1
10
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•
•
GEORGE C. MARSHAL L SP ACE FLI G HT C E~T E R
HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA
Memorandum
TO
All Employees
FROM
Manager. Mission Operatio ns Office.
PM-MO - MGR
SUBJECT
Abbrevi ated Apo llo 11 TiIne line
DATE July 9. 19 69
In reply refer to:
PM-M O - M c;R -114 -6 9
Because of the importance and hist o ri c al significance of the Apollo 11
Mission, we have prepared an abbreviat ed Apo llo 11 timeline fr o m Liftoff
Splas hdown to help you in fo llowing this miss i on from day t o day.
to
This timelinc is based on a nOITlinallifto ff time o f 8:32 a. m . eDT o n
July 16, 1 969. which cor r es p onds t o a 72° Launch Azimuth . A space is left
in th e t ime li ne (COT, Actual) to allow you to make any c o rrections t o this
nominal time. Highlights of this mission include the LM Lunar touchdown
at 3: 19 p.:m. CDT o n Sunday, July 20 . and then a t 1 ;17 a. m. CD T o n Monday.
Astronaut Neil Armstrong is scheduled to be t he first ma n t o step o nto the
moonrs surfac e . Liftoff from the lunar surface is schedu l ed to occur just
21 hours 36 minutes after touchdown, o r 12;55 p. m. COT, Monday , Ju ly 21.
The Mission p r oCHe for Apollo II is:
Laun ch Phase
Earth Par king Orbit
Translunar Coast (TLC)
Lunar Orbit (LO)
L M Undocked from CSM
T r ansearth Coast to Splashdown
hrs:min
0: II
2:33
7 3: 10
59:30
27:45
59:53
Ground E lapsed T im e (GET)
T -O to
0: 11
0: 11 to
2 :44
2 :44 t o
7 5 : 54
75:54 to 135:2 4
1 00: 15 t o 128:0 0
1 35 :2 4 to 195: 17
The Flight Crew Co r Apollo 1 1 is:
Commander ( C DR)
Command Module Pilot (eMP)
Lunar Module Pilot (LMP)
Ne il Armstrong
Michael Co lli ns
Edwin Aldrin
TV transm ission times were not available and will be annou n ced dur i n g the
mission . A list oC a c ronyms is includ e d Cor your informa t io n . If addi ti onal
information is required. please contact Mr . Beutjer . PM-MO-H. 4 5 3 - 2260 .
F. A. Speer
Di stribut i on:
SDL- 5
. . Fe _ y ........ 11 ( A ...... U60)
•
�•
~OlLO I
~
'/
•
AS-506
LUNAR LANDING
Abbreviated Timeline
prepared by
MISSION OPERATIONS OFFICE
MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER
HuntsYille, Alabama
•
�•
LIST OF ACRONYMS
AOS
APS
Acquisition of Sig. nal
Ascent Pro pu l sion Suhsysto