs while you were
narcothi7.ed. as h""e the o t hers of your
people." D rake. AIII!ullr$t_ tl·bere are
the) ? Urad stra ined to speak.
" In a moment," Ko-Pall s.1id, "YOII w ill
be able 10 speak. As for your friends, if
that is rou r concern , they life safe. They,
tOO, ;. re being studied. \X' e will not harm
)'ou. I aSSure )'OU tha t Ollr interest is
pu re ly scientific and ratio nal. Idlc curiosity
has no place in our world. You w ill, of
cour§('. obscn'e that we corwer§(' in rour
langwlge. This we know will not surprise
)'01L. as rOil people had on your "chide
p r imit i"e electron ic tnLnslators ' ;,"d deciphering devices; hence, rOLL Me ;Iware of
the sim pl!! process of defining and reproducing ;1 language. You k now t hat the
neX t ste p is a de"ice for imposing the
mechanics On the brain of Ihe lea rne r. All
extension of m ncmonics docs il."
Of course, Urad t hought. So /I'e Bartb·
40
space journal
1/1611 hll!!e gOlle $0 far with 16(bnology tbat
we f orgot Ibe simple lillIe hUlllal1 elemBllls.
-rbirty dll)'s bath September-.
" If you arc wondering about the Prime·
SIers you see here, we arc thc go,·e rn mc tH.
The Primesters' specia l illlerest in ),011 is
political not clinical or scientific. Our
Science a nd T ech·Councils have th ose areas.
Our exam ination need not be feared . Now,
you arc advanced as a life form , otherwise
you would 110( !la,'C ,'cntured through
space. You are ad"anced as a race, otherwise you could not. Natu rally we must
dete r mine whether you ;rre a t hreat to OlLr
world. Our Tech-Councils, tlfter their eXIlIlIi·
nation of you r ship and other equ ipment,
hn"e all assured us that you can be such a
threat. Now, we must ;Iscermi n your politi .
cal intentions and I:>otemiai for we know
that it is pol itical and commercial Ilmbition,
not scientific potent ial, that initiates cooAict."
Ko· Pall clasped whi te bony hands before
him on rhe black metallic desk top . "W'e
;Ire. of course, a m a~cd that your life form,
e"en though more primiti,'e in its e.-olu·
tio nary nate, is similar to ours, fo r our reSClrrch has prove n com patibilit y of man y
;md radically different life for ms wi th
the uni"c rse. \'(Ie ha"e dc term in('d that you
arc of Planet Th r~ of Our Solar S)'Sfem?"
The cold man paused as if wa iting for an
answer.
Brad's '"oice (:ame now, but hoarsely.
"Yes. we are from I~arth."
" \Xle had detected life there but thoug h t
it more primiti"e." Ko· Pa ll's face d ispla)'c<1
some slight signs of inte rest now. "\Vhy
did you come here?"
Brad's '·oice came easier. He explained
the Animate theory. the question of man's
sor"i"lll. a nd the nal\1r111 curiosity of
1:lL rthlings. \Vhen he had fioishe<l, the
Primeste r Council filed solemnly out, like
a panel of robed English judges.
The)' let him slc.:.-el' e ight hours in a
cubicle off the central room-then back for
quenion5. Question eight, sleep eightmethodically (he)" continu(.-d fhe e:o;aOl ina·
lion. co"ering cver)' face l of ea rl h life.
Sociel), and gm'ern ment, they prolx.-d unt il
�(here was nothing in his mi nd in those
areas t hey d id nor know. The food COli ·
«'n mues Ihcy b rought him w(' rc tasteless.
He grew weary. Ko- Pall grew morc persistent, a] mOS I sadistic, un til th e cold ha n]
face and mClhods fused inw a brinle si n ister
•
personal ity.
And B rad knew fhe man was
d:l!Igc rous.
He beaullc so cTuc ll y h uman
-the racket boss, the d ict'dlor. In his nea r ly
n umbed 5 1111(', Brad s:nv the possibility of
answer to Eanhrn an's dilemma fade and die
in Ihc face of this self·centered man. So
here, nfle r cons of ('xistcnc(', was man. Surviv ing, yes, bUI s[;l1 thc sa me selfis h, powe rmad Cf(~alurc that was dlc younger 1::lrth
kind.
T hen, abruptly, Ihe cxamin:uions ceased
w illi Ko- Pall's p ronOllnce mc n l tha t t he
Ear t hmen were teu l), a ducal to Europa.
B rad k new that here would be Ko-Pall's
•
,
stepping stone fa mo re powe r, the eli m ioa·
t ion of the t hreat.
T hey had sem him to ~ hl-bar the n" I u- bnr the D ireclOr of Bio-Sciem:es for
Euro pa. It "':1$ to this w i;,;ened little /11:10
with cri nkl)' cornered eyes and gemle
mouth, :ond 10 his daughte r Kay.ba r, thnt
Brad owed h is survival these six mon ths
since the Primester's inquisitio n. Ko- Pa ll
had conceded 10 Mu·b:lrs· demand and hud
grallted a six· mont h observat ion pe r iod.
Under this guise " III-bar had taken 13md
into his own apartment. There. w it h Kay_
bar's <ln ily com pany, Brad hild learned the
comforts of this hermetic world- t he sonic
shower, where now he su)()(1 tingling; the
d cct ronic app lian ccs wit h no wires; th e
tcle" ision and tclepat hic SClnners. projccIOrs. il!ld monitors, c,'en to control sleep and
rest: the diseaselcss cities; the illg:!e nnd
plnn k ton food production ; Ihe ar ti ficinl
su n light and I>ower harnessed to Jupite r's
ceaseless hyd roge n eruptive acti"ity, tha i
was thc great n ed Spot. And with Ka)'- ba r
he leMnc<;! the 10"e he had nO! had time fo r
in his I;art h ),ears of ime nse st udy and mlin·
illg.
\X' ith M u·b.1r Brad lea rn ed t he ho rrorsregimentation a nd hollow commu nal liv.
ing, controlled genes thul rep rOl.h,,:ed euc h
human type necdc<;! for specifIC blots in t he
economy, w h ich expluined the similarity
of the P r irneSlers. He learned of t he incessan t nnd aocient m ig rnt ion of the race.
He leurned how ,\Iu-bar, in revolt against
the order. had ahe red the state prescri bed
genetic st r uct ure for h is own da ughter Ml
that she Imd been born a throwb:lck, an
individulil . unordered, unpatterned, q uile
h uma n-nnd \'err fe male.
Now in his da rk cubicle shower, Bead
tried \0 bring it ;'uo focu$--the cold "i ndic·
th'e Ko- Pall, the rfll iona l but dy ing world,
his ow n lo nely years of fierce objectivity,
his own self·sufficient Earthkind. Eres
closed, he leaned aga inst the close meta ll ic
shower w ;.]1. [r)·iog to reclaim Mlrtle di rt>ction from (he swirling weariness, w hile the
whole unive rse coalesced, and all the outward flow o f sense And life from t he center
o f h is being re"e rscd a nd w horled inward
to compress within dIe boundar ies of consciousness. And he was awa re of the buf_
fe li ng flow-Ihe baffl ing reco il And wi ldly
r ichocheting out flowing force of self. For
ooe bright 1110melll, poised on the p recipice
of "ast incomprehensible k nowing, he knew
the basic fl nw of the man :lII il11al: that ration al ou t.flow ing. t hat cente ring ;n self of
all that is k nowledge, a ll t hat is bei ng in
time and space, all that is li fe-the misconception rhat humanity is in itself comp lete, the cen ter of the cosmos, und that
mn ll is in cont rol. T hen in a moment it
was gone and Br:ld was there again in t he
sho wer, JUSt a setlred lillie man in an a lien
land five hund red millio n miles from ho rne.
-To btl cOlltbllled ill thtl 1It1.\·t isslltl of
SI'ACIJ }(JllmalIT IS OF GR EAT IMPOR_
TA NCE that rhe gene ral public
be give n an o pportunity to ex·
periellcc--conseiousIy und illle]·
ligeflll)"-the efforts and resu its
of scientific resea rch. It is not
sufficient t il tH each result be
rake n "p, elaborated, and applied
br a few specialists in t he field .
Rest r ict ing the body of k nowl·
edge to a small g roup deadens
the ph ilosophical spi rit of a 1)(.'0pIc alld lead s to spiri t ual povert)'.
- AJ be rt Einstein.
41
space journal
�F[Co Win d M, ,,,o,y Co",p~I., _ on
old .,h •• 1I0"'[I<>liollol .y.I .... op.'·
01. wilh Doppl...
No miuile syttemt can be
illustrated because of Ihe
level of classificalion. fiCo
is doing extensive work in
ABMA's Redstone and Jupi·
ler programt, in Iho Navy',
Torlar and Terrier programs,
and in other projects.
42
space journal
FICo Vi '''''~nd • • Computillg Tim.r
- <onl.ol. up 10 RYe .... iol <0 ....0.
•'",,,lton...,,.ly. Highly 'O .. pod.
±S' ....",o.y. 6" long _ 2" d io ...
FIC.. Mogn.ti< Vo ri .. ,lon C.. mpu'"
- p,.et"d...... IOf ...,n"ol
' i on in ...... lIo'<igaIiOt'!.
fiCo ASN·6 P.... nt ~o .itloll Com_
p~ t . . Sr.t .... - [ndl ... t ...... nd 'On·
'.01 a re .hown.
d
'0"'"
Ii.,
f lC .. Te. t s.t _ fa. night
,h,ck
a ,,, of lIavigaiionol .y.,.... S.II·
<ontain.d and po,'abl • .
FICo hh ..".1 T."'p . .... u•• [nd iu,_
t ... _ .ang. 200' C 10 lOOO' C wilh
fiCo Anolog·to·Dlgl, .. 1 Conyo,te.
_ for oi.bo... ... dng .y.t... I.. ,
h .. l'Fi<
<..nhol.
�I
Ford Instrument provides the systems
•
Navigational Systems and Compulers
Exhaust Temperature Indicators
Cru ise Controls
Sensing Systems fo r Traffic Control
•
Guidance Systems
Drone Controls
MinHe Launching ond Control Compulers
Computing Timers for Aerial Phologrophy
Computer and Control Components
Plouin9 Equipme nt
FORD INSTRUMENT CO.
DIVISION OF SPERRY RAND CORPORATION
31·'0 Thomson Av enue, Long It la nd Cily 1, New York
Beverly Hills, Colif.
Daylon, Ohio
f., i"'-,mat'" ... fI C. ', aero one! .Issile " ",,,5 I11III (ClpClbililies, write to fiCo', AIRBORNf EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT.
43
space iournal
�44
space journal
�I
snow nor
or gloom of night
•
,
"We ;.... now capable o( • .,ndmg" an object ouuide
the "arlh'. gnvltational held. Such a propulaion
.yatem could carry rook'" rn"'II"lIero loth" moon,
and we nre able t o cUunal" 'he COlt of a ro ck~ 1
m"il ltamp needed . The probluTIS i nh~r"nl in the
oyl t ern have a.l ready been lolved by progre •• in
.olid propellan t rocketry."
0,. . H. W. Ritchey
Projecu .ueh ", "Rocku Mad to the Moon" m .. y
be nec,,"ury looner , han we think. S1<,illed, te~h
nlcal1y t ... IMd ,nd.v.du",h are needed byThiokollO
"nabl .. '"ell t,,\u,e projecU . Adda .. "''1U1rie'' \0:
DIVI!oIO .... . HUNTSVi llE. ALAtAM" : : =
•
45
space journal
�guidi ng ha nd
f or tomo rrow's power
Skilled hands coupled with keen minds made tOOay's rocket
powcrplants a reality. Minds that formulate new theories in powcrplant
design ... and hands that prove these theories by careful
experiment, tcst and application.
Guided by such hands and minds, RMI has led the way fo r over
fi fteen years - designing and producing record-break ing powcrplants for
such supersonic vehicles as the X-lA , Skyrocket and the
Viking missile. Today and in the future, RMI engineers and scientists
will continue to blaze the trail toward advanced propulsion
systems for" manned and guided flight.
Engineers, Scientists-Perhaps yo u, too, can work wilh America'sft,sr
rocket family. You'll find the problems challenging, the rewards great.
P r og r es s
D
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NVILL _.
40
space iournal
i
�PUR1F1ER CHAMseR
WHERE RELIABILITY SPELLS SUCCESS • . • • •
Custom designed, precision built. Robbins Aviation products have
been instrumental in the successful attempts of man to penetrate
outer space. Progressive research and development in our laboratories will help to assure the success of future space exploration
efforts,
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USE lOllll<l5 VALYUI
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47
space journal
�IS YOUR FUTURE SECURE?
Be sure you get your future copies of
SPACE Journal by subscribing today
one year only $2.
DETACH HERE ANO MAIL
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P. 0. Box 94
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Name _________________________________
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48
space iournal
�,
On the lefl. aoon'. i~ the huS" cylinder of
sirtl a nd aluminum ~no..-n U Rt:DSToSt:
(built by Chry~tcr Corporation) the larg<'81
balli.,ic ",i•• ile in full indll~trial produc.
tion. I'crftx: led ill Illl all.iltlpo rlnll ' projec t
at I I 1Inl~\'ilk, Ala!>ltrna, by th e Army,
Red,lOne
i~
more
Ih~n Il ...·CII(IOn.
It
,3
a
mile"IOne of irnmru:;e proporuolU.
On the right-and goin!; inlO 11'OO:]IIcl;on
unde r anI'''' Arl11 y ~onlraC I "jIlt Chry~lcr
Corpora lion - is Jt'Pl'TE R - the first off·
Kpring of R{'II,lone.
DODGE
a n inlcrmooiale
ra"g<'l mi~ile clIpable of tranoling 1.'ioOO
mil.:-•. \\ illlOut Red< lol)l', Ju pi ter would
uever have come jll \O heing with the
1l!lonishing '''I,;<li'y tha i hn markco:i iu
STO",t h from e~ perinM'nla l iM.. 10 produc_
tion ~talll~. Milly of t he f'rinciplc! u!<!(]
in J upiICr- Vf()pllt~ion. suida uc<: alld oou·
Irol, mcasuring &ys t em~ ani l fligh t con trob
THE FORUI'ARD LOOK
PLYMOUTH
It ·~
- hale be e n pro l<e d in &ucce n fu l
li ed-tone firino~<
Ch rysler Corporalion i5 proud of il8 role
in helpi"~ to create two ~ neTlition~ or
Iluided n\l S!i lc~< Along wilh the men who
have made the Arm y Hllllisti c Mi,.ile
A,,'ellcy the mo.t succe5I!ful rn i~iJe head·
quarters in Arneri~, we are no,,· continu_
ing Ihi5 prOorarn of progreu .
This, /00, is
CHRYSLER CORPORATION
DE
SOTO
•
CHRYSLER
IMPERIAL
��
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Serials Collection
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Serials Collection
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<i>Space Journal</i>, vol 1, no.2, Spring 1958.
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Rocket City Astronomical Association
Space Enterprises, Inc.
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University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
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1958
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en
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spacejournal_1958_spring
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1950-1959
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Life on other planets
Rocketry
Cold War
Goddard, Robert Hutchings, 1882-1945
Propulsion systems
Space flight
Space race--United States--History--20th century
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PDF Text
Text
�' o,d In ~ tn.m ."t Co. ," ", in •• , ,·hc,;l_ Hir,""aring g) ro (.)r nng"lar drif1 On equ;.torial test
stand. T",t can .hQ,," up drift rate~ as Iowa. on" rC'Qliuiou in 40 year •. Test) !i~e thi, ..
helped Army put "Explorer" into orbit
Some 01 Ford Ins trument's current
or recent programs include :
oystcms •..
A••h lon •• ~d J~pi' ••
Mlso,le laYnchi~8 .~d conl"'1 o,de.
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In . t1lall~>da"".
incl~d'nl
Analoe: .~d d'I".1 compu'e, oy"eml
fu .. nl .•• mln, .~d oth •• wOft>e.d
cO~I'ol equipment
PI"tti"1 equipment
Nucl. . ,
.y.,.m•• nd control.
A special guidance system for the Jupiter C. de' eloped b) lhe Arm)" lJalltstic
~lIss;le Agency. \Ioas used 10 launch the
first U. S. artificial satellite inlO spa,,~.
Many componeills of this S) , tern "ere
provided by Ford Instrument Co.. prime
contractor for bolh the ··standard·· U. S.
Arnl) Ikdstone and Jupiler guidance
systems.
The fabulously-etjuipped. fantast;call)-clean g)W lab (abol'e) is only a
sma ll part of the adv;mced research lind
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"e
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Gun'". conl...,l.
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FORD INSTRUMENT CO.
DIVISION
OF ,sPERRY
RAND
CORPORATION
31-10 Ttoom son Avenue, Long I S I"nd Clly I. New York
fi. ld h i•• Of h e.. , B.v.'I~ H il l •• Ce lif., Ooyton. Oh io
�JOURNAL OF THE ASTRO·SCIENCES
CONTENTS
Vol. I. No.3
Summer 1958
CO VE RS
10ARD Of CONSUUANf$
Df. W .,~hOf __ 'f "~~
FRONT : Layout and design by Ha rry Lange. Ske tch is
Elplorer I (See page IS for story)
BACK: Oil painting by H!lrry Lange was inspired by
John Hulley's "The Purpose of Man In The Uni_
vene" {see page 3)
0 , ~ '~' f Sfok!I.<iOf
',of . H.,,,, ... Ob.,fh
lDUOR_IN _C Hl lF
,
~p ..
c., IIb.11
EOI TORIIl
M AN AG ING (DUOR
2 PROJECTING WITH SPACE JOURNAL
Ja mel l. Da niels, Jr.
ASSOC IAH ID IT OR
ASSO CIAH
I.W <h.11
~
HITURES
3 THE PURPOSE OF MAN IN THE UNIVERSE
John Hulley
B LAUNCHING THE EXPLORER SATELLITES
James L Stamy
IS SPATIAL ORI ENTATION OF EXPLORER
SATELLITES
Dr. Charles Lundquist
21 LIFE ON O THER STARS-Part II
Dr. Ernst Sluhlinger
31 THE ACID TEST
Dr. Wernher von Bra un
~DIfOR
~h., ....
J,.
ASSIST ANT (DUOII
~AYOUT
DIRlCTOR
Ho,old E.
',k.
AliT DIRECTOR
Hon,
H .· ~
GIIA~HICS
~ •• ~
OEPRRTMENTS
L... ~.
37 SPACE BOOKS
43 OUT_OU R_S PACE
44 VOX POPULI
DIRfCTOR
1<400". Jf.
FI CTION
SPRCE
IUSINUS MANA GllI
II lch.,d T. H •• ~,
47
CON '."UT OIIS
f . H .. ,old Eo.o •. 0 01 "
bo ' , .,. 1<40 11 , D•• IIb.ll.
" I~
space review
lipace C/lrtoonl
Tuction
BEYOND THI S STAR_Final Chapter
James l. Daniels. Jr.
L•• q •• ~o,o '-4 . '-4 0"0'. Vi' 9 1.,. ~ho, .... 1<4 0', J o•• Do • • W."o. T. 1<4 "'1 ' 0". "''1""' Hoch.
SUIM ISSIO N 0' MAHII I A~
l ito ,. b", '"lo. of "'0,.,1.1 to ,h ', Jou, ••1 I, 01 .. . , . . . .Ic"",.;
.,11" .. of !iOO ' 0 JfIDG .. o,d •
S•• d III.
0,19' ... 1 0. " hit. bo.d p .... ,. I, ... ",;"... do.bl. ",.cod, pl •• 1",o .. ,bo ••. L.. , • • 1 ' ....1 • ""o·'.ch "'f910 "" oil
.Ido ••• d ~ OI .11 111.,...110" " II ~ .h. 1..1.
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space journal
�fDITDRIAL
Proj ect ing With Space Journal
B y J a m es
L.
D a n i el s,
Jr.
...OC;U. editor
Recently I had lunch wi th a Sunday supplement maga zine editor who is interelted in our
magazi ne ven ture in the ~poce foeld. This editor, a veteron of neo rly three de<;o des in the
publishing bUliness, asked a ques tion which has come to us in various forms from reoden, advertisers, and publishe.. , "What has SPACE Journal to ofter thot any other magazine
h\l$n 't?"
Then, 01 course, he osked the logical ,ubsequen t queltions about diredion ond ob·
jectives.
The onlWer to the basic question is .imple: SPACE Journal ofters the layman the belt
Ihinking 0 1 Ihe leoding o uthori lies in the os l/a-lciences and in Space Age philosophy in lan_
guage that he, the laymon, can understand. The layman cannot get such authentic and informolive material else where for two rea~on$: one, these outhors do no t normolly appear in ather
populor mogozin e s; two, when their work is p ublished it is usually in technical and sc ie ntific
publica tions and in complex technical language which the laym a n conna l understand.
From this an.wer the logical extension of the first question ori'e., "Why?" The ans wer
to this one falls in the cotegary 01 objectives and direction. The "why" we wish to afte r the
layman space informotian becomes the "whot" 01 our o b jective and the " where" and "which" 01
our di redion.
Our objective is the motivation of man to survive. We believe that the human race can
conti n ue 10 develop o nd to survive on ly through mo vi ng ou t into the Yo st rea ch es 01 this e verexpanding unive"e. We want no ordered, stognant, communal exis tence and slow intellec tual
deoth under government-regulated birth. life, and deoth, no Brove New World-restriclions
which necen ar il y wi ll be imposed if man remai ns roo ted 10 terra firmo. As Mal thu. knew, the
Earth has ih limit. in numbers 0 1 animol, it can support. Already scien tists are predicting that
within a lew year. the elimination of most animal Iile other than human will be a necenity. Even
wi th scie ntific and tech nologica l e ftkiency that may surpass all known bounds, mo n, if he reo
mains on Earth, will ultim ately hove to curb his indisc riminate spawning and cramp himself
into lor less spoce per person thon he now hos, even in his postage stomp urban lots and tenement hovels. He will be lorced to sac rifice hi. individuol existence to the 5upreme organism,
the Ito te, so thai, once achieved, Ih e me tabolic b a lonce of the whol e con b e moin lo ined.
Finally, if man does achieve Ihis precarious bolance lor physical survival on Earth, he must
eventually perish with his OWn sola, system when ils life givin g sun 01 lasl goes oul.
Th e re fore, we mu,t gel ou!. O ur earth bound frontiers o re gone; we must e xplore the new
ones; we musl open the universe lor man's incenont migration so Ihot he may con tinue to grow,
to e~pand hi, power to comprehend, and to progren up Ihe infinite ladder of lime.
Hol d ing the se view I, SPAC E Jou.no l has no difficul ty in choosi ng its direc tion. The rou te
through space ;s via the mind of the layman. for it i. the laym a n who will "foot" the bill for
space e ~ plorotion . II is th e layman who.e world Or worlds will be left to his progeny. Thus he
i$ most vi tally a ffected by every step towo rd spoce explorotian, and we believe he recogni zes
this. And nOw tha t the science fiction venture1 o f a lew years ago have completed the cycle
from vague po .. ibility to certainty, in the ligh t of technological advonces in the missile ona solei.
lite fields, the loyman hungers to knaw-Ia know what he is going to pay for, to know whot he
;s leaving to his children.
We of SPACE Journal wanl him 10 know. We wan l him 10 pay for and pau on to his
progeny Ihe opportuni ty and the challenge 10 survive--Io insure the perpe tuity of human kind ;n
thi, grond cosmos. And we b elieve th o l th e more he knows the mare he will be motiva ted to do
just that-the mare he will be willing to assume his obligation to his own species.
•
2
space journal
�$ P " C E PH I LO SOPHY
I
t h' purp ose 01 rna n in t h, un i verse
By
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In h is series of SSC lolks, published os The
Nolvre of the Un iverse (Slockwell, 1950),
ostronomer fred Hoyle conc1 vded with a queslion and a surmise. " What is mon ' s place?"
he asked. Arc we " ingenioul mochine,," hoving no signi fi cant conne ction wilh the cosmos?
Or is the Sible righl in plocing man at the
cenler of the un'verse, the primary abiec t of a
persanol Gad's solicitude? Diuotisfied with
available canclusianl. he offered an opinion
both humble and hopeful ,
When by pa lie nl inquiry we learn
the answer 10 any problem we always find, balh as a whole and in
detoil, that the answer thus revealed
is finer in concep t and design Ihan
anything we could ever have arrived
at by a random guess. (p. 118(
Withi n their fie ld. ecologists would p roba b ly concur. Eoch nalural species-animal or
plon t-seems so perfeclly mode for its specifIC
10lk Illot one is led to expect to find a similar
perfection in tile lIuman organism.
Ecology studies Ihe way tile various species
inleroct in tile noturol scheme. One of tile
most fam iliar examples of Illis interaction is
Ille bee wllich, in its qvest for nectar. transfers fertilizing pollen from flower to flower.
A sim ilar coordination of work appears among
all til e species. Plan t seeds pan in!ad Ihroug ll
a nimal digestive systems, tllus achieving wi de
dissemination and good opportunity for
growth. Tile effect of tile worm', dige.tive
J0hn
H II
( (
ey
aelivily is 10 ferlilize the soi l; Ihe diges tive
habit s of one species of woodpecker serves
to preserve cerlain trees from deslruelion by
e xcessive beelle populations, and so on. Und e r close scru tiny, nature's interaction oppea"
01 cooperative as it is compe titive.
Individuals 01 each speciel, seeking tlleir
own fulfillment, actually playa creative porI
in a much larger pattern, Pllotosyntlletically,
plants convert solar ro y. into food wh icll the
insects, reptiles, and animals of ocean, forest ,
and plain gradually pyramid into wllat ecologists call the " clima~ culture ."
A growing respee! for na ture derives from
!lIis 60-year old science. For ins!once. the
natural balance of species in any locality appears to be a richer and more eff'oeient utili zer
of solar energy than man brings about artifi_
cially , Tllis discovery lias led to Ille development of so·colled " orgonic " forming , tile
compost lIeop, ond many ather changes in
conservation, fishing and ogr icultural pro·
grams,
All Illese conclusions apply, tllen, to tile
otller species. 8u! tile lIuman role is not so
clear,
Til e e co log y 01 man has yet to be explained.
Wit hin tile natural balance on Eartll, he seems
not to fi l at all:
Nat ural communities are clloracleriled by a posi tive or favorab le
energy budget, Many, perhops
most, areas controlled b y man are
exploited, resulling in a negative
energy budget, !lIe final mark of
wllich is unp roductiveneu and
abandonmen t. (Encyclopedia Bri.
tonnica, 1954; " fOla nt Ecology')
The fire. clearing, drainage, agricullure,
cily_building, smoke, etc. of lIuman o clivily in
terrestrial hillory seems to work counler to all
3
spa ce journal
�-the delicate en ergy ·e~chan ge of nalure. Man
h(1$ POW!)fI which permit him to overwhelm,
ex terminate ,
or
exploit
all
other
species,
Organic farming and conservation programs
barely mitigate hi. tendencies to crush all before him.
Throughou t his history on Earlh, man hos
appeared anomalous. For overbalancing Ihe
other species on the plonet, hi. role hos
seemed more deslruclive Ihon anything else.
Calling upon Ihe sian ond the heovens for
salva tion , he ho. wor~ed , fough t, suffered and
died-oflen carrying to hi. grove the deepest
doubts about the purpose and value of his
ClO. i stence.
Wherea s all o ther elements of the
nolural order seem to fond their places and
to fuifilliheir roles in colm acceptance, human
beings e .... ibi, confusion. Why Ihi, (In,,iely,
this slorm ond stress? Wh(ll is m(ln's ploce in
the universe (lnywoy? An(llYling his oe!ivity
wilhin the fr(lme of n(lture on E(lrlh h(lS 5(1
f(lr yielded no sotidoctory ecologicol e"pl(lno·
ti(ln.
Recent events h(lve (lpened up the ide(l of
on entirely new an swer to the ancient riddle.
As ou ter spoce becomes (I felt reolity , (IS in ter_
planetary exp loration becomes a ,cien tific
possibility, a new hypothesis about man presents itself.
Nature surely exlends for beyond anyone
planet. forth spins wi thin (I univene, whose
my riad stars almost certoinly hove evolved
countless planetary systems teeming with life.
Man's p lace in the nolural scheme, ,hen, may
be one which extends beyond Ihe limils of (I
single planel.
Since Golilea, the ideo of a living, popu la ted universe has been fomilior . Thot;s the
outlook of leading (lslronomers lodoy-e.g .,
Jones and Hoyle of Greol Britain, Shapley and
Struve of Ihe Uniled Slates. At least Iwo of
these men furlher believe thot biochemical
lows favor 0 simil(lr evolution on other pl(lneh.
No one specifies Ihe color o r site, bul the
sta ted probabil ity is thot-if we keep going
4
space iournal
oul inlo space-thi', or a later, general ion
will encounter beings resem bling us.
If hum(ln beings o.e indeed (I normol planetary developmen t Ihroughout the universe, 0
theory of man should extend beyond Ihe con fines of ony one pl(lnel (lnd become broadly
applicable. While (lur scientific observations
ore mostly limiled to this si ng le world, neve r·
Iheless our theorelical framework should (lPprooch m(ln (IS a commonplace orgonism fre_
quently occurring (lnd ac ti ve in Ihe larger
natural «heme.
Within the acknowledged limilation of our
experience, a philosophical (lppraach 10 the
problem C(ln ye t be made from avail(lble
scien tific sources. The allied disciplines of
evolution(lry biology (lnd of ecology offer Ihe
basis.
Cerlain characte.istics distinguish man from
other species, but they do nat nece narily set
him (lparl from nature itself. As a mammal,
man co nverts specifIC forms of energy into
a ther forms. Within his own body he inge.ts
ond processes ce rlajn frui ls, nuts, leaves, rools ,
flesh and banes inlo sound, Ileal and action.
His defeC(llion and finally his dead body nourish plants. Thus he forms on integral link in
Ihe nolural energy chain.
His differences may simply fit lIim for (In
inle'pl(lnetary .ole wililin the cosmic natural
pa ll e rn. Tile same four limbs which in otller
mammals are designed eilher for quodrupedol
walking or tree·clim bing, seem particularly
designed on human being s for anolher pur·
pose: erect posture frees the h(lnds for tile
manipulolion of lools, wlle ther rudimentary or
ultromodern. Eree! poslure also raises Ille
vision and makes it easie r 10 focus upward
and outward.
An inslinctive inlerest seems 10 lead man to
a close scrutiny of Ihe heovens.
For him
(ls lronamy is the "queen of sciences" ond, for
millennia, tile only one. In Ihe early periods
of lIis progress he builds mylils or religions
aboul tile celesliol bodies, worsllipping Ihe
�I'r------------------------------------~~~--~=-=-~~
Sun and Moon, Jupiter, Venl,ls and Mars, or
Queholcoatl, or Odin. He iocoles his future
salvation in on vnearlnl), or o ther-worldly life
in Heave" .
He ';Ilks hi s military adven tures
wilh celestial port en ts and his omO'O\l' desires
to the Moon or 10 Star·du sl. In all limes and
pll;lces, his hislory reveals (I troubled conscious·
ness of the great un;"cue oround him.
Th i, c e le.t ial focul di ffe rentia tes him a nd
narrOw, hi, rang e of re ceptivity.
If othe r
onim a l. o re 1'101 for •• igh ted enough to .ee the
,10". and olmo. t c cr ta inly ign ore them , they
",ake up fa. it by perceiving th in g. wh ic h
mo n fo il.
10 nOl e .
A
do g heo" .ound. whi c h
Ihe human eOr miHcl . The o wl ,,, ike' 01 it.
m i c <J ~t prey Vlhen h..,rnon be in g. Ore 10.1 in
the dar k. Ne ady all anImal. fallow t ellial ~
scents too refined lor human perception . Bah
and fi.h re.pond to vibra tions which me'" cannot feel ; and '0 on. HumCln perception of Ihe
cele.tiClI e nvirClnment Clnd relCltiYe inJensiliyity
to eClrlhly .ounds, smell,. a nd yibratiClns ClppClrently con stitute an innate opeciCllil Cltion
withi", th e nClturClI ,cherne.
f rom Ihe inyention o f Ihe leYer and Ihe
whe e l down to the launching of ar tificia l e mlh
sCltellites. man hCl' reveClled CI dilli ntlive
ability to corry oul in creasing ly complex operations . This ability depend. upon hi. elaborate
communicat ion ,y.tem . Many .pecie. (e.g.
bi rdsl u. e .ystems of , ignol. sounds, move'
mento. vibrat io n.-Io coordinole group activiti e s. The human Iystem of .ym b ols is much
mare elaborate . One of the malt a rticulate
of Our speciel on Earth, Shake.pe are. i, colcula led to have u.ed over 25,000 diffe rent
word.; and. of cour.e, on individu a l under ·
stand. more word s than he ule, .
Through ward •. man communicate, a partial
reproduction of certain procellel, both natural
and artific ial. If he is ju.t one of the nolurClI
specie. having a parliculor ecologic al func ·
tion, limi tCllions on hi. foculti'H are to be
e ... pec led . For inslonce, he can d e scribe the
growlh and decline of the . Ion and galaxies
of OUr universe, but he (.onnot tell why Ihe
univers e e ... isll.
His reproduction of these
prOCCHe. i. descriplive. com parative, analogi.
cal. He knows how 10 make an atom e ... plode,
b ut he does nol know why an atom or On
uplosion is. Eve n wi thin the descriptive realm
hi. capacity to re produce re ality in word.
rea ches limils beyond whi ch he cannot go.
How big or how old i. the universe? Such a
question lead. beyond man' s needs for pracIi cCl I activily. Here hi. symbol. foil. On the
one hand, he canno t conceive Iho l lhe un iverse
slops in a certain place, because lomething
wo uld have 10 b e b e yond ; an the olher hand ,
he uses Ihe word infinily, b ut cann o l reCllly
imagine iI, He ha s equal diftkulty in cancei ying either thaI the universe had a beginning or that it did not.
Man i, no l omn'<eie nt. nor capable o f being
omniscient. Hi. men ta l equ ipm e nt is not d e ·
signed to enoble him 10 comp,e"end all the
mysteriel and ull imClte mea ni ngs, Ho wever ,
it io well des igned 10 e nabie him to op e rale
01 a certa in level wi lhin Ihe uni yer.e. He co n
learn the molian s o f the ,Ita n a nd planels,
the gr avilic , electromagnetic and othe r field.
of au ler spoce, th e pri n cipl.s Clnd mechanici
of flighl. for Ihi••or t of purpose, indnd,
his equipmen l see ms pe rfe ct.
Instinctively, oe nlienl "umon being s haye
long been drCl wn 10 Ihe id e Cl of flighl, For
cen luriel men have o Clually dr~om e d of flyi n g .
lindberg" 's (falling of the ~lla nlic Ocean
drew forlh CI grea ter popula r re sponse Ihan
the viclories of military heroes. From boy·
hood on, men find .peciol Ihrills in 'peed, in
operaling complu machinery, in lilt ing b. hind Ihe controlboard of fa st·mo ving vehicles,
in eAplor;ng Ihe unknown. Wi thin the limi lCl lion l of Earthly life, men pul " roc ket" eng;n=;
in the ir cars, mount hig" sla bi/i u r fi n. on Ihe
rear fenders, and .eek rides which will toke
I"em " out of this world. " They read lIuck
Rogers and other 'pace or ,cience fi ction .
Such dreaming, reading , Clnd ploy-ac ting
seem wholly nalurol if the make·believ. of
tod ClY prepares for Ihe realily of tomorrow .
Eco logic al anoly.i. luggelts Ihot each
species, pursuing ils own ends, not only pro mote. its own lurv; Yal but actually piaYI a
useful role in Ihe buitd·up of a rich, na tural
paltern of energy-e ... change.
Why space
flight is importon' 10 human ends will be dilcuned in a IClter CI ,lieie. T"e ecological
5
space journal
�~I
quellion here under discussion is: How does
Ihol octivi ty contribute 10 Ihe nalural bolonce? To this question, onalogy suggests
thaI fertilizotion may be Ihe answer.
Within Ihe limi ts 01 a single plonet, birds,
bees and many olher animals disseminate
Ihe seeds and pollen of Ihe plants. In Ihe
e~ploralion of planets, many of them either
comple tely rocky and dusty or else supporting
only rudimentary forms of life, men would
naturally seek Illasc planets which could
support odvonced life -forms. To these he
would bring plon ts ond animals to suppor t
human cultures.
Prcsumobly he woul d bri ng
some back, too. He would Ihus ac tually enrich natural oclivity in Ihe area of his explorations. like on interplanetary bird or bee,
his disseminating agency would contribute to
the profusion of life on tfle plane ts he
reaches.
He may do more. l ong·period comets
and polar shifts may become subjecl to his
forecasting. Ultimately he may seek to exert
his influence to prepare for, mitigate, or per·
hops even oRset any major impacl. Such
activities are familiar to him in his Earthly
his lory of developing new lands and conli.
nenls. An ances tral foreshadowing of the
6
space journal
ac livi ly is contained in two of the mos l
memorable biblical accounls: Ihe variant
stories of the crealion and ferlilizotion of the
Earth (Genesis 1 and 21; and the slory of
the preservation of species in Noah 's ark
(Genesis 7). His future aClivities in the uni·
verse may resemble those ancient tales.
The hypothesis developed in Ihe preceding
sections would also explain the strug gle s and
strains of history. The main problems of suc'
ceHive generations would be to develop the
required ability, based on the amassing of
observations and formulation of words / ideas.
The flexing of scientific muscles in wa r, the
groping for purpose and meaning ful rel o .
tianship to the cosmos-th rough religion,
philosophy and poetry-would all contribute
to the growth of the species toward its ma ture
role in the universe.
Such on incubation period may seem slow
10 a human individual. But the nalural uni·
verse allows for long time·s pons. The ages
of stars and planets are numbered in billions
of years. The grawth of a rich natural balance
in a swamp may require millions of genera·
tions of insecls.
Ecologic p ragreuion may
depend upon thousands of generations of one
type of anthropoid displacing thousands of
generations of another.
It tokes a caterpillar only a few weeks to
develop into a butterfly. But the activities of
the butterfly are relatively simple. II seems
well within the time· spons of Ihe natural
"heme if humans require a few hundred
genera tiOns to evolve within thei r colleclive
cocoon o r ineuba lion·planet, before ochiev·
ing the elaborate operation of interplanetary flight.
II these comparisons are valid, then the
present historical moment is a vital stage of
social troOlition from a quasi ·larval condition
to that of full flight. Successful accomplishment of the transition will parlly depend on
our true unders tanding of iu characler and
purpose. To that end, this article has been
devoted to on interpretation of the function
of human interplanetary flight from the point
of nature as a whole. A loler article will review the usefulness of space flight directly 10
humans, evaluating its importance for Our
growth and ultimate SUfv;vOI.
��SP A C E SA TE L LITES
I
launch ing the explorer sat e llit es
B y J ames
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On November 8, 1957, the Secretary of
Delense announced that the U.S. Army was
to participate in the scientifIC p rogram of the
International Geophysical Yeor. II is now 0
matter 01 history Ihol 83 days later 01 4.8
seconds after 10:55 P.M. [EST) on Jonuo ry 31,
1958 , bplorer I wos placed in orbit, and
in 114.8 minutes it had completed its first
journey oraund Earth.
Many readers, both students and prac ticing
engi neers, are fomilior wi th Ihe length 01 time
Ihot e lapses between Ihe initio lion of a design
ond Ihe .ealization 01 the operating hardwore.
It is ob"ious thai 0 task of the magnilude required for Ihe launching of on Earth .atellite
cannol be carr ied out within on 83-doy pe·
riod wi thout utili zing a grea t deal of e}listing
hardware, and this hos been true in the E..plorer program .
f or a number of ye ars the Army Ballistic
Missile Agency has been developing Ihe Red·
stone, a medium range, surlace 10 surface,
ballistic missile. When the intermediate range
bollistic miuile, Jupiter, WO I ossigned 10 the
Agency, it was recognized th a t the de"elopmenl program could be compressed if certain
c rit icol compo nents ond subsystems could be
flight. lested during the time Iho l design and
production of the basic Jupiter missile were be-
Th •• ,.1, .
, ',uelur.
<on'"in inll
.h.
L.
ing accamplished. The eKisting Redstone mis'
,ile proved to be a valuable te.1 ve hicle for
this purpo.e, and a cerloin number of the le
miuile. were modified and renamed Jupiter-A.
This pro"ed to be (l satisfac tory solution to
many of the design and d e "elopment problem. for Jupiter components; however, there
was one outs tanding problem which required
od"anced teding techniques, and thi s was the
famous re-entry problem. The major task,
in this case, was the protection 01 the Jupiter
warhead Irom the terrific heat generated by
fric lion as it re -ente", ot hypersonic velocities, the atmosphere from essen ti ally outer
space conditions.
In o rder 10 obtain "ilal test data under
oclual conditions with e}listing hardware, it
was necenory 10 " soup up" the ba'ic Redslone
design. This called lor the use o f a higher
energy fue l tho" normally is required. This
fuel, unsymme lrical dime lhylhydrazine, afforded Ihe necessory inc rease i" the thrust level for
Ihe engine. I" odditio", th e burning time of
this b ooic Redslo"e thrust unit forming the fin l
stage of this composite missile was i"<reased
by lengthening Ihe propella"l ta"ks.
This
could be done since the weight 01 the uppe r
stages was less tno" Ihol 01 Ihe Redstone top
uni t which it replaced. Even the.e measures
were insufficie,,' to give the a"erall performa"ce required, and so additional propuls'on
stages were needed. These were designed,
developed, and tested by the Jet Propulsion
Loboratory of the Coliforn'a Institute 01 Technolog y. At this time they were working an 0
"oriely of solid ·propellont missiles for the
Army Ordnance Corps and were confident
that. w,th some modifications, they hod rockel
mOlars suitable lor Ihe task and thai Ihey
J"pH.,. C ",iu il. ... iI n_"", ,",in9 a' Cope Con".. ,,,I, '10. SK onD' hf",,_ .he
mi .. ;!. i, r.,. d ond 0".' "II 'e'" "nd f"./ing "r. ,om pl.'.' th o .".. <t .. , . i. t oll. d 0"0, f'om .h. mi"it..
I
Siamy
.....
8
J.______-=~'p__. _c_e__io__"_'n_._I________________•___
o;____________________. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ,
i
���Cu'a"'", .1..... 0/ f. plo,. " , ud m . 'a.h ." '. II"~' "'. ".u,. <o.""c 'ad;,,'lo~
;ft.ld. "ftd ou,,/d • •h
.",.11;,• .
The low power tr ammi trer ape rate d on a
frequency o f 108 megac ycles, and the high
pawer transmitter aperated on a frequency of
108.03 meg a cycles. The low powe r Iron,.
miller was elt pected ta transmi t data for Iwo
ta Ihree month , before ih batteries d ischarged; Ihe high power transmitter, on the
arher hand, wa s e~pecred to lost only two
weeks. These e~pectatians have been ful.
filled.
The onoly ticol prablem of determining ho w
the outer surfoce of the sotettite should be
prepared in orde r 10 obtain prope r tempera-
'Mu.;'"
.1.. ,1" 0/ "'. '.or;'. ","" ,ei... "ftd '. "'p.,a'u,••
rure con lrol of Ih e interior is a very diAkuh
one . The veh icle is eltposed to Ih e lutt rodio.
rion of the Sun; a nd, in turn, il becomes 0
rad iating body os il pones inro Eorlh's shodow. The tempera ture ollumed by th e inrerior mechanisms depends on this rodiotion
bolance and the heot conduction parh be.
twee n Ihe electronic compone nts and the
e xte rior envi ronment. In view of this, it is
desirable to measure the temperolure at severa l points inside and outside the soleJtite,
and this info rmat ion is 01 vital imporlance for
the proper design of future soleliites.
"
space iournal
�Erosion by cosmic debris is also on impor·
tont foclor, The meosuremenl of it is mode
in two ways: firsl, by means of on ,mpacl
microphone mounted on Ihe ederior surface
of Ihe so leliile which regislers collisions occur·
ring anywhere on the outside of the satelli te,
The microphone e~periment indicotes the fre·
quency of impoci by particles with more Ihan
a cerlain minimum momenlum,
Second, 0
syslem of grids composed of very ,moll wires
wound on a care waS i",lolled neor Ihe oft end
of th e so teliile 10 measure impocts by me teorite
particles greoter Ihan 0 certoin minimum man.
The meteori!e e~perimen! was designed by
M, Dubin of the Air Force Combridge Reseorch
Cenler.
A geiger counter and on a ssocia ted scoling
circui l were 0110 included in Ihe Explorer I
for th e purpose of mea.uring cosmic ,odiatian
and transmitting its in tensi ty back to Earth.
The measuremenh were all made continuously
ond transmi tt ed simulioneously, and no type
of information storage device was used. Dat a
gathered by the ,olellite was picked up by
ground stations du ring the 10lellile's postage
over head, This cosmic roy experimen t was
designed by Dr. James A. Von Allen of the
State University of Iowa.
In addition to information received directly
from th e satellite through its instruments, il
also provides basic scientific informotion
simply by being in orbit. Ground observo·
tions of the so tellile p rovide da ta obout the
ionosphere, Ear lh'l mognelic field, and olmos·
ph eric density Ihot, un til now, hos been based
on indirecl evidence ond theoreticol ossump_
tions. Accurate optical and rodio observation
of changes in the .oieliile's orbit also provide
basic informa tion as to grovilolionol onomalies
in the Eort h's fie ld. The exact amoun t 10 which
Eorth', shope deviotes from on idea l sphere
can thus be dete rmined from such observations.
'-inol ou*mhl, 01 .h hplor., I .....11,.. On.
.0•• Ifi,*', ' ... 0 ,,,dig "on. ",iff." i• • i.ihl. in Ih
... ' ion
of th
'0".'
�9
Explorer III which wos subsequen tly
lounched is 01'0 in orbit ot this lime. Thi.
vehicle is gath e ring and Iransmitting the same
type of information 01 Explorer I. There arl!
enen lially no differences between the carrier
vehicle or Ihe loun ching methods of Ihe la lel liles. The'l! ore, however, levero' .ignificanl
chonge. in the instrumentation of Explorer III.
A maior chonge in Ihe sa tellile is the oddilion of a miniature lope recorder, d e veloped
by Ihe Stole University of lowo. This device
;s collecling ond recording on tope Ihe dolo
an ca.m;c rodiat ian encountered during Ihe
10101 orbit. This informa tion ;s played back
upon a .ignal given from a ground slalion.
The lope is then automatically erased and
rese l.
Scientists consider information gained from
Ihi s memory sys lem a marked improvem e nl
over Ihal of Explore r I. The first sOlellite dispolched dala conlinUQusly; bul it wa s recei ved
only in areas under the orbilal bond Ihol hod
' h g./g ... <Dun,,",
~,.eI ,~
,<
bo.h loplor." lor .. e",.,e "eM 01 <0, ..
'or in .....i.r·
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,,,101 orbi,. On " . Igna! I,,,,,,
r"rth,
,e<MeI., f.potl • •h. ;nl .............. II ~o, ,,,,h.,.J eI",in, 'be orbi" ou'o·
"'''',colf, ........ ".d ...... if.ell_11 In " I... ,.<ond.
.b.
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Il
sp~ce iourn~l
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The prela rlc hing pro cdu.e for o th b ·
plorers waS uch like th standard 0 erotion
fo r o<!y lorg , liq uid-pro elled mis8l2.3A~ 1 of
the function of checkou , propulsio ,syst e m
tes ting, fueli g, ozimuth
ing chedou e tc. we re
rh. "'It l o u' ", bjl$ 01 r.pl",. , III o_e, .h fguh. Th.
.h.
",.d ",
Jupjte r.C. . . M<1t I"yn<he c/
.,,'ollilo, w,u
" 35 dell'" i nc/; no" " " to .h. Equo'O<. Th. , .... lliI. ;,
otbj,ing On on ."......,.-;,,1 bond be ....... ,h. 35th I",j·
",do. ""flit ond .oulit.
the 10ll... r $1(1 es of Ihe as enl, 1'15{B.~ power
planl
pend e d. I
r<Jf;"4, nd fell
bad to Earll. The upp ... stages s'fi'o r y afte r.... ard re(lch
the ape~ f Ihe arc. J 51 prior
Ihe tim... hen the vehi Ie attained s m(l~i
10
mum height, he second
ground slo l;ons. Mony blanks thus occurred
;n Explorer 1', record, partitulorly when Ihe
so/cUi le wos over large bodies o f water. El(plo.e r III, however, is sending out cosmic ro diolion information representotive of rhe 10101
orbit. Thus, there
being conducted, for the
ignmenl!, I emeler·
orried oul. During
5
ge was fir
The firs t ta ge of th ... missi le ca r ied Ihe
payload to ilf perigee distance
m the
Earth. Other doges of t e missile
reased
the sa tellite
speed 10 rha t ne<;es ory for
orbi ting, a
r hour.
nimum 01 1 000 miles
The upper st ges were spi 1-stabilized, in mu ch
the monner
a riAe bull
This woo one by
electric mot'}"c"m,o~"""",d"i\ ilh in Ihe n se sec·
lion of Ihe ai n 5t 9 ....
sto
5
w
pr pell(lnl
.5
first lime,
(I
compre hensive survey of 10101
cosmic "'Y intensity above Earth with respect
10 both time and po.ition.
14
space journal
e SOlei·
lite
'pro
" ima
re
rbiting
th of ap-
YlCJOl!!!~""IlJLIlJ","ds.
�SPAC E SATELLITES
I
spatial orie nt ati on 01 the exp lo, e, sateft ites
By
Cha.I•• A.
l~n~.u; "
So"'~ ()a •• ' ••
"0' "",n ;n W,b·
"*.,
.. I. ,"lln_',gH• • 0<,; .0<1
f, ... $0,'), D.".'.
5.... Co"," I. ,u9 ond ),,, 01,,,,,,, ...
$I .. ,
hr.
P~" ;"
bo' . . ' ....
f<Q ..
,100 Un"'''''' .f K.o>o •. II, .... a. a .. I,'onl
",.f... ", .f ••• ,n.. ,'n ••..-,,), •• ~. ,.,,' •• n'o
Un;T"''''
S,.,.
010';'0 ,100
Aft. . . .,,,;n. ,100 .,.. , ..
I ... " . . . . . . . . . ' Ito ..
l~J ~
_'.d".li19SJ
......_ ~'..
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,. 19J1i. U.......
oil .. "", .............. ' .. 01., 1,... / ),;, ",..."
... ,1';. . . . . Ic), " C•• .t'. ~~yw;" ... d ....... . k'.;"
5oc'Io., 1..-,)' "01.". 0lIl<0 i. ,~. "-,,.y
. . III.". """'"
, ....... OIM.",
. ... <Y_ 110 h ",.,,;0<1 ..nd ...
The launchings of the forst United States
salellites hove recei"ed widespread notic ...
But less w .. n known is the analysis required os
Ih e bodies continue to orbi t. The cam pl.. te reduction of scientific information from the
satellites is a lang and laborious p rocess, and
final canc h/sians can be reached only many
months alter launching.
One o f the ma ny interesting questions to
be considered is the sa tell ite orienta tion or
a lT itude in sp a ce. This consideration has
many implica tions. Changes in the time for
a re volu ti on about the Eo rth-Ihe period, Ihe
str ength of radio signals received from the
satelli te, the br igh lness of the body compa red
to the stars, and the temperot ur es in Ihe
satellite are all affecled b y Ihe salellite's
orientation in space.
When a buller leaves the muzzle of a rifle ,
it is spinning .apidly. In ils flight to the
target, this spi n keeps the nose of th e bullet
pointing forward_
Th e original orientation
with which the spinning bullet began its fligh t
is maintained by the gy.oscopic p rinciple.
Thus, tile bullet's altitude or position relat;ve
to the Earth, is fixed in space by rh e orie nla·
tion of its axis a nd tile spi nning mo tion im -
Cil arle5
Lu ndqu 5 t
parted to it. The same p ri nciple is used in
launc hing the hplorer sa telli tes. The last
three . Iog es of the Jupiter·C ond the in, tru·
menta ti a " packages are spinn ing from Ihe
time the rocke t leaves tile g round. For this
re a son the satellites enter th ei r orbi ls under
much the same conditions as a bullet begin"ing its flight.
If Ille. e satenites we re perFectly rigid
bodies and if rhey were not acted upon by
e xterna l forces, the tows of mechanic. demand tllar the o.ien totian of tile axi s of spin
of the satellite remain Fore ver fixed in spoce_
(See fig. I.) By rllese same lows, the pol ar
a~is of tile Ea rth is requi.ed to alway. point
to the Narlh Star as Ihe Eartll revolve s in itt
orbit,
Til e Explorer bodies ar e, howeve. , aeled
upon by external Farces. Furtller, E~p lorer
I is no t a rigid body becau.e tile four antennas for one of its radio transmi tters are
made of fle xib le coble. (See fig. 2.) Thus, the
a tt itude of these sa tellites wi ll not be fixed in
space . Fo r tllis re a son Ihe situa tion i1 .omewhat more complica ted and interes ling.
Even at the normal height of pre.ent sa te 1liles, enaugll atm os p here remain. to re tard
their motion, Tlli. re sis lon ce is proportional
to rhe amount of sa telli te surface area pro·
jected in the direction of ils flight. Tllus, tile
Explorers in te rce pt 16 limes mare of tllese
pa.lide. if rile y move broadside Ilion if they
move end an. (See fig. 3.1 The corresponding
atmospheric drag on the sa te ll ite body affech
the shape of it. orbit and tll ese orbital
changes may be observed. Then, iF tile arien·
ta tion of Ille satellite, it. shope, velocity, and
position are known, tile otmalpheric density
may be deduced From observed orbital
cllanges.
'5
space journal
��ri ~u' • •. ""/Iud• .. hich
und., idoo' cond,'ion.
,
h"lo'.' r .. ould ha •• " .. u",.d
Another imporll:'"t fac tor in terrelated with
orientation is the satellite's relative brigh tness
as viewed from ' he Earth. This apporen' bright.
nen, as compored to backgro~nd stars,
primarily depends upon how the body is
aligned with respect to the Sun and Ihe
observer. Thus during dawn and dusk abservo·
tion conditionl the salellite's alignmenl in
space will de termine the reflecting surface
visi b le to observers. Of course, the reflectivi ty
of the satellite also e!tech its apparen t b rightnen. Studies have been conducted to judge
the e!tecl of vorioUI solellite positions ond
olignmenls on the el\posed reflecling surface
ond the subsequent solellile brigh lnen at
various attitude s, The assumed orien tation ond
spinning mo tion could be verified by accurate
m,... ~i<h
II~u'. , . Tho £.t>I",o, , ,,, ..
ift""'m.ftfO~Oft ""chg. ".,UI rho
<on';'" 01
lourlh flogo,
rh
�obseryations wnich note changes in apparent
brightneu. The Smithsonian Astrophysical
Obseryotory is analysing such data.
finally, orientation again is important because torques are exerted on these satellites
since they act as canducton, spinning in the
magnetic field of the Earth. These forces depend upon the direction and magnitude of
the Earth's magne tic r,eld relatiye to the sotel·
lite.
The resi stance encountered, temperatures,
apparent bright ness, radio signal strength,
and electromagnetic torques for (I spinning
~oteflite haye been seen to depend upon
its alignmenl in space. If the satellite is a
sph ere, the r,rst three are not primarily affected
by orientalion. Hence, all fiye factors are
mos t interesting in the case of the Explore ...
Changing Ih e point of yiew, each of these
effect. may be used to help determine Ihe
altitude of the satellite in space.
Analysis of data from Explorer I supports
the tenta tiv e conclusion that tile satellite went
to (I small Iroction 01 tile original rate. As
Illi. lIappened, a transition 10 th e final flat
spin look place. Thi. transition from on axial
10 a flat spin may lIave been aggravated by
flexing of Ille antennas wllicll would allow tile
diuipotion of energy wilh very little change
Icanse.votionJ of tile angular momentum due
to tile spin transition. Tllu. the final angular
momentum approximately equalled the initial
angular momentum.
At burnout tile final rocket stage of Explorer
1 hod a spin rate of approxima tely 750
.evolutians per minute about ils longitudinal
axis. Th e respective momenh of inertia about
Ihe longitudinal axis and Ihe fla t spin axis
have a .atio of aboul 100 to 1. Tllis is due
10 the distribution of sateltite moss about
END ON ATTITUDE
inio a flat spin soon after it was launclled.
(See fig. 4.1 The fint evidence of tllis was
found by tile Californio Institute of Tecllnology, Jet Propulsion labora tory, from measurements of til e radio signols from Ihe satellite. During Ihe rorst few orbits about tile
Ear lh, tile records point to a reduction of tile
bulle t-l ike spin about tile long axis of the body
18
space journal
BROADSIDE ATTITUDE
f!g~, . J. O'"g ./I' . ..s "n Ih. f~pJo,., I .",.11"0 c/~. I"
'ho o, .. '~do 01 I" moss Th. <r<... ·h",.hoc/ ,,'o.. s Inc/i ·
,,,,. 'ho .ol~",. ,w.", Io, ,he ."1.//,,. in ol'h., "
po,,,lIo' C' po'puc/lout", ,,1II1uc/. 10
j"
OIloil,,' polh .
�predominonl feoture 01 lotcr records has been
variation of radio sign a l ot.engt" having a
period of app roxima te ly 8 seconds. A sample
of such a re cord is shown in fig. 5. Tkis observolion is consis tent with a fla t sp in ond ind icates Ihol this is the ocluol condition.
Due to the oblate for m of the eorth, the
plane ond mojor oxis of the orbit both rotat e.
As the bplorer I, in its flat spin, passes
Ihrough the orbitol pe rig e e (closest po in t to
th e Ea rth ] and is oeled upon by appreciable
drag to rques, the orien tat ion of its rotational
oxis wi!! be c hon ged . Forces of el ec tra-
(I
'ig~'. ~. Th Wot ,pin 01 h pj",."
r~. ,pin o , i, 10 no
long., pO,,,U.1 .<> .~. rongitudi",,1 0 ' ;' r"di«>IIOM ", •
•~o' ,~. ,o ,.rl". ~". " p.,io<! 01 oppro,;,.,., .." 8
.. <.,,,d •.
I
j
the different oxes, If conservo lion of angu lor
mom entum as mentioned b efore is assumed,
th e n a flat spin role of 7.5 revolutions per
minu te will result du e to th e 100 to I ratio.
This rote of 7.5 revoll,llions per minute o r
. 125 revolution per secorld corresponds to a
Fill~"
5. A r, pico! m.a,y , .monl ,,/ ,111"'" ",ength
I,,,", f.p l",., I . Noli<. thot th. "'''io, po., k
(actu.,1 .I"nor ,,,,;,,,,,,,,) .,«~" .,pp,o.;m.,r.l, ..
8
"COn d., I"dk.,'i"" ., no, 'pi" ,,,,, I", ,he ,.".Ilire 01
rh ,., ... ,.Iol i •• lim •.
,.,.i •• d
or,
flat spin period of 8 seconds. {See fig. 4.) A
19
space journal
�magnetic origin p robably «IU"~ .imilar devi a -
tiom. Tempera ture doto re<:eived from the
sol elli le yiel d. ,orn e insi g ht into rhis solutio n.
Ex p ected
various
tem pe ratures
o .. umptions
of
calcula te d
sOl elli te
under
orienta tion
ho ve be e n compared wi'h temp eratu re me a. UH!ments made On board the solelli te a nd
leleme lered 10 the Ea d h. The o verage in_
te rio. te mperatu re, calculate d on the assump ti o n of 0 flat . pin and an axial spin about 'h.
long
~
,~
,~
m
0
ll<>
&00 0
T
(. I()
- :Jl9i
,,0
0
o
DOt? 0
0
00
(J
0
0
,~
'"
"
0 0°
0
0
>0
0
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.~
,~
.......
30
~
10
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0
fig",. 6 .
G,ap~
,.I"';(I~,h;p
d e p,<I, 'he
h'w.en me", "
u,. d "no:! .. peele d 'emp.'''_
,
ty, .. t'''Mm,lIed b, f . plo,.,
20
space journal
~
~
~
'0
~
'0
T
I·F I
Oll;S,
ore shown in on illustralion. [See
fig. 6.) The cirded points are temperatures
measured on the satellite.
Note that the
observational do to doe s not agree with
temperatures to be ellp e cled if Ihe bullel-like
sp in remained unchanged; Ihal is, if the
Iran silion ta a flat spin did not take place.
Ho wever, d uring Ihe first twenty days, the
p red icted temperatures for the case of a flat
sp in wh a se alli s is fi xed in spa ce do not agree
we ll e ith e r. If, as p reviously suggested , the
orienlation of the axis about which the flat
spin i. e xecuted, changes due to exlernal
forces, the expected lemperatllre would have
values fl uc tuating in Ih e neighborhood of
JO O" K. This is in a gree ment with th e abser ·
vationol doto .
The Smi th so n ian Astroph ysical Observatory
has re porte d variolion in the rate of change
of t he orbital period . This might also be
relaled to the satellite attitude through prope r
onol ysi s.
The flexible ontennos, whi ch probobJy
cause d th e flat spin conditions on Ellplorer I,
we re omitt e d on Explorer Ill.
Pre liminary
t!vi denc e indicote s that the tran sition to a flot
sp in is muc h le H ropid fo r this satellite. Thus.
im p rovement in the sotellite configuration was
accomp lished by analysis of ovoilable information from Explorer I records.
As this is written, the satellites in question
are still orbiting and transmitting data. The
analysis of the above phenomena is continuing. The final result of these studies wiU be
a n under standing of what tho orientation of
the satellit e s has been d uring their lives. Thil
picture must be Cortsis!enl wilh the obse rv atianal data on the varieties discussed. Onc e
Ihi. co nsistent pic t ure is ab tairted. it can in
turn be used with confidence in the onolysis
ortd del Nmirta l iort of the mor+y queslior+s
o b o ut space a nd spoc e ve hid e s.
�S , ,
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_.. ..
t. ' ......, __
~;
.t,
,
Part II
All the countlen observations of celestial
bodi es, many of them with the mast ingenio"s
methods known to modern science. have not
yet given us a definite proof of the exidence
of life in places outside 01 Ollr own Earth .
The only direct indication of the possibility
01 living motler existing on another star is
the observation of green patches on the surface 01 Marl. These polches e~pond during
the Morlian Iprino and Slimmer and recede
again during fall and winter. They are commonly interpreted as being cOIl,ed by green
plants, probably nO I 100 different from our
mOHes and Ikhens. Olher than this one ob·
servation. no trace 01 life has ever been observed in the universe . And yet, scientists
state with a high degree of certainty Ihal
life must be expec'ed to exist on other slars.
They bOle .his stalemen' on a simple rule
which, for a long time , has served as a most
powerful and a mos' succeuful guide to the
biologist. II simply stole, that when the nece.·
sory conditions for a certain developmenl
are fu lfilled , nature initiole s this development
very readily. Applying thil rul e . we mus t ex·
pect that life hO I developed on many other
celestial bodiei on which the necessary con -
···lif. Oft
Ern s I
B,
oth., Sto .. :· PD"
1958 . p . 10.
I , S' ,,"CE JOU'" DI, .p,ing ,
Dt~er
star s
Stu h I n 9 e r
dition, lor its development were met at one
time or another. A. we onumed in the first
par t 01 thi. article,' Ihere ore obout 100,000
planets withi n our galo~y whi ch very probably are iimllor to Eor!h. Thot pori of our
universe which can be observed with todoy's
means (ontoins. in oli likelihood, no less than
len thousand billion planets on which , at
some time, condi lions were lauorable for Ihe
developmen' 01 life .
What, then, are these conditioni? Fin',
there mu~1 be a soufce to supply energy in
on adequate lorm to the living organ;sm~.
Second, there mud be a source 01 "building
material " to provi de Ihe proper row ma teri al
lor their growth. Third, there must be water.
Fourth, the te mperature variations must be
within reo.onoble limih, about - 20 C
1_4 FJ to
80 C (176 FJ.
Fifth, there
must not b e an excessive amount 01 poisons
or ot her agents detrimental to living mailer.
Once life has developed on a planet, it may
well adopt itself to leu stringe nt conditions.
Many o rganism~ on Earth li ve and even thrive
in regions where the temp e ra ture regularly
drops lor below zero or where there i5 no
waler or air. However, it is not probable Iho'
living organisms could grow th rough Ihe very
early phases 01 their ontogene tic development if the temperolure dropped (ons iderobly
below zero lor longer periods or if there were
no wa'er and air.
+
Yet Ihese requirements are nol enough.
II we fill carbon, oxygen, nitrogen , o,d
water in a tes t tube. irradiate it with sun ligh.,
provide a convenien t temperature and keep
poisonous material oul, th e re will still be no
development of life. A living cell, e ven the
mosl primi.ive, contains protein. The bOlic
elemen" making up protein molecule, ore
21
space iournal
�corban, hydro gen, oxygen, and nilrogen; but
each protein molecule has a ve ry !o rg e num ·
ber of atoms. These otams are ononged in
e dremely comp!ico ted but very ord e ,'y pot·
te rns. Even though many diReren t pa tt erns
of atoms moy be farmed ius t by random
events in 0 mixture of those atoms in the
course of time, it is improbable that the for·
motion of 0 highly complex pralein molecule,
ius l os a rando m even t, is completely negligi.
ble, even ove r a time spon of million. of
ye ars. A very special force il necessary to
p ut the atoms in the righ t order, to arrange
them in such a way that a pralein molecule
resulls. Even so, would this complicated pro.
tein molecule, immed iat ely a fter its formO lion
be aliv e' Wo uld il show the charoderis tic
fealu re. of life, Ihe metobo lism, the regula.
lory proceues, the growth, the tendency 10
procreate, Ihe developm ent of protedive
meOlures ond, mosl importanl of all an in·
heren l Irend for evolution? These fealures
which make live matter so charac leristicolly
diR e rent from dead ma lt er, can they be
unders tood at all on Ihe basis of th e lows of
no lure as we know them from loday's physics
and chemistry? Or do we have to assume a
crea tive ad from for outside Ihe boundaries
of our natural sciences? There is, I b elieve,
only one answer which we Can give in han·
e sty: we do not know. But this very question
hal been with mankind as long as there hOI
been scientific Iho ugh l. It will certa inly re·
main not only the most intriguing question
of all science, but also one of the mos t pro·
found questions which can be asked by man.
The physical sdences have given us 0
marvelous picture of the inorgan ic world, ex·
tending out 10 the re mote galaxies of th e
universe ond down into the su b microstruc·
tures of the atomic nuclei. We understand
the laws Ihat make Ihe sian move; we can
design complicated machines which utilile
the forces and interaclions of eledric phe·
nomena; we have learned to move through
the air, and beyond ii, with unbelievable
speeds; ond we draw almosl limi ll eu power
f rom the interior of Ih e a tom. Biology has
been no leu successfu t in revealing the low,
that underlie the world of animals and plants.
22
space journal
The lows of physics and chem istry , correclly
applied, ore valid also in the realm of o rg anic
matter. And ye l the fundamental questiol1
which fa ces Ihe natural scientist is still unanswered: are the laws of physics and chem.
istry, includi ng Ihou: still unknown, suffident
to exp lain Ihe formation of living matter?
All we can do is to continue our researches
in to the mysteries of nature, even if this question should remain unanswered for a very
long time.
Scientists, indeed all of us, would be reluctan t 10 assume that our little plone l Earth
is the on ly ploce in the vast universe on
which li fe has developed. Allhough we do
not know wha l causes a pro tein molecule to
develop oul of its basic ingredienh and what
makes it behove like a live protein molecule,
we are confide!,1 Ihot noture iniliotes Ihis development whenever. and wherever, the conditions are right. This reasoning implies that
lif..--even on Earlh-may have started in
more thon one place, and more often than
once. In fact, it is conceivoble thol molecules
whic h poness th e charaderistic fea tures of
life developed mony limes on Earth, and continue to develop today. It should be assumed,
though, thot Ihe first phases of Ihis development, taking place in a single live protein
molecule, may well toke millions and millions
of yeors and thot such a molecule e;o:hibits
Ihe feotures of life in such on inconlPicuous
monner thot we may nol b ecome owore of ils
exislence, even if we had il in our test tube.
Earth owes its life-fovQring condi tions to
ils atmosphere, its stare of water, and its
proxim ity to Ih e Sun. The elements found on
Eorth are the same os Ihose found on olher
celestial bodies. This can be verified by on
analysis of the light which reaches Earl h
from other slars. The chemical compounds,
however, ore quite different on slars and
plone". While Ihe allIer regionl of Ihe Sun
consis t mainly of hydrogen ond helium ond
only Iroces of particularly hardy componen ts
like cyonoge n, silicon fluoride, and tilonium
dioxide, the crusl of Eor!h, and that of the
plonels, is made up of a greot variety of
chemical compounds. The relolive obundonce
�of these compounds is very probably the some
on the solar planets and in all likelihood, also
on the planets of other $lars. This, however,
is only true for the solid pori of the planets.
Their atmospheres and their water conten t
differ very widely. It is this difference and
th eir distances from the heat· providing central star which mgkes some planets suilgb!e
for life gnd e><cludes others very defin itely.
The atmosphere o f Egrlh fulf,lI s g number
of functions which are essential for the sup·
port of life. It provides 0><Ygen for the gni·
mgls and cgrbon dioxide for the plants. It
emries rain to the remote st ploee~. It moderates the impact 01 the solar rays during the
daytime, and it keeps Ihe surface of Egrlh
'.om losing it. heat too quickly during the
nighl. It shields the living being s Irom ul! rg violet and cosmic radiation , and it prolects
Ihem ggainst Ihe countless meteorites which
conslontly shower Egrlh .
The animal organism, being constgnlly a t
work in one way or gnother, need s a conlinuous supply of energy. 0><Ygen, with it. great
gffinity to e><athermic reactions with many
olher elements, is on ideal source of energy.
Nature chose the slow combus tion of o xygen
with other elements as the principal supply
of energy for the bodies of animgl.. The
luel which is burned with the oxygen of the
a tmosphe re is normally some form of plant
or gnimol life. It is well known that Ihe body
of on animal could not subsist on the com·
bUltion of soot or crude oil, allhough the
amoun t of heat energy per gram 01 those
fuels is much higher than Ihat of a gram 0 1
spinach. This fact indicates very clearly thol
Ihe onimgl body does not only require calories
for its subsistence, bu t also g specific kind of
"molecular orderliness." This peculiar feature
of onimgl organisms will be discussed some
more in 0 fu lure article.
The g tmgsphere gf Earth hgs not always
been the sa me th roughout the several billion
years of its exislence. In the beginning, Ihere
was a great abundance of lighl goses, par·
ticularly hydrogen, helium, methane, gmmonig, wat er vopor, an d neon. Ho wever,
Ear th could no l retai n these gases while il
was still very ho t. They gradua ll y drifted ou t
into space, and we must onume that for
some pe riod during its development Earth
was wi thout on oppreciabJe atmosphere. To
understand the reason why a planet cgn lose
its atmosphere, we musl toke 0 loo k 01 the
structure of our atmos p here in g e neral.
23
space journal
�The molecule . 0 1 0 gos 0'., in con.lont
mo tion) the ir ~e locities and di ll,<;: lions 0 ' " dis-
They wer e ,.,Ieo.ed from Ihe crust o. it .Iowly
solid,f, e d. Bul Ih., •., woo . Iill no o . ygen in Ihe
I.i buled 01 'a"dom Und e r (a"di tio " , o f "0 ••
mal le mpe.olure ond olmo.ph.,ric pr e ssure.
oi., o"d if Ih."., ho d been, ,I would ho~" b.,e n
co ns um e d ago; " in Ih ., o . ido tion p,oc.,,,e l
one cubi c inc h of oi. co ntains about a hund red
bill ion bi lli o " mo le cu le •. Eoch of Ihem collid e .
wit h onol her on e a fte r 0 po lh of nOI mOre !ho"
a hundre d Ihou.ondlh of on inch, ther e by
changin g its ~ e l oc i ty and ils direction. The
o ~e rog., ~eJociti e. of the mol., cules in (> gas
dep e nd on Ihe temperolUfe: Th., holler th e
go •. th e higher the o~eroge ve loci ty o f i"
mo le cul e •. The meon molecul a r velocities of
~OI;oU' gose. ore listed in loble 1 for Iwo
dIff er en T !emperolure •. Some o f the molecules
will o lwoys be fo ster thor'! Ihe ove ro ge, olher.
will b e Ilo wer. Th e distribU lion of Ih ei r ve.
loc itie. follow. a so·co!led Mox wellion distri.
bullon cu r~e .
0 1 Ihe ,ad . a nd mine. o ls. Ther e wa s . ome
melhane and omm o nio, and Ihis o lmo.t chOOI,c
The hei gh I of Ihe atmosphere .. not
welt d"fined . It. d en.ity decreases can!;nuau.ly on Ihe way up, but even alan alti _
Iud., of 100 mil es we find .till almo st a billion
mol e cule. in .,och cubic inch . Th e po th I.,ngth
b.,lw.,., n two colli. ions. howe ~er , ha s increased
10 many thousand miles . If a t o n olli tude of a
f.,w hun d.ed miles 0 molecu le happens 10
acqui re a po.licularly high ~elocily in a few
lava.oble collisions, and if ils direction i.
,odiolly oulwo.d from Earth, it moy w.,11
o ve rcom e the grovity pull of Eorth ', field and
e.cope into Ou ter .poce . The velocity needed
fa. Ihi. e.cope i, independe"" of the mall
o f Ihe mole<;:ule, bu t dep e nds on Ih., mOil
ond Ih., diameler of the plonel. Some , horoc te.htic c Hape veloc ilie. are Ii.t ed in lob le II.
Althou gh the av e.oge velaci tie. 01 go.es,
.,ve n at highe r le mpero tures, are generally
lowe' Iha" Ih e eHape velociti.,. of Eo .th
a nd ol h er plo"els, there will always be moJ e cut.,. wha. e velocities, at one lime or onolher,
a. e w fficiently high to mo ~e them escape
from Ih ei. mother p lonel. In the COune of
milli o n. of yeo .. , Ihi. g.oduol escape may
w., 11 I.,od 10 a conside.oble rOr.,ficolion , an d
eve n a lotol lon, o f a planetary olmo.phere.
t" Ih., c o s., of Eorth, it did. II was only much
lot e ., o fter fo. lh hod coo led dow", thaI a
" ew otm05phe re developed . Corban dio xide,
" 'trogen, and water vapor w.,re probobly
Ih., main con. liIU.,,,,, of thi. n., w otmo. ph ere.
24
space journa l
seH,ng woo probably Ihe backdrop On which
Ihe fi.s ! live p lo t., in molecul e. we re fOlm.,d.
How Ih is pouibly may have happened , or 01
least what we can co njeclur e today, will be
describ e d in more d.,toil in Ihe ne d issue
of SPACE Jou rna l. It may suffice hele to nOI.,
thot the f"st living organism . were probably
5mOU coogulolian. 0 1 proloplosma·like molte.,
copablill of .plitti ng carbon d ioxid e with the
aid of sunligh1. Th e corban and a numb e r of
chemical compounds incorporat ing corban
wele retained in the orgon;.m, a nd thlll 0.Ygen
wo. re leased. We. must assume Ihot Ihe 10101
amouni of oxygen found in ou r o!mosp hele
today was produced by plonl o rgani sm • .
Th,,'e would b., e v.,,, mOle o.ygen in the
oi, today If the pia"", ofter Ihe i. d eolh and
du.ing their decay. hod no l us e d up so much
of it in a slo w o.idation p.Ocell which fin a lly
r... uiled ago'n in corban dioxide. How.,ve •.
Ihroughoul Ihe ag e s, muc h of Ihe organic
moll". wa s buried deep in Ih e ground whe'e
it was nOI "xpo~l!d to Ih., oxygen of thll! a t_
mo sp here. A consid.,rob le omouni of oxygen
was Ihe.efo.e I.,ft j" Ihe at mosphe'II!, and
huge re~e.voirl of cool ond oi l wer" bu ill up
simulloneously in Ihe d.,eper layers 01 Eo.,h ·s
crusi. It is very intere lting 10 nole that the
total OmOu,,' of o xygen in the atmosphere
would jusl about be suffi cie,,' 10 o xi dize the
1010i amount of cool and oil .till bu.ied under
th e surface .
A"imol life was able 10 d " "elop on eorln
os .oon as Ihe oxygen supply wo. sufficienl
for its support. The a nimal o.gon i. m depe nd,
10. its food .,nli'l!ly~e ilhe r d i.ectly Or ,,,di.eclly--on Ihe e.i.lenee of p lo"l lif., . But.
Ihe production o f corban d io.ide by the a"i.
moh is .uch a smoll contribUlion to Ihe lo.ge scale production by oxida tion of dead plonl
o rga nisms tha t onimols could no l be conlid _
ered ellentiol lor Ihe e.islence of pia", Iile.
II i. conc.,ivoble, the r.,fo.e . Iho l a plOn.,1
��conloins vegetatio n and no animo!.; b ut it
i~
not to be expected that there are pla nets
populated by anim a ls and bore of any plontlike organis ms_
It is by no means certain, of course, wh ether
life will always develop into a plant branch
and on animal branch. Th ere are numerous
spec ies of living organisms even on Ear lh
which canno t be counted under one of the.e
branches. Virus es, bacteria, and even some
of th e protozoa, do not clearly belong to the
plants or the animals . Some highly specialized
paras ites wh ich live in the in lestines of other
animals requ ire neit her oxygen nor corban
dio xide nor light for their su bsistence; they
liv e on sugar o r sto rch which they toke from
th ei r immediate vicinity, and they produce
energy not Irom ox idation, but from a process
of fe rm en ta tion which is controlled by specia l
enzymes. These parasites, of cou rse, depend
on a live hall. It may be a ssumed with a
high degree of certainty that if life develops
at all, it will at first be in the lorm of plontlike organisms which consume corban dioxide
and release oxygen, with the help 01 sunlight.
Corban dioxide and sunlight afe th erefore
mandatory for the development of life. Water,
100, is obsolu le ty essen lial, not only o. a
source of hydrogen, b ul also as a solvenl,
and a s a basis for the colloids whi ch form the
bulk of the struc tural materials of plant cells.
Mo st o f th e tramportotion of mate rials imid e
a living organism, plan t or animal, is done by
di ffusion or by osmotic processes; Ihis would
be un thinkable without water. With its large
specific heat, wate r is on ideal ther mostat
which helps to equalize the te mpera ture wi lh_
in one organism and which protects the organism aga inst rapid changes in te mp eratu re.
Jt i. true that life can exist for long periods
of tim e without wat e r, as in dry spores or
seed.. Howeve r, Ih is is a latent kind of life
on ly, and no t the active development of living
organisms. There are even mammals, like
the little desert mouse, which never drink
wate r dur ing their whole life; they syn lhesize
it oul of carbohyd rates and oxygen. Even
though they can live without taking water,
Ihey procure it in on indirecl way, for Ihe
26
space journal
seeds and o ther food which they eat could
never develop without on adequate supply
of water.
Life c an on ly d e velop, and su bsist, when
the ambien t lemperolure is favorable . The
lower limi t of the temperature range suitable
for life is nol only det ermined by the freezing
of the liquids within the organism, bul also
by Ihe rates of chemical and physio logical
reoc lions which, as a rule, d e pend very sensilivel y on the temperalure. It is true that a
living body can dev elop and mainloin a temperature cons iderably higher Ihon that o f the
surroun dings, but th e temperatu re gradien ts
within the oute r layers ollhe body ca n not be
too grea t. Fur ther more, octive tem perature
control i. a rerlflemen l tha i is och ieved by on
organism on ly 0 long time after it has de veloped the basic feotures of life. We ma y
safely assume, therefore , tha t life deve lops
only in regions where the temperature does
nOI d,op below Ihe freezing poin t of waler
solu tions. The high -tempero lure limit is set
by the stabili ty of large orgonic molecules.
Any molecule can be broken up if the temperotufe i, roised high enough . The large molecules wh ich are found in living moiler decompose fairly easily, mony of Ihem even below
Ihe boiling point of water. Most live o r.
gonisms can be killed by boiling them in
woter. Some algae are known to live, and
even thrive, in hot springs, but Ih ese orgonisms
are highly specioliled and cerloinly dona l
rep re sent on Ori9i<101 developmen t. " should
be assumed that on environment which allows
temperatu res belo w obout- 20 C 1_ 4 F)
and above
80 C 1176 F) is not suited
for the development 0 1 life.
+
Wilh these restrict ing conditions in mind,
we wiIJ now proceed 10 look 01 the solor
planets o s (I Iyp ko l planetary system, and we
wiJl (ls k wh kh of them migh t be co pable of
bearing life.
�•
TABLE 1
TABLE II
MEAN THERMAL VElOCITIES Of ATOMS AND MOLECULES
ESCAPE VELOCITIES AT SURFACES OF PLANETS
AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Milse.:
o
2400
C
Q
Moo,
Mercury
Venus
,..
3.4 m; lee
Hydrogen
1.15 mi, lte
Helium
0.82
Water Vapor
0.38
1.1
Nittagen
0 .31
0 .•
Oxygen
0 .29
0 .86
Corbon Dioxide
0.25
0.74
1.5
' .6
6.4
7 .0
3.1
37.0
Ear th
Mars
Jupit er
22 .0
13.0
Saturn
Uranus
14 .0
6.5
N eptune
Pluto
TABLE III
CHARACTERISTIC DATA OF PLANETS
H ' JlU
l .loo
O. ~
7.100
0 .9 10
.. 000
......,
0 .74
~
.
U ",M, 1
CI " "T
I U 'M, 1
.....\."
" . ,. O. , . . ,, "
u .".
Of UT
IMllIlI I
IIIIU U ' .... I V. . . ." . 0 ' UU
1,,· . .U1UTI)
O.J I
,~ .
l,rOS .1S
17.96
35 .9
It.1
0.117
0.1'
110'
71' .23
n~ . 70
61.1
21.1
140 '
'3.94
365.15
92.9
'1.5
13.0
' .000
...,
. ,1 15
0.15\
0.101
.n
24.61
686.91
14 l.S
1.312.000
O.H
)1..,50
2.64
. ]00'
9.11
4,33 2.60
~ .U
SATURN
73,100
763.000
O. ll
93 .210
1.1 7
.140'
10.03
10)'39.53
816.2
U~NUS
31.000
59 .000
1.03
. 270'
10.75
30.616.'-
1,71l.'
U3
·330'
15.10
60.1 .... 2
2.793 ,5
. 370 '
155.61
90. 471.33
3.676.0
6S4.D-I
27.32
0 .7 1
~ . )]
14.510
17 ,)60
....
0.700
''''''''
72.000
'.m
..
0.29
~
0.96
2.160
0.010
0.011
..'"
0.16·0.20
. 240 '
"DISTANCE flOM fAITH.
~
"-~
0",'''\ 'llOCln
1· llll/ lI Q
0,054
11.640
NOON
<
(MIIU . " 'I
JUPITfi
PLUTO
o
,"
l .nT
010111.
lOU."
",.
NfPT UN(
£
VOIU.,'
""H,,
VENUS
~"
-g
(. l lIl)
Mucu n
EArTH
•
II . .. " . .
. 24 "
•••
•••
..,
,.
,..
0.6'
�oboul 400 ~ C (750 oFI. Th e " night" sid e,
which i, permonenlly in the shado w, is (!l( .
tremely col d . There is a v ery brood twilight
lone between the hot Clnd the cold region~
becouse of ongulor oscillolionl of .he plonet;
in Ihi, l one, the lem pe ra lure VOriel widely up
ond down du ,i ng the Me rcuri o n yeCir.
If
Ih ere is any olmol ph ere On Mercu ry- and
the re are op tical o b lervotions which imply
Ihol the re is some_its press ure is not grea ter
Ihon obo u. I 800 of thai On Eo.th. Mercury
is simply '00 small, and 100 halon its sunny
side, to reloin On appreciable omount of go~
as On atmosphere. II;s probably mountain.
OUS, b ul travellers 10 Mercury will find no th ing
e xce pt "0 lifelen, desolole world , with a sur.
fa ce parched and crocked" (Polrick Moore).
The ClmClun! Clf sClICI, ene'gy ..... hich is reo
ce;ved by a given ClreCi i. inversely prClpCl"
tiCinCl! tCi the squClre Clf th e distance belween
this oreo and the Sun. Mercury, for example,
WhOle meCin distance from the Sun is only
about one·third that of Earth, receive~ almost
nine lime1 01 much ,olor energy per unit area
01 Earth. Solurn receives almOSI a hundred
limel less. There is only a limiled region
around th e Sun, and around eCich fjlted I:ar,
within wh ich a planet receiVel Ihe righl omounl
of sol(lr radialion to mah life possible. If a
planet wilhin Ihis region has aboul the right
magnitude, il could have developed an 01.
mOlphere which conloin1 at leoll waler vapo r
and some olher gosel like nilrogen and
car b on dioltide.
Thi, almosphere in turn
would equalize Ihe temperature sufficiently
so that On environment favorable for Ihe de .
velopmelll o f life would result. H. Strughold
ho s named this fovorable region around a
fol(ed Itor Ihe "ecosphere." Our Earth happells
to be righl in th e middle of the SllIl 'S eco.
sphere. Venus i, at il. inner, Mars Cit ih outer
margin.
Mercury, our .mallesl plonet, hee table IIIl
is unluitoble for life.
It hOI the peculior
feolure of alwoys lurning the some face
la'Nord Ihe $1.11'1, very much like the Ma:lll
olway, look. towo rd Eorlh with the some .ide.
The bright ,ide of Mercu ry , hClvillg elernal
doy, is heal ed up to a surface temperalure of
Venus, one of .he mo.1 beautiful sigh ls in
the evening or morning .ky, ho~ been veiled
in my.lery as long 01 Oslronomers have lurned
Iheir telescopes lo word it. A dense Olmos.
phere, opaque 10 o p tical observation, covers
the enlire planet. It is not knowll whol this
opaque gas layer comi. 11 of, bu. it il prob.
oble Iho l it con tai ns corba n dioxide, and pos.
si b ly large cloud. of du.t. Bul what does i.
hide? Since no water "Clpor Can be detected
in Ihe ouler toyers of the olmo.phere of Ven",s,
il W05 onumed in ' he po,t that Venus is on
entir ely dry and deserl . ti~e plon el, wh ipp ed
by terrir,c storms ond shrouded b y a per.
mon en t layer of dUll clouds. W hipple and
Me nze l recen tly sugges led tho l Ihe en tire sur.
face of Vf!nUS may be one lorge ocean of
wOler. In Ihis COle, it is not impossible Ihot
Ihere i, some kind of aquati c life on Venul.
Th e temperolure of the wa te r would be high,
bul il would be below the boiling poinl. There
is only little hope Ihol we will learn much
more oboul Ihe surface o f Venus un til Our
first inlerplonetory spaceshi p circles th e plonel
and ~ends lounding rockels through ils 01.
mosphe ric blonkel.
�I
The Moon is on entirely inhospitable ploce .
Although it receives the some solar energy
per uni t time ond area as Earth, there i. cer.
toinly no life on th e luna r surface. The lemp e rature on the sunlil side goes up 10 about
120 C (250 ° F), " ] n Ihe shado w, it drop.
quidly down to - 150 C ! - 2 4 0 ° F). There
is no a tmosphere which could equali ze these
large tempera""e diffe rences. Even il Ihere
hod been some go.es d uring its early development phases, the Moon would have lost
them very rapidly because 01 ils smoll size .
There might be minute troce~ o f very heavy
go.es like krypton or l( e rrOn, but their existence would be insignificant for the develop_
ment of life.
Mars is always named first when life on
other planets is discussed. Its surface ca n·
d itions are more like terrestrial con ditions than
thc.e of any other known planet. Speculations about the forms of Martian li fe have been
numerous and fontc.tic, and Ihere is almost
no limi t to the weirdness of Ihe Martian monsters which have been conjectured by in_
ventive minds . Aslrobio logis ts are now more
coutious_ They do not el(pect more than
some modest, bu t very resistant forms of p lant
life, such as we find on Earth in the dry and
rocky areas of the for north.
The green
po lches which can be seen on Ihe Ma rti an
'urfoce, togelhe r with the rela tively low tem peratures
20 C
68 f) during the day,
but orlly - 70 C !- 94 F) during the nigh t
according to G, de Vaueouleurs and G. P.
Kuiper) imply a possible "egetotian simila r to
mosses or lichens. The a tmospheric densi ty
on Mars is only one-Ienth o f that on Earth,
It conlains ni tragen and carbon dioxide, but
+
!+
olmost no oxygen. The waler content of Ihe
Martian atmosphe re is only 0 few percent of
Ihe mois ture in the atmosphe re a bove terrestrial deserts. Animol life similar to that on
Eorlh would no l be poss ible. A very interesl_
ing suggeslion hos been mode by H. SI.ughold: it is possib le thaI planh on Mars store
the oxygen resulting from their metabo lism
within Iheir tissues. thereby build ing up a ki nd
of "i nternal otmosphere. "
Plant types dif ferenl from ours co uld Ihus deve lop, and e"en
specioli~ed forms o f animal life, drawing
oxygen direclly from the plant., would not be
u!lerly impossible. However, condilions for
life are not overwhelming on Mars. As H_
SIrughold put iI, Mars hos a lways been, and
will alwoys be, on "underdeveloped p lane t,"
os for as life is concerned. It is iust a lilt le
too fo r owoy fiom the Sun. The greolest di, tonce from the Sun is even much more significant lor the rest of the plonets,
Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Nep tune are large enough
to reloin even the lightest gos, hydrogen, in
their atmosphere.,
However, their surface
tempera ture, are so extremely low hee lable
Ill) thaI none of Ihe proo".ses whi ch are
essentia l lor the development of life could
possibly toke pla ce. The mean densi ti e s of
these lour large planet. are surprisingly low;
the logical explanation is tha I cons iderable
portions of their observed sizes are made up
by otmowheres of great depth. The wa ter,
which exists unquestionably in grea t quanti ties on theoe plonets, must be frOlen. In fact,
it is assumed today that each of Ihe four
2.
space journal
�on one o f Ih e fo ur ma jor plonels. The le mperotures are for too low; Iher e is no gaseous
o~ygen or carbon diox ide; Ihere i, no liquid
wo le r; Ihe re is o n abundo nce o f the poisonous
goses ammonio o nd me thone. Their surfaces
ore deserls of frO l e n goses, hos tile 10 any
p ossible form of li fe . It is liard 10 imogine
how fulur e space Irove lers could ever sel fool
on one of Ihele plonets. They will only orbil
oround Ihem ot respec toble dis tonces, sending
the ir unmon ne d sou nding p robes do wn inlO
these oceons of hydrogen, helillm, me thone,
and ommonio. The rocky co.e of these plonets
will p rob ob ly never b e oc cessible to mono
mojor plonels hos a rocky core which is
covered by a la yer of ice severol thousond
miles thick; Iheir otmospheres above Ihe ke
cooling olso hove depths of several thou sand
miles. These figures ore implied by Ihe low
den.ities, Ihe observed diomelers, ond the
very pronounced i10tten ing of Ihe plonels.
The o lmospherk pre llure ot Ihe .urfoce of
Jupiler is oboul 0 million limes greoter Ilion
Ille o lmospherk p rellure ot Ihe surfoce of
Eorth . Even 01 much lower prellures, all gases
are liqllid or solid, or ot least 1I0ve densilies
equol 10 their densilies in Ihe liquid or solid
slote. Tile term '·o lmospllere" is therefore
misleading; only Ihe Olliermosl few hundred
miles of Ihe '· otmosphere" of Ihese ploner.
can be e~pec l ed to be goseOUI . Again
judging from Ihe observed densities. il mUll
be ollumed thaI Ihese ou ler loyers conlisl of
hydrogen or helium. Jllpi ter ond Sotum con .
loin, in oddition, foidy lorge quontities of
goseous om mania. All fOllr planels ore rkh
in galeolll methane. Most of Ihe ommonia,
however, is frolen; Ihe some is true for corbon dio ~ ide , which should nol be e~peCled
in gaseous form. No ga'eous nitrogen or
o~ygen shollid be e~pected ei ther.
We need no l hope 10 find ony Iroces 01 life
Utile is known about Ihe losl and remotest
plonet, Pluto. II i. too for ow o y for meoning.
ful, direct obSe rvo lions.
But even wilhout
knowing too much obout ils surfoce conditions,
the possibility of life con be excluded becouse of the edremely low surfoce tempera.
lure •.
Among the nin e planets of the Sun, there
are Ihree whose orbits are within the eco sphere; but o ... ly anI! 01 Ihl!m, Ea rth, e xhibi ls
such a lovoroble combinotion of properties
Ihol life could deve lop on 0 grond scole.
Venus may bear some aquo tic IOfe; Mars very
probobly corries low forms of vegetation.
How long will Eorlh continue to oRer these
fovorable co ... ditions? Wilhin the ned billion.
of yeors, Ihe Sun will heat up ond expand
and eventually will exle ... d its white hoi 01·
mosphere beyond the planetary orbit of Earlh .
Bul long before Ihot time, Eorth will hove lost
mOre and more of its atmosphere. Within the
next several million yeors, the atmosphere will
groduatiy dri ft owoy in lO outer spoce. W hen
Ihe gaseous oxyge ... and corban dio~ide are
significontly rorefie d, animol and plont life
in its prese nt form will no lo nger b e ponible .
Will life by then have developed into form s
which con subsist under Ihe cha ... ged conditions? Will rna ... have found o lher ways to
prevenl the gradual decli ne of fovoroble
living conditions? Will he change his Earth,
long be fore noture does, in to 0 ploce whicll
is no longer a ... inviting obode fo r life? Alrer
011, the history of homo :lop;ens covers only
some Ie ... thousand years, ond homo sapiens
lechnic,",s has been a t work lor only 0 lew
hllndred years.
30
space journal
-
.
�I
S P AtE
CHALLE N GE
I
Ihe ac i d lesl
By
W e rnher
von
Br alln
I
W e .fth • • ¥ .. ~ I ... ,, ~ .. ~I bo," "" "'.,,~
21, 1912, ;. W;,,'l<. G.< .. o.y. H• • , •• "'" hll
. ! tho
i. I9J~ I, , .... "..1 •• • , ]1)0 he ioi .... " . -
U."."", 01 '",""
""'''''.'_ ,. a.ni"
' ''_
... ".,,""
Obo".
_
."''''''
hi ..
I•
•_ ........ ,. r' .......... 0 . ... ', _" • • _1·
,I.. old ,_, _ ......... ..... ","",.1
_to .....
0 1' ..... .t tho '''.;d f ... ' '''' ' ' _d c. • . Mi".", c;.. ... at , _. . . . . . . h ... 1937 ••• ,'
'ho ... d
W",'d w",,, '100 V.l
was
010 •• 10..-1 •• ' _ ' ' ' _. . . .d ,h. ~,,' ,." ....
1.1 V., .... ,• •• <'-1 i. 1Ul. 0.. ",. 1< •••
tho
." "U..........
1956. H. I......"od and
o'
,0<."
..... _ • •• ' .....,".1 01,_<,., .'
i.,.
A..., ......,,',
II,.. ,w. ""........ II;, ".bll,.,,"., '.,'.d. T"
_ ...
. ""''''.
A".u ,1M f."I
S-.
''''''''''.
C_ .."
c!
~_ ••• d Tho
.........
'" _._
1
The add le$t of men and notions ;$ Ihe
measure of their cou roge and resovn:;efulness
in rhe face of adver sity and peril. Th o se whic h
have survived crises have ellerted Ihe masl
pro foun d influences upon mankind's destiny.
Those which fo iled did so because Ih ey could
no l manage abundan ce and pow e r,
Ou r count.y ha l faced agonizing tests more
than once during ils relatively short history,
It emerged each time from the crucible nol
wi lhou t scars but with greater confIdence and
riche r maturity. America survived crises be·
co use il knew what must be done and did it
wilhout regard 10 consequenc es, wilh faith in
its own judgment and in the resources which
hod to be marshalled for the common good.
Eve n now we are ellper ienci ng another
test. Hi storians may record it a s one of the
mo st fateful in te rval s of Ihe twentieth c entury
which hgs certainly hod more than its sho re of
his toric events, The early days of October
1957 mgrked g turning point in our desliny
and that of o ther notions , large and small,
An unp recedented te chnological achievemen t
suddenly Irons form ed a troubled bu l familiar
world into one of strange and foreboding
aspect. As it has, since Ih e down of the In_
dust rial Revo lution, scie nce had influenced
his lory, and directly shaped the lives of men,
The reaction 10 these events ha s been pro·
fo und. They tr iggered a perio d of se lf· ap ·
pr g isal rarely equalled in modern times.
Ove rnig hl it became popular to question Ihe
b ul wark s of our society: our public e du cat ional
sys tem , our induslrial slrength, int ernationa l
policy, defense "rotegy and fo rces, Ihe ca po ·
bililies of ou r sden<;e gnd technology. Even
the moral fiber o f Our people came under
seo. ching ellom inal ion.
Since Ihe evident
Ihregl was to our securi ty, the inilia l preoccupal ion concerned modern wegpons systems
and means of defending a gg insl them, The
Domaclegn swo rd menacing fre e pegple can·
sis ted of a mOn! lrous destru ctive force inherent in gutomgtic delivery systems, cgpable
of tmnsporling therma· nuclea r wgrhead s over
thousands of miles, in gny weather, acrOSS a ll
geographic and political barrie", gl velociti e s
of such magni lude as to imply lo tgl deslruction
wilhaul advan ce warning.
The logical process of evglualing our position has been underway ever since: first, to
determine if we possessed the se weapons, and
whol mean! of defense could be erected .
Aclions have b ee n taken by Ihe Defense De·
portmenl, lully supported by the Congreu,
aimed 01 achieving operational copabilities
with Ihe intermediate and intercontinental bgl.
listie mi.,iles 01 the egrliesl practicable da te.
Perhaps it is time now, wilhoul mudd yi ng the
waters further , to determine whether we have
correctly a ssessed the lotol threat represented
by a totalitar ian reg ime, whose e nd objecti ve
is world dgmination.
The Sgviet challenge is by no means reo
silicted Ig mili tary technology. It goes for
beyond the realms of pglitics and armies. No
longer i. Ihe task of coping with the Red
menace th e eulusive responsibility of generals
31
space iournal
�and statesmen. The acid te:;t mvalves every
facet of au. civilization. every part 01 au'
society: religion, economics, politics, science,
technology, industry and educa tion. Free men
everywhere have been cought up in this g.im
compe tition. We who eniay au. home., drive
the family co •• 5pend mo.e tim e in leisure and
less in wo.k, and pay less attention to notionol
affairs than to television shows. are faced with
a decision-will we do whatever i. necessary
to win this struggle. or will we continue in Our
(omlortoble illusion and thus court the risk 01 a
defeot which would forever e limina te freedom,
and pla(e Our chil d ren a"d their chi ldren under
the (antral of on all-powerful sto te? What
we are about to discover is whether a notion,
which has rated its home 'un sluggers and its
fullbacks above its scientists ond philosophers.
can meet the totol competition 01 aggressive
communism, ond still preserve ill way of li fe .
It will not be enough to perlect weopon s
sys tems which hove a t least equal capability with tho.e of a potentiol aggressor.
USA
The SO.i.I·Union cOn·
",burer opp'O"mol_
Iy .0% of it, 10101
p.odu~ 'i o" 10 Indi.id·
_n",
uol ,."ui'e..
in
compo,i.on 10 77%
cOtliribut'" in Ihe
United Stat ••.
USSR
'0'
"A.l ...... O ....... U
32
space journal
Others have pointed out thaI :he deterrent
effect of these machines of war may cancel
the possibility of total conflict. It has been
orgued thot this will turn aggression into onother direc ti on: that is, to the perimeter or
brush·type wor, in which the huge radets 01
grea t range ond man dest ruc tiv e capability
would nat be employed. Agoinst this estimate,
the Army has reshaped ih striking forces ond
equipped them with battlefield rockets and
guided missiles. Th e urgent need of an odequote defense posture capable of deol ing wi th
any type emergency has met a rare degree o f
unanimity here and abroad.
In ,harp contrast, however, wide di sagree.
ment hal developed over the real significance
of the best-publicized exploit of Communist
engineering-the Earth circling Hltelli tes
whose monotonous signal. were intentionally
audible to lil teners everywhere on Eorth. Skeptic s, who reluse to occep l the possible un til it
hOI been demon stra ted, have clouded the issue. This il a dangerOUI slole 01 mind in a day
when breokthroughl occur so rapidly thaI obsolescence of (ample .. weapons systems has
became a p.imory concern.
�STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS
,
Perhaps the launching of Ihe Explorers
helped to redeem our promises, hul no omounl
of explanation or justifIcation can show why
we did not do il ahead of Ihe Soviets-and no
amount of mutual backslapping tllat we succeeded with Explorer on the first try can hide
the fact that we lIave lost a round. We cannot afford to lose much mare. It was a grave
error in judgment to foil to recognize the tremendous psychological impact of on omnipresent, artifidal moon visible to anyone with
a goad pair of eyes and audible 10 anyone
witll a simple radio receiver.
Anotller grove error was the failure to evaluale realistically the research, development,
engineering and production capabilities of a
total it arian state. Th is lulled us into <;om·
plo<;ency and led 10 on underestimate of our
adversary-risky husinen in any competition.
Since I hod the dubious privilege of living
and working under a totalitarian government
for many years, I sllould be able 10 discuss
this lapic with same degree of compelence.
Anyone who says that sdence and technology
cannot flourilh in a police Itate dael himlelf
and his coun try a great dinervice. It is generally recognized, of course, thai personal
freedom of movemenl and thought, and a free
exchange of ideas, are essential to scientifIC
advance. From this, however, many erroneoully conclude thai genuine scientific work is
impossi ble in the climate of dic tatorship. l et
me clea r up this nation once and for all, in the
interest of arriving at on hon est appraisal of
our situation, by ciling my personal ellperience
at the Peenemuende Rocket Center in Hiller's
Germany.
Neither I nor any of my associates were
ever required 10 submit a travel itinerary in
advance, whether for a short business trip or
a va<;atian lalting several week, . Throughout
the war we hod intimate, continuous contact
with 36 universi ties and technical institu tions.
They performed research in support of our
missile programs under contracts so broadly
worded that they permitted the institutions on
e_tremely wide latitude in implementation.
Discussions and symposia, quile similar to
those conducted in this country, were held IrequenUy. Many idem were generated in this
truly liberal academic environment. True, these
ideas related uclusively to our technical concerns and not 10 politiu, but they are succen·
fully applied even today in roc:ket and minile
activities. As for as personal freedom of
movemenl is concerned, as well as free e_·
change of ideas in the strictly scientific and
technological sphere, it would thus simply be
misleading to assume that things were much
different Ihan in a free country.
The heavy hand of dic tatorship is rather
felt in another area. In Peenemuende, the
securi ty police kept dossiers on all of us, lisling all the things we might have said about
fhe regime or individuals of the upper hie r-
3l
space journal
�archy. Personal vices and weaknesses were
catalogued in Ihe ir nre s. Bu t th ey left us a lone
as la ng as our useful ne n, in their opinion,
was greate r Ihan our debil occa'IIII. Once
th ey fell they could do wit houl you and you
were in their way, they·d call for the douier
and destroy you. It was Ih at simple.
I realize that this sounds quite awful to men
who hav e never experienced it. But the sober
fact is th a t peop le, whether scienti sts or
candlemakers, learn to live with such a situa lion.
We dan', deny ourselves week· end
auto trips in spile of the National Salety Caun·
c il's warnings ab ou t multiple deaths. Jusl so
th e man living unde r dict atorship adj" sls himself to business·as-usual, whether he likes it
or not, because he mus l in order 10 survive.
Something like seven hund red million people
are living to day under Communist rule and,
in all probability, they have learned to live
in the face of such ponible " road accidents :
Consequently, we sh o uld disabuse oUrlelves
of Ihe dangerous myth that the impo tent Ru s·
sian scienti st bends aver his slide rule with a
gun pointed 01 his he ad _ It appears tha t he
enjoys at le a st as much reward as Ihe Ame rican scienlist and that, until quite recenlly, he
had even greater lotit"d e in hi s selection o f
' eso"rces and assistance.
W e m"st consider, in th is measure of the
forc es arrayed aga inst us, the overall postwar era in s"ch areas as a tomic and thermo·
nuclear bombs, n ucle ar power plants, jet air·
craft, g"ided antiaircraft missiles and long.
range rock ets.
W he n we cons ider their low general technologi cal slat",. 0 1 evid e nced d"ring the lost
war, pl"s Ihe Iremenda"s physical damage
inflicted "pan the Soviet ind"stry by the war
itself, it becomes frightening ly clear that their
rate 01 progreu grea tly exceeds 0,,($.
Th e reaL periL lies in the eno rmo us momentum they have b"ilt up, which ce rt a inly will
yield other dramatic by-prod"cts along the
way _ They hove long .ince emb arked "pan a
dynamic program 10 a c hi e ve supre macy in
science and technology. Their state-controlled
educalianal system is turn ing 01,11 competent
engineers and scienti", in greater numbers
than ours. It is upo n thil broad founda tio n
thai the Russian is waging his eRort and no t
l
14
space jou rnal
upo n the gleanings of Ihe brain-picking 01
lome ca ptive, for ei gn scientists a s many people in this country sti ll see m to believe. Clearly
we must accelerale our eRort at a rate c al culoted to overtake and surpass Ihe Ru uian
advantage.
And this ca lls for a sacrillce
01 an unpreceden ted scale.
It must be understood also that th e Soviets
have grasped the significance of man ', imminent conquest 01 space a nd have proceeded
well along the road in tha t d irect ion. A cu rrent estimate 01 the situation would include
thele possibilities.
First to launch their satellites, the RUliions
probably used a multi -stage rodet whi c h
was originany designed 10 carry a thermonuclear warhead over intercon tinental range_
Second, the same racket conf,gura ti cn, wilh
minor modif'ca tions, can place a payload of
be tw ee n 50 and 100 pounds on the mo on.
Third , Ihe rocket can a lso p ut up a ,atellite
capable of military reconnaissance, equipped
wi th (I television playback fea lure. A few
su ch orbi Tal devi ces can keep trac k o f the
progress of all surface co nstruction projects,
ship movem ents, and air bale operations anywh ere in the world. O nce th ey a chieve this ,
and I am convi nced tha t it is only very few
years oR, "open s. ie.·· i".pection for purposes
of disarmament becomes academic_
Fourth, the Runia". have a sound program
desi gned to solve the question of safe return
from orbital flight and rela ted space medical
problems, wit h Ihe purpo.e of preparing lor
manned space travel.
I would recomm end thai we brace ourselves
for o ther Soviet ··forsts" in the new field 0 1
astronautics. We are behind and we canno t
catch up in a day or two, since major technological projects necessarily involve lead time.
I! will require several years o f conce ntra ted ef.
fo rt for us to come abreast, and even longe r
to pu ll ahead .
We c a n waste no lime commiserating over
the sorry lot of the Russian worker or peasant,
compori ng hi, lac ~ of freedom and creature
comforts with ou r prosperity. We should also
"shuck oR " another illusion, that the Runio"
people wi ll ri se "p to overlh row Ihe Kremli n
and thus re li e ve ul of a ll our worries. Perha ps
a dream 01 freedom ex ists in Ihe Soviel Union.
�Pe.hops, by
e~pOling
mo.e young people 10
scientific t.oining , a seo.c h for trulh will be
generoted .... hich will eventually rea ch against
the dic tatorsh ip. But .... e ca nnot stand oround,
hands in pockeh, waiting for othen 10 do
whol can only be o ccompli.hed by us. I am
co nvin ced Iho t i' i. ma n ', des tiny to enter
space and tha t he .... ho con trols Ihe open
' pace around us is in 0 position to control
the Earth . The only choice le ft U' i, 10 oc-
Our educa ti ona l o Rering s mus t come und " r
sc.u tin y since i, is tomorrow·, generation .... hieh
.... ill ha ve to cope with the p rob le ms develop·
ing today . If their pHlpmotion is to be compg lib le with the kind o f world they will inhobil,
Our young people mus t be taught bo.ie a nd
"""nligl knowle dg e 01 the earliest practicable
gge_ in the e lementary schools. We have
teoehen we need, who con provid e Ihe in_
got to disabuse ours elves of Ihe ideo tha t
cep! the Sov ie t challenge Or ·· poy Ihe piper: ·
"hool i. a pla ce sol e ly to teach boy s and g itis
I certainly do no l suggest Ihol we move in to 'pace with any belligerent inlenlions. It
how to live togelher. Th ey must underlNlnd
mothemotics a nd the physical sciences, whieh
would only be cOMillenl .... ith the fundamentals
for whidl the United Sta tes stand, if we wo uld
means more and beller te ochen and e x-
propose to the Un ite d Notions the universal
p and ed oRerings both in scope and num be r.
BeHer ,olories, improved profenionol status,
acceptance of Ihe pr in ciple of the freedom of
outer spa ce- in analogy with the p rinciple
and more adequate cfouroom and laboratory
fa cil it ies are eueoliol 10 obtain the kind of
of the freedom of the seas.
spirotionol leaders hip to interell you ng minds
in facts .
But any such doc trine would be void and
meoningless if we connol bock it up wi lh a
position of relo live strength .
tt hos been soid that with the Sputnik
Khruschev ond Compony launched thei r
eve ntual downfall becouse this country reacted by firing up its missle and space programs.
And indeed, in more than one aspect thi s
may be our losl chon ce . In th e first World
War, as well as after Peart Harbor, the United
States hod time to marshal her resources.
Even in Korea and now, ofler Sputnik, we hod
tim e 10 in itiote the nocessory coun teract ion.
Nul time, in this world of long · rongo bollidic
missi ' e. gnd thermonuclegr wgrhegd, Wl' mgy
not have time. Ei the r we ""ill b e ready ot 0
moment·s notice, Of h"to ri gm moy conclude
oyer Ihe ruins of au. cilies that we were
'·weig hed and found wonling: ·
I hope that we will not conclude thgl money
a lone .... ill turn 011 the tricks-there are oth"r
foctors involved whieh cannot be .ellied so
eosify. It would b e presumpluous for me 10
oRer "school solutions," Or even to tisl all Ihe
Ihings which must be considered. But th"re
a re some minimum requi rements which can be
identified and whieh demand prompt oelion.
do not believe Ihe Federal government
wiU or should ollempl to dictate ,uch 0 program, but it should establish g e: nerolfy recogni zed educational standard, and it should
ouis l in a pump·priming role in the pu b lic
.schools and in -our col!ege, and universi ti es.
Educa ljon in 0 democracy is Ihe concern of
every ci lizen .
The p eople must insis l upon a
redirection o f emphasis and wi ll ingly o cce pt
their jut! meaSure o f responsibility for e~ecu
tion of our educationat prog rams. To aU who
ask, " W hat can I do 10 help?"·, my an sw er is
to loke a ctive inleres t in whot is being tough l,
how it is being taugh t, and by w/'om.
There hal been unn ecessary concern aboul
possib le Federal in terfe.ence in local schools
The Federal government as well o. Ihe I tole.
have be"n .uppo.ting public education in
grea te . Or lesser degree for years-all we are
talking oboul is funneling 'uppor l into more
productIve chon nels . If Ihe Fede .gl governm"nl can 'upport high".ay proiect., why not
schools?
Finolly, we must generate the wjff 10 supremacy.
Because Ihis is intangible-because
il mu.t come from the hearts and mind, of our
people, it canno t be legislated, budgeted or
evoked by decree.
We wont no Federal
35
spa ce journal
�and hone st report ing , the hallmark of Ameri_
can journalism, which is sometimes lost sight
of by a smo ll segment of the press bound to
corry ou t propagonda attacks Or soles Com·
paig n s by self-se rving interes ts.
If we can inspire a notiona l determina tion
to achieve the ultimate victory, all other foe·
to" will foil into thei r proper peflpective and
places. We will then move forward, a united
people, in to on age in which the fo r reaches
of the universe will b ecome as familiar as the
ne xt town.
propogondo mochine exercising dominion over
the free pre n. We wont no d icto tor telling us
what ' 0 believe ond who. '0 do. But we must
set about learning the foch and , when we
have ynde"'ood them , buckle down to the
chollenging tosks whith conlront us.
We should stop telling the world what we
are ogoinst. We should tell the world whot
we Ore lor. We must not fight the communist
ideology wit h negative stotements, but with
the lofty ideals of the founders of this greot
republic. The ontidote to communism is not
onticomm unism, but the be lief in God and
the dignity of the individual. let us not deceive ourselves; the communist ideology hos
powerful appeal to th e hove· nots. the uninformed , ond the desperote. Bu t ideos are
fought no t with ma teri al means, but with
superio r ideal. And where should these ideas
be lound in this world todoy, if they cannot
be found in this g lorious land of the free~
The flog of leoderhip of the free wo rld hos
been thrust in to .he honds of Americans. Let
us live up to the historical challenge.
°
We must think in te rms of long· range objectives, not on the tim e scole of ned year 's
automobile models, We must put our trust
in men au igned to corry out these program .,
and not in terrupt or divert them by frequent
reexomination s Or demands for justificotions.
We must supp ly them with the resources they
require, hold them responsible lor resulh, and
leove them alone to corry out their missions.
We my!t look for, and demond , comp e tent
36
space jou rnal
II is disquie ting to be asked "Bu t what
will a ll this prof,t us?" Such ques tions be tra y
a lock of conf,dence and, even mor e .erious,
the kind o f unenlightened opp roach wh ich
has hamstrung our progress in the past. No
man can soy wilh onuron ce, what benefits
will occrue from our discoveries. With Ex·
plorer I, we mode 0 modes t beginning. WI!!.
have stepped inlo a new, high rood from
which there can bl!!. no turning bock. As wI!!.
probe farther into Ihe area beyond our le,,,i·
ble atmosphe re, man will learn more about
his environment; hI!!. will understand beller the
order and beauty of creotion. He may then
come to realize thot war , as we know it, will
avail him nothing byt colostrophe. He may
grosp the truth that there is something much
bigger thon his one lillie world .
Before the
majedy of what he will find out there, he must
stand in reverential owe. This, then, is the
acid test as man moves in to the unknown.
�I
S PACE
PREVIEW
books recent and f ort hcoming
R e view e d
By
R a l ph
E.
J enn
H o ffm a n
M.
Ho fl ... ~n . ' . ney, G . h"od"p",G. by h,.'h,
..... boo' ... <><;.,. d w'", " 0 ,.'dod ~;,,;;.
" ., 'G" " . ", l hl ..... . ... hGntl .. .. d , .
>.',
t H" G, ,« h"m' ,..j;'.' I., ,... o.d. """, •• -
••'
.... " . Q.d Do,.'.p ~
~, h 0'"<0 h, •• I. H.
" • ".lI. , Gf " 'do . ..,odo. ", Q.d ••
of
..... 2 ~ "",,"<--fi.,;o., b' ••• ap", " . " ', 0 • •
o' ' ..
of
' ... Now y .. l T;,.., 'ool h " o " fo , ' ' ' ' ' '
,ho.
"".".G' ••".... H..... .....
".ft
'"0' '' ,0'''' •• d ,••d,." • " ••,." •• ",..
" hi,• ... 'o w,
""oo! ........
""" ~ ,.
Exploring the Oistonl Siors. By Clyde B.
Clmon. 384 page.. New York: G. P. Putnam 's Som. $ 5.
The Nexl Fifty Billion Years. An Astronomer 's
Glimp.e into Ihe Fu tu(e. By Kenneth Heuer.
144 pogeo. Illu strated by Chesley Boneslell.
New York: Viking Press. $3.
It is a we kame coin cidence that the'e two
\lolumes ,hould rea ch the re\liewer'. des k o n
the some day. Mr. Clo.on's popularized
treoli5e on oslronomy covers Ihol sc ience from
Ari stotle and Hipparchus 10 Fred Hoyle o nd
\loults Ihe heavens ond the cosmo!i-the lerrible emptiness 0/ spo ce, in Clason 's op t
phrase -from our neighbor Luna , leu than
a quarte r- million miles away to dim galaxies
thaI are me(ely dreamed of as exi.ling beyond Ihe 200-billion light·yeo( range 01 Ihe
Polamo( two_hund(ed · in ch telescope or the
even longer range of Ihe radio in,truments
which e~plore "the \lision of the world and
all the wonder that would be."
Mr. Heue ( limits his disc ussion to our own
insignificant little globe and the possibleno l Ihe
probable!-circumslances under
which it might end it5 currently four.billion
year old
e~istence.
Mr. Clason 's book-if the opinion of a
ve ry nonprofessional ast ronomer is accep table
I1 9S
Bi r ney
Raym o nd
- tokes in too much territory. The chapters
on the constellations and on the stO(S, galactic
and e~trago 'o ctic, from our own Sun 10 for,
for, faraway S-Doradu. (it's one mill ion lime$
as bright a s our Sun) in the large Mogel lon ic
Cloud - those chop te .. are so co ndensed thot
the reader finds himself flounderi ng in 0 maze
of while dworh , red giant" and Cep hied
variables .
This reviewe r wo ul d be forst to ad mit t hat
thi s cr" icism is unfair and is the product of
hi s own ignorance.
At the some time, it
must be ad mitted thot " E~p l o ri ng the Distonl
Stars " toke s in iust oboul all th e ter ritory,
universal , galacti c, and cos mic, t hot the re is.
Kenneth He uer, F.R.A .S., has delivered
mor e than a thousand lect ures a t the Hoyden
Planetarium, New York . His book di scusses
the variou s fotes whi c h hove bee n advan ced
os Ihe po .. ible end of the world. The Moon
mighl opp.ooch so closely tha t !idol waves
will ove rwhelm the con ti nent. , or in even
cl oser approach our .otell"e might shatter
in to a million or two fragments which would
destroy the world in a shower of supershrop·
nel. We might perish in a co ll ision with on
erran t as teroid, with the glowing h ead of a
cornel, or even in a heod ·on co ll ision with
another star of a magnitude as great as
the Sun. It's possible t ho ! the e nd mighl come
when the Sun's fi.e dies and mankind voni.he s
beneath the mantle of another Ice Age 0.Ihe opposi te e~treme-when the Sun blows up
os a novo or e\len a supernova.
All of these are natural phenomena. All
ore remotely possible bu t very for from probable ond so for in the future that no one need
worry unless he e~pects to be around this
po rticulor 'phe(e forty or fifty million or billion yeors from nOw.
37
space jo url1al
�··H ••• rh. di..,,!rou, .lred o~ ;ull
On. d ,,-CMcaga, lIIiO>Oi.-.1 rb.
Sun'.
uplodlng
I. .ba .. n.
".d ,h.
Lah
Michlg".
Chicago ~I ••,
ha •• a,..,dy baU.d a,,"a,:' ICh,I.,
l an.".11 Wu. r,,,fian 1,0'" THf NEXT
$0 II WON n .... SJ
'·n.
f",th I. ,!ruck b, " ,_"
co",.' .. ho•• head i. ahoul 10,000
""I •• In dio",.'.,:' ICh.I., lon,
.".11 lIIull,,,fion 1'0'" fH! NUT $0
IllIION
HA,~SJ
�I
�d;,.""".
··r~. MOOft ,"0, h
d''''''ft IH>ck to .~. E",.~ ;ft .~. ,."'" •• f ...., •. At "
"I 20,000 ,.;f•• , ;, will h ,;n to
" •• ok "P. ,,,1ft,", ~",. "'....... <HI .~ . . . . . ,,~ :. {C~."., '" ..... n ill" ..,,,,;,,,, I,,,", THf NUT 50 If WON YEAU .•
�I
However-ond her .. is where you a nd I
ond the Australian aborigines (Ire d er.nilely
co"cerned - M•. He uer gives us to th ink ove r
th e possibility Ihot rna'" himself might
Ihe .uicidol trigger! If mon p .. "ists- -as
... ems 10 be pers isting-in e ~ perimenli n9
hyd rogen atoms, wiln (,nion ond fu,ion.
pull
mOn
with
with
cobol t co sing' ond world w ide fallou t , then
you
CO"
w rit e your own ticke t ogoi nsl the
doy when some junior-9rode Raspu!;n dores
the fre .. w orld to p l oy hi. o w n brOrld of Ih.n-
,ion roulelte .
It is som el iling to thin . about, bvi in the
mean time, he'" ote Iwo books wllid. belong
in Ihe librory of every astronomer, profes"
sionol or omol .. ""
_HoRmon Birney
Se,ence ond Human Volues By J. Sro nowski.
94 pages, N ew Yor .
Julian Me .. ner.
S3.
II is quite f,tting tha t thi, volume is i!lu,·
trated wi th wmks cr ..ated in the m" laphysical
ima gi"atian of William Blake. " Poetry,"
writes Mr. B,anaw , ~i, "does no t mOVe us to
be jusl 0, unjust, in it.elf. It moves uS to
tho ughts in whose light iustice and inj u,tic e
O'e ,een in feodul ,hmpne,s o f ou lline.'·
Tole rance among sci .. nli,ts connol be based
on indifl,,'encc; it mu,t be bo,,;-d on ,especl,
Mr Branow,l, i says. Resp .. ct as a persona!
value im plies, in any society. th e public
odnowl .. dgments of ius tice and of due honoL
These me values whith to the laym an seem
mos t r.. mote from any abslract stud y. What ,
Ihe layman may ask. hov .. human vo lu .. s such
0< justic.. , honor, and Ih .. ,esped o f man for
man 10 do with science? "The que,tio","' re plie' Mr . Bronow.ki, ··i. a fooli.h su rvi vor of
tho.e "inete.. nth·cen tu,y quo"" i. which 01.
way. came bad to equate ethics wi th the
BOOK of Genesis." He mys that science confronts the work of o ne mon with Ihol of an other and groll. ea(h on each; and it (annat survi ve withoul jusliee and honor and
respect belween man and man. Only by th e.e
meons can science pursu e ih stlladlost objed, to e~plQfIl trulh. If these volue. did
not e)( ist, Mr. Bronowl~i be lie ve s, then the
society of scie ntists would hove to invent
them to mo ke the practice o f "ollnce pO Hi blll .
In societ ies whefe these value s did not e~ist,
scien(e has hod to create them.
What power hold. the compony 01 scholon
togethe r? In onswe' to his ,hetQficol que' tion, Mr. Bronowski re plies that , in an obviav,
�serne, theirs i. the power o f virtue. All .<holors
in their wo.k o.e of course oddl y virtuous by
the world ly standard. of pu b lic li le . They do
nOT ma~e wild claim.; they do nO I chea t; they
do nol try to perluode at a ny co.l; Ihey
appeal neither to preiudice no. to autharily;
they o.e often frank abaul their ign o , a nce;
their d ispules are faidy decorous; Ihey do
nal co nfu. e what i. be ing o.gued with race ,
po lit ico, s.. ~ Or age; they listen potiently to
the young and to the old who bo th know
eye.ything Con cerning this, Mr. Sronow.ki
writ"., " Th",,, Ore the gene.o l yidue! of
scholarship, ond they are pecu liarly the virtues
of science. Individually, scientist, no doubt
hoye human weokneue. . Several of th em
may have mi.treue. or reod Karl Marx; same
of them may even be homose~lIols and read
Plato. Bllt in 0 world in which slote and
dogma seem olways ei the r to Ihreaten or to
coiole, the body of scienti.t. is ,roined to
ovoid, and organi zed 10 resist, every form
o f persuasion b ut Ihe foci. A scientist who
breob this rule, os Lysenko has done, is
ignored . A scientist who flnds that th e rule
has bee n broken in his loborolory, os I<om·
merer found, kills himself."
Much of Mr. Bronowski ' . thin kin g can be
said to follow I(o n"s cotegoticol imperotive.
It i. quite oppore nt that he conliders man ,
with his Irog ic dignity, to be on important
little creature in the ' cheme of things. Re ·
gordle .. of where mon is destined to go,
th is reviewe r is re minded by Mr. Bronowski's
book of Ih e line by the poet Rilke who, after
seeing Picosso 's pa int ing, " The Sal rim ·
bonquel.·· wrote : " But ,ell me, who ore
Ihey, thes .. O(fObOI S, even more fl ee ling Ihon
we o urselve .. .'" In o n oge of cyn ic ism, M•.
Bronowski·. book is ,efre. hing . Thi•• eviewer
recommends il.
_Ralph E. Jennings
The Space Child', Mother Goose. By Frederick W insor. IIl usl ra ted by Ma rian Parry.
New York, Simon and Schuster. S3.50.
The outhar o f Ihis ' pace child's hydroponic
garden of verse, apologizes, in his dedication , .. .. if if. vieulI ieu and il leaves you
co ld . Forgive us, dorling$, We're Awfully
Old."
,
42
space iournal
These poems ore not reolly y;eull ;eu, but in
011 probability they will leave the dorling.
cold becou.e Ihey ore written for .poce porenh---and e"'remely inlellecluol spoce parent. 01 Ihot. Even so, ma ny of the · poems
have 0 whimsi cal twist Ihal is provocative and
delightful; lor ellomple, a poem illuslroring
th e hypersonic genesis of loday's Everymon ,
Solomon Grundy
Wolked on Monday
Rode on Tuesday
Motored Wed nesday
Planed on Thursdoy
Rodeled Frida y
Spoce.hip Sal urdoy
Time Machine Sunday
Where is the end for
Solomon Grundy?
-M . Roymond
�I
I
,
Yep-New York sho ;s 0 nice ploce, bul I wou/dn ', wonl 10 live
thor.
+lDVfJ1TUR£S Or-
' L~SKfl'
S; ") :{J~
..... .
\
.,
�IIlACTt O Il
I
'01
populi
I ~ .... d", '0 P'''u, d.loy •. 011 ,.oclion .. oil ond ","n~ •
• «iph .~b ... i""d '0 SPACE lo~'nol .",,' be odd,.... d
' 0 SPACE Jo~'n",. P,O. ao. 12. H ~n".ill • . Alobo .. o.
5;""0,11 all .... b.«.p'.on. or i"'I~i.i •• <oo<",.ing .... b •
• «iplion. m~" b. odd ..... d ,,, SPACE lou,no!. P.O. Bo .
9 4. No.h.ille, hnn.
Dea r Edit o r,
Dea r Edito r,
Than k you very muc h fo r the copy of the
spring e di tion o f SPACE Jo urnal, wh ich is
ded ica ted to my la te husband.
You have e very right to be p roud o f your
publication, and 10 be pa rticularly proud of
the article a bou t my husband. It i. on" of the
ve ry best that will be in the boo k I keep for
p ublished stories abou t him.
Wit h congra tula ti o ns on thi. fine .tory, a nd
apprec ia tio n of your courtes y, since rely
W orce.ter, Mass.
Mrs. Esthe r C. Go d d ard
Your Vol. 1, No. 2. o f SPACE Jou rnal has
just fallen into my ha nd s. As I am a science
teacher in the l ake Geneva High School. I
was very in ' eres red
10
see what you had to
offer.
... I was shocked howeve r to find that 'he
photograph on pa g e 12, fi gure fou r, was cop·
tioned Ihe Cra b Nebul a . This must be o n
erro r. It loo ks more li ke M51, th e W hi rl poo l
Ne b ul a in Cane. Ve no tici . .
I am a lso the sponso r of the
lo~e
Gene va
science club. My clu b members have as ke d
Dea r Edi tor.
I ha ve read your first issue of SPAC E
Journ a l very completely and from my observa·
tion I would like to IIote that of a ll such
p ublicol ians on the marke l, you" i. b y for the
mOll .uperior. I offer my cong ratula tio ns for
a terr ific job . .••
W . A. Shuping
Direc tor o f O pera tions
abou t "ar'ing a roc ket division in the clu b .
Now I am well a ware of Ihe dangers tha t lie in
such on ope ra tion, and I do not wont anyone
to get hurt.
I have raid my people that I do not wan t
them to build a "y overnight ra(ke t and rho t
the re is li lli e ' a be g a ined from jus. throwing
some thing toge ther and . hooti ng it off. I wo nt
Mi ssile. Rocket a nd Space Division
Vitro Corpora tion of Americ a
Martinsb urg, W. Va.
a lo t o f study to go into such a th i"g be fore
Dear Editor,
tion and operation of .uch a club. I know
I enjoyed your spring issue very much, bu t
r wou ld like 10 ca ll your a tt ention to figu re 4 ,
p a ge 12. I am sure that you will fin d ' ho t i' is
no t the Cra b Nebula bu t tho ' it is ' he Wh irl_
pool ga lo )(y ho me times c a ll ed W hirlpool
Nebu la!. M51. as "ded in Charles Messier's
list.
Frank H. Reev es
Nashville, Tenn.
no thing about rocke' fuel. euepr Ihot rhey
are very touchy and d a ngerous to handle. Ii
there some kind of p rog ram thai we (a n
undertake tha t would in teres t the clu b members and sti ll be safe and construe' ;ve?
Photo Se rvi ce Depo rtment Donald W . Ca rte r
Yerke' Observatory
44
space journal
it is done, if ever.
Frankly I would like .ome good sound a d vice on how to p roceed with the organiza_
Williams Boy, Wi s(.
�Readers Reevef and Corter, and a hasl of
others, are correct in identifying the illus/ro tion on page 12 as the Whirlpool Nebula, or
M51, in Cones Venaticj, The mi;<·up occurred
when the stoff wa$ ollempting to rush the
second inue through the printerJ alter cele·
broting the successful orbiting of bplorer I.
While this is certainly no ~alid eJlCUlie, we leel
that the circumstonceu were at leoft mitigating
A. for reader Carter's science dub and ils
activities in rocketry, I urg e you not to at·
iempt to build rockets prope!led by any form
of e;<plosi~e, such os block powder, home·
mode mixtures based on powdered metals,
compreued gaues, etc. You should begin by
tludying the basic physicol principles which
underlie rocketry . It may not sound inviting
or exciting to begin a project in rocketry by
reading physics. However, you will find that
your project will lake on new depths 0/ mean·
ing and possibilities os you delve inlo Ihese
basic principles Only alter you ha~e mos·
tered Ihe fun:;lame ntals and have become completely familiar with the deadly power of even
Ihe moll simple e .. plosive will you be ready
10 allempt the construction 0 / rockets . Editor .
Dear Editor,
Our group ha, recently become very ,nleresled in the properties 01 space. We found
some questions lor which answelS we,e un obtainable. Since we have heard of your
mago l 'ne, we wondered whether you courd
be of oHistonce to us. Would it be po"ible
for man to adopt himself to the moon in a
great number (perhaps millions) of years?
We would oppreciole any aid which you
could supply on Ihi. subiecr.
Ridley College
Joe f. Low
Ontario, Canada
In answer 10 your question "Would it be pas·
SIble for meJn to adopt himself to Ihe moon in
a great number (perhaps milliond 0/ years?",
I must give you both a yel and a no, qualifying
each according to my interpretation of your
question.
The onswer is no if you are thinking ahout
a daptation by way of what we call evolution
since all lorms of life, as we know it, require
1/ you mean by adaptation man' s abIlity to
crea te artIficial environmental conditions on
the moon which will "venluolly permit estob ·
lilhmen t of e~pe"mentol scientific 'obo,olories,
mining, foclorie5, and even cities, th e answer
i. a very positive yes. Editor .
Dear Editor,
Since the first issue 01 SPACE Journal was
dedicated 10 Prof. Hermon Oberlh, " Father of
Aslronouti"." and Ihe second to Dr. Robert
H. Goodord, "Father of Rocketry, '" it is fitting
to note that the careerS of the.e two great
scientists crossed briefly in 1921.
On learning of Dr. Goddord's report "'A
Method of Reaching El(treme Altitudes," Prof.
Oberlh, then a .tudent of mothemoli" 01
Heidelberg, wrole 10 Dr. Goddard , in his
limited English, as follows:
"Deor Sir:
Already many yean t wor~ 01 the prob.
lem to pou over Ihe atmosphe,e of our
eorlh by meon. of a rocket. When I was
now publishing the result of my examinations and cokulotion., I learned by the
newspaper that I am nol alone in my in·
quiries and that you, deaf Sir, have alreody
done much important Walk. 01 this sphere.
In spite of my efforts, I did not succeed
in gelling your books oboul this obiecl.
Therefore, I beg you, dear Sir, 10 let them
have me. At once afte r coming out of my
work I will be honored to send it to you, for
I think tha t only by common work of Ihe
scholars of all notions can be solved this
grea t problem.
Yours very truly,
Hermonn Oberth
Student Math. He idelb eHg'"
Hunt sville, Ala.
George A. Ferrell
Thonb to reader Ferrell fa, bringing Ihil in _
teresting le/ler to the attention of OIJr other
readers . In Moy or June of 1922, Dr. God·
dord sent 0 copy of his work 10 Prof. Oberlh .
8y Ihe I,me thaI Prof. Ober/h's own work Waf
publilhCld in Germany in 1923, Dr. Goddard
had carried hi. experiment5 in liquid.fue/ed
rockets to the point of actuoltestfiring. Edilor .
0~Ygen.
45
space journal
�Dear Editor,
I read your copy of SPACE Journal while
making fudge. Although 'he fudge wain',
any good, I thoroughly enjoyed your magazin e. Articles I especially liked w~re Dr, ...on
Bro un's "Where Are We Going?", " Father of
Rocketry," "Rocket Moil," and " Reaction ."
SPACE Journal has everything in it tho' I
ha ... e always wished for but never found until
now . Please con'inue the good work , but
pleose don 't discontinue the poetry o r spoce
fiction .
S!. Louis. Mo .
Donna Lucido
Dear Editor,
I hoye just finished reading Vol. I, No. 2.
of SPACE Journ o l. I especially enjoyed the
article "Mars and Beyond." A number of
other boys here 01 school are interes ted in
space travel. We have all found your publication helpful in the classroom . I've read a
number of magalines concern ing space travel,
b ut I rond yours the mo,t factual. I like the
way it giyes a brood view of the topic you
are discussing.
t beg to differ with Joe Gib10n ' '' Reaction,''
Vol. 1, No. 21. I th in k tha t the short Itory
gives a bit 01 variety to the magazi ne and that
you should continue jt.
St. John 's Military Academy
Barry Hackner
Dela fi eld, W i1 .
Dear Editor
You would do your magazine and it. read·
ers a se rvi ce if yOU dropped the space fiction.
W illiam E. Dennen
Associate Editor
Children's Booh
Lillie, Brown a nd Co.
Boston, Man .
Readers luc ido, Dennen, and Hodner lauch
upon a paint which hos hod the sloff in graye
doubts , the desirability of conlinuing space
fkl io" and poelry in SPACE Journal. So for
opinion has been eyenly di~ided among the
editors, b ut the fi"al decision will ho~e 10
come from Ihe readers. For Ihis reason, we
are mosl anxious 10 have the reoc l;on to space
fiction and poetry from as many readers 01
possible. We also suggest, porenlheticoJly,
46
space journal
•
Ihal reader lutido read her SPACE Journal
either before Or olte r-nol while-making
her ne xt balch of fudge . Editor.
Dear Edi tor.
My copy of SPACE Journal, Vol. " No.1,
second printing , h01 for its caver a reproduc·
tion of Chesley 80neslell 's poin'ing depicting
'he se poro lion of the firs' stage of a four·
stage spaceship. Yet th e caption on the can·
tents page reveed, that a portroi' of Prof.
Oberth should have graced the cover. This
is borne out by the pho to on page J 1 of issue
No.2, showing such a cover.
The cover
change, I assume , was due to Ihe need for a
second printing. but why didn ', you change
the caption?
Then too, different (overs for
the some issue may con fu se things a bit for
readers who wish to collect and bind SPACE
Journal. An unimportont moller, but I thought
that it should be brought to your ollenllon.
I too sho red Mr . Gibson·, feelings (reaction,
spring issuel when I first sow you r maga zine
on the newsstand. And I too become 0 (on·
vert after glancing through it.
excellent publication.
Chicago, III.
Yours is on
Ken Soblik
The reprinting of the first issue was done in a
hasty manner. Th e change in co~er was dane
no t wilh guile but with Ihe advice of a large
news di$lribUlor. Th e discrepancy which reader
Sob/ik nales on the conten ls page was a
b/und"'r which resuhed from the hosle in
gell;ng Ihe second printing ou t. Incidenlolly,
Ihe cover on Ihe second printing o f the firs l
inue il a product of SPACE Journal's art sloff
-which is inexpressibly proud of having ;ts
efforts mistaken fa. Ihol quality which space
enthusiasts have tome 10 identify as the Boneslell touch. Edil or.
�FI CTi OH
I
beyond th is st ar
J a m es
D aniels,
l .
J r.
Synopsis of Pre<:e ding Installment
The Palomar Grovp, a s(;ientific organization dedicated to the survival of mankind in
the universe in 1971 hod succeeded in estab ·
lishing on Observatory on the Moon . The
Group sou ght th en some . vidence of life elsewhere in the solar system, in the hope of find ing answers to th e d ilemma of man 's eternal
conflict on Earth .
The high albedo of Europa the third moon
of Jupiter see med artificial, and artifice indi _
cates intelligent life . Brad Hudson of the
Palomar Group with a two ·man crew, Steve
Amhearsl and Myron Drake, in a magnetic
drive space craft, arrived an Europa, where
they found great cities svrv;ving under gigantic
glasdike domes . Th e human inhabitants of
this hermetic world had survived a dying
planet, bul, in doing so, had submitt",d to on
abso/vte communal go vernme nt under a ce ntra/ body calle d th e Primesters.
The Earthme n were held for observation by
the variovs Socia ·, Bio·, and Psycho-Physio logical Councils . In Ko ·Pall, the ruthless
Judge Superior of the Primesters, Brad lov"d
Ihe ;ncarnatian of Eorth's own pow",r·driven
latolitaria" political leaders. Ko·Pall declared
the Earthmen a threal 10 Europa and ordered
thei, destruction. In Mu -Bor the ge"tle Director of Bio-Science s, Brad fovnd a surviving
champion of reason and hope for hvmankind.
And in Kay ·Bar, Mu-Bor's beautiful blonde
dought",r, Brad found the love Ihat he hod
never had time for on Earth.
Mu·Bar, on pre/elll of scientific stvdy, hod
secvred permission 10 move Brad temporarily
into his own apartment. Now a plan of escape
and relurn to Earth for the Earthmen hod been
arranged by Mu·Bor.
J.",.,
. ," ,
g
l . D• • I. I, J • ., 0" '-
•• bll,.I1 .. ,
"11'1,,,
I, , ,,.
c.,,,., OfII,•• ""., "'".tr, 01".
" " ' ' ' ' 0'0 ..... 1",•••IiI..
o. ;"' 5'''CE
10., .. ,. ..., bot. ,. ..
un, I~ [ ....'"".
Aloloo ... , "f ... __ I. . . . . '."
....... ",. , 0 ,ho
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Ke 100. lO. .h, [.,I;'~ '" high .. _ , _d 1~ . ho 1/001 .... ;.., '"
Hi.... hli,hod _ l "",I.... ,,-,
" .. ;. . . . 4 ..",,., ;0 hid> _'''' . _ • __ 'eI;. . . . . . ;,
ty ... _ ~ 0 . . . . . .1 Ioooed .., 50,' ..... ..,1;.1«. 110 '_
.""001 .od ............ , -0 ..... I~ •• '.
"'obo_ .......,......."'•.
<."...
Part II
Brad had come from the Ihawe r and stood
looking through the skylight a t the never
c easing eruptions on the face of Jupiter. AI _
ma lt like a sun in itself; for this moon , Europa,
Jupiter was Ihe sun. Europa 's whote power
system was harnessed 10 Jupiter's miraculou s
high pressure hydrogen activity. So many
Jtronge reactions unknown on earth were posJible under those tremendoul pressu res . Someday maybe on expedition could be landed
th e re. Maybe Ko- Pall was righl; perhaps Eorth _
men were a tltreot 10 his world. They would
al l think tlte ,arne way about e.o;peditions 10
th is world. They would crawl here like mogga ll, over and in and around Ihese domes.
The sharp whine 01 the door bUller announced a vi,itor standing in range of Ihe
sconner. Brad faced the door ond in a firm
voice addreued the mike pickup above it,
" Open ."
The door slid bock silently, revealing Ihe
wizened f'gure 01 Mu-Bar. Mu -Bor entered
quickly and (rossed the room to stond by the
now neotly covered bed, wt>iet> se rve d during
waking nour. as 0 divon.
"I hod almost fo rgo lle" Ihot today was
the day, " Brad ,aid.
" I have arranged for you r friend s 10 be
41
space journal
�broughl 10 my laboralory in Ihe Scien·Dome.
The ship is Ihere ond ready. Now 10 Ihe
event. The car awails in Ihe por I, You musl
go directly to Ih e Primesler Chombe .. , Remember thol only wilh Ko-Poll as hostage can
you expect 10 hove ony guarantee of safely
until we con get you into space, Once out,
Ihere i. of course nothing to stop you.
ore no ships to pUfJue you."
There
Brad had stood focing the smoll man while
he talked.
' 'I've wondered about that, Mu-
Bar. It's one queslion we hoven' l discuued,
Why no space croft?"
"You recalt thot I told you of how, in Ihe
ancient time s, our people crossing space
stopped on Ihe moons, ond how the inhabitonh of each of the moons in turn died, until
only Europa was lefl. Here, in trying to !urvive, we sacrificed many things. The .ecrel
of space trave l wos one of the le.
" Sin n
the building of the Dome, we have
hod neither the indinotion nor the desire to
trovel Ihrough space, " Mu·lio r told him. " We
hove Our world recreated and livable.
We
Brad, if you volue any thing I can lell you, thgt
if I had th e right to give 0 dying wo rd, Iho l
word is 'doub t'-forever plant doubt in men',
minds. If once they foil to doubt, Ihey ore
dead-for curiosity, the ferlile ultimate that
will let mon survive, is born only of doubt.
Only through doubt can we ovoid onchoroge
to hindsight. Doubl and you can sh ed old
doctrines--open the mind to new, to change,
10 foresight. When mOn hos all the answers
he ne eds, when he accepts a stalemate bal.
once-o compromise of self for exis te nce of
Ihe social whale-then it is 011 over. Brad,
your answer. lie no t in dead wor lds and old
people, but in the young ones and ne w
world s, It 's up to eoch new generolion to
adopt, and to leorn, ond to progress-Io fond
in Ihe universe the expan.ion of the glory
of creolio n. Eo ch generolian musl expand
its ability 10 comprehend, must go beyond the
limited horizons of Ihe generotion before. If
Ihere are answers to your que$tions, Ihey lie
for beyond Ihis star you call Ihe sun and ils
nine insignjficonl worlds. Some of the onswe .. lie in the foc! thaI there is a beyond,
o fron ti er yet to be explored by the young
surviv e . W e need no t go further. Pe rhaps,
.ince su rviving a dying planet and osten sibly
esta blishin g Ihe perpetui' y 01 our race, we
hgve become complacent in a sort of rgcial
secu rity . We hove occomplished the ultimate;
hence, our race kultur becgme one of s,ggno ·
t ion~not g dyna mic thin g. You see we tru ly
did grow old 01 (I race . Preservation of the
race enloiled the com plete and uH e r 'u b mis.
sian of the port 10 the who le, so thai th e in_
div idual, as you hove leen here, is nothing.
The socie ty is the organism, The entire econ ·
omy, la w. , technology, everything, is geafed
to this, 10 the perpe tuation 01 the perfect bol ·
once this organism has attained, Ihe bolonce
thol olone ossures its continued e xis tence,"
Mu· Bor brake off abruptly and then added
" ~but we hove lolked of th is so mony times ,
you have cited the communal half of your Own
world and tne slow submission of your entir e
Ear th p e ople to its spell. And so you must get
boc k- for the sa ke o f the human kind you
muSI get bock gnd tell them _s how them Ihgt
tngt way can only b e the end. Remember ,
48
space jour na l
•
i
��and curious. Yes, Brad, go bock to Eorlh and
lead man ou l inlo Ihe grand cosmos.
"Bul enough, Ihe lime is near. Off wilh
you. We musl have Ko·Poll in hand . You
will b arely hove lime to gel him 01 his firs t
session resl." Mu· Bo r was propelling him with
gentle pressure loward the door.
,· t will have my dough Ier allhe Scien·Oame
to see you awoy, " Mu· Bor said, and foin lly
smiled os Brad looked bo ck 01 him in surprise.
" t know how you feel abaul her." They
were ou l in Ihe aparlment corridor now near
Ihe Transi·por l. Mu·Bar lurned and hurried
away befo re Brad could reply.
Left a lone, Brad was conscious of the foci
Ihol he hod no weapon. He remem b ered how·
ever, quickly, thai weapons were none xis tenl
here, for physical threots on Europo were nolh·
ing. Sacrifice o f a Iile was only a .nolch on
Ihe hond 01 the social entity.
A few moments loler in Ihe T,ons'l Tube he
sped lo word the lerminol unde r Ihe Primeslel
Dome aboa rd Mu·Bor 's leor·drop Tron" ·cor
on 0 fr ic tio nless cushion of oi •.
There were only len cors in the huge ter·
min ol when he orrived, which meon l only a
Primester Session-no crowd 01 pe titioners to
comp licole the situalion. He le fl the cor b e .ide
Ihe one with Ko·Poll 's block non insignia on
il.
Upstair< in Ihe circulor corridor Brad found
Ko · Poll's cubicle. He slipped inside the dark
room ond wailed. His b rea th rasped hal in
h is lungs. Oh, for 0 breolh of reol air. He
could nol remember, now, even Ihe smells of
real a ir, a fler monlhs of brea thing Ihis sta le
co "ned stufl'.
He hod almost reloKed whe" the door
suddenly swung open. A figure shadowed the
, Iii o f li g ht ocrou the floor.
Brad tensed
ogoinst Ihe wall. The door stid shut. There
wos iust one woy--o primitive flyi"g tackle.
He crou<hed 10 spring ot Ihe skodow.
" Brad, " the whisper was Kay·Bar's.
" Here, " ke moved to touch ker .
" Quick, we kove not much time. You mus l
g o. Ko · Poll know. of your plan. He has
mon itored your movements. He will try 10
stop you here. My !other soys to forge t Ko·
Poll ond come directly to the Scien·Dome; ke
will have YOLlr frien d s tkere."
"If Ko · Poll knows, he will kove them
guarded."
" Only from you. He will not hi"de. my
fatker . Now let's kLlrry."
Brad slipped i"to Ihe empty corridor ond
storied toward the ter minal e leva tor.
" No. Brad," Koy·Bo r tugged hi. arm and
pulled him p ost Ihe el e va lor door. "They'll b e
guarding the terminal." They raced on o.ound
Ihe corridor to a smaller and unoblrusive door.
II opened inlo a <hu te, slon l'ng dow"ward.
"Come," Koy·Bor pulled him in . A sled
type tran spor ter stood "ear Ihe door, " Ge t
0"," Koy-Bo, stepped onlo the sled, " This
sluice my lother has kept in repair. Only
he knows of il. Jj was used by the A"cie,,"
eons ago, It i. primitive bu t my father hos kep i
it in repair since he discovered it. He hod hi.
Scien ·Oome buitt a t the other end o f it afte r
Ko · Poli become JLldge Superior. And thi.
tunnel is shielded. The ScaMen can', follow
us." He sat down on the sled o"d gripped the
hondroil •. Kay-Bar .ent it hLlrlling olo"g the
tun"el.
At tke Scien·Dome Mu-Bor hurried Ihem
from the doset where they . Iopped. " The
others ore here," he soid. "I hod to "oreothize
them, bullhey'U recove r." He ope"ed a fina l
door to le t them in to a $<intiIlOling room of
plastic ond met a llic fixtures.
��Beside a long table in Ihe cen ter of the
lob were Amhe a rd and Droke, sitting ered
and slift in an ob",;ous, hypnotic Iiole. "They'll
respond 10 any commorld, Brad. You'll be oble
10 operate the ship all right, even wi th them
in Ihis ,tole. Just give them detailed instruction. (lnd they ",Hi handle their regular duties
efficienctfy." Mu-Bar turned 10 Ihe men. "You
will rise ond board the ship and toke your
u5u<.:11 stations. The ,hip i. diret'; lly across the
ramp beyond rhat door:'
Mu -Ber pointed
to Ihe door ooou Ihe' room. The Iwo men
rose and Ihumed zombie-like across the room
and through Ihe door which Kay-Bar opened
for them
Mu-Bo. turned to Brod with brows koit. His
shoulders slumped lower. He looked from Brad
to Koy -Bar.
"Yov must lake her with you;' he ~oid, "We
are dying, Your world i ~ young yel. We ore
long post our gro"e, a society in ils senescence.
We may drift on a few more of you r centuries;
bul it musl end, for we w'th all our scien>::e,
all our eOlls of efforl, ho"e not found the
Iloble answers which you come seeking. Perhaps we ne"er started to look for them,
Neither our technology nor our sociology could
so"e us forever. The communal society, as you
have seen, is not the answer for human kind;
for wch a soc'ety .tifles Ihe '''nole curiosity of
the 'ndiv'dual. We killed .t here and storied to
I
52
space journal
I
die intellectually e"e n as we learned to sur"i"e
physically."
Mu-Bor moved to the door and looked after
Ihe two men who hod gone out. '" am sorry
tha t you must return 10 your young world with.
ou t answers; yet, perhaps before you are answers better Ihan any thai you or I or anyone
could formulate: one is that each world must
sal"e it ~ awn dilemma, not borrow from others;
another i. thai if life can exisl simultaneously
on the same form as ours in two place ' in
our own syslem, the n there must be millions
of other worlds where life e~ists in this eternal
uni"e rs e. A never ending frontier! Conflict
itself perhaps cannot be e liminated, but the
energies whi ch would be exerted in struggle
can be channe led into cur io us sni/f,ng about,
a . long a. Ihere is a franl ier to sniff in. Find
ways 10 probe ii, Eorlhmon , and your Eorth kind will li"e. Do not build up walls around
you and Iry to outli"e your own worl d. Fi nd
new ones. Since you ho"e slorted as young
as your world is and have mode such progres<,
there is no reason why you cannot contin ue 10
reach out and out inlo this infinite universe."
" And you, Mu-Bor, you will come with us,
too, " Brad urg e d.
" No, I must stay. It is too lole for us_ for
me. 10m of thi, wor ld. My daugh ter is young
enough not to have absorbed this world's
cu llure. As I have told you since her concep·
tion, I ho"e guarded her from it. She is, as
you have said, like an Eorthwomon. Be,ides,
I shalt die hoppy, knowing that this world
sur"i"e, in yours-that the old is port of the
new, that your maling represents the sur"i"al
of our world ofler all , ,ince truly your progeny
wi ll be .Om of thi, world, too. Now it is time
to go." Mu -Bor rushed them toward the door.
From Ihe starboard port Brad, with Kay·
Bar . quiet lears hur ting a. his own and with
his orms around her, watched Ihe tiny f,gure of
Mu -Bar standing inside the Dome while Ihe
port able launch romp Mu-Bor hod co,,,' ruc'ed
wheeled Iheir ,hip into position oUllide.
The ship silen lly spiroled up. The crushing
occelerotion began. Brad turned with KoyBar to the forward pori and looked lo ng across
the darkne .. at the tiny point of pole blue
IIghl_Earth.
I
�Frankly Speaking ..•
We Takc The Down-To-Earth Approach
Not many of us among the m any thousands of Reynolds
people an' lining l'P for a ticket on the first mAnned rocket
to the moon,
We don't doubt the trip will be m(lde, Recent progress
in space tra\el de\elopmems has been tOO over .... helming
to leave much room for doubt.
.\Ialr.:ing the balli~!ic shells for missiles and rockets definitely is our line and no one .... ilI be prouder than we if
that moon rocket is " Reynolds-wr:opped,"
We've had t. g;oocl bit of experience along the rocket and
mi~sile line. Our Shemeld, Alabama, plant h:ls manufactured
a number of high precision aluminum ballistic shells [or
Reynold s Metals Companv
the highly succc,sful Redstone missile and its dramatic first
cousin. the satellite-launChing Jup itcr-C rocket.
ReYllolds Met als Compun) is the nalion's second largest
producer of aluminum lind our modern fab ricating plants
are manned by (!'COple "ilh highly practical down-to-earth
meta1 fabricating I.no" -how, We're proud of the fact that this
specialized experience and I.no" ledge has helped us to work
"",ith Army and Chr)'sler technical people in giling Ihe United
States more and beller missiles and rocl.elS for the money,
We pledge our~elves to continue mecting "out-of-I hisworld" needs with a "down-to-earth" :Ippro:.ch to missile
and rocket makin g.
Richlllond 13, Vil',rin ia
"
The handbook for tomorrow
"N ot until this book has
there boon one important
reference book wh ich hu been able lQ explain all
phase! of the new uge--the space age, Anyone selectiug this book cannot I)O$sibly put it down feelin):' thnt
it has b<len anything othel' than" fa scinutin):, experienCI:'."_.l/illo" lJ, II /C llpcr, Vit>'o CO")), of A ",~ ...'ca ,
Lllvi$hly illustrated with over 300 l,hotOJlrllph~ maps
and diagrams.
$ 6 .95 , Post pa id with
~h e(k
or money orde r from
DUTTON
N ew Y•• k 10, N , Y.
53
space journal
�.
dA?
~~
ENG..!;
Exploring New Concepts
Manufacture Of:
Of
EERING,
Precision Design, Engineering And
SPECIAL
MACHINES,
AUTOMATION, SERVOS,
MISSILE COMPONENTS, GAGES, MACHINING
AND FABRICATING,
2300 CLIFTON ROAD
54
sp~ce
journal
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
INC.
�I
For your future convenience-but in the meantime use our Huntsville facilities
HOLIDAY INN HOTEL
Blast Off with SPACE Journall
The world's fastest growing space magazine.
Don't depend on the limited number sold at newsstands,
insure your fu ture copies by becoming a subscriber.
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55
space journo!ll
�•
Neither snow nor rain
or
or gloom of night
•••
" We arc nov.' capable o f lending an object outside
t he carlh'. gravlullo"al ii~ld . Such a prepuhio"
.yuem could carry ro~k~ 1 m"illclter. loth" moon,
and ,"'c are ;r.hle \0 ".timate the ~o.t of a rocket
mail Itam? nc~d"d. The prol>lunl inhe.",,! In the
or ..em h .. ve ;olre"dy been .ol,,~d by prosr" .. In
aohd propellant rocketry."
Dr . ll. W. IU t chey
P rojeclI ouch ". "Rocket Mail 10 the Moon" may
be nc"" . . ary .oone. than we t hink . Skilled. '"oll ·
nically t."\ned ind"'Ld".l. are """ded byThiokol to
enable .uch future proj_cu. Addu •• ,nqw.,e. to:
DIVISION· HUHTSVlllf. ALAI_ A ~
�I
BROWN
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ALABAMA
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��
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Serials Collection
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Serials Collection
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<i>Space Journal</i>, vol. 1, no. 3, Summer 1958.
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Rocket City Astronomical Association
Space Enterprises, Inc.
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University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
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1958
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en
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spacejournal_1958_summer
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1950-1959
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Cold War
Explorer satellites
Jupiter missile
Life on other planets
Space race--United States--History--20th century
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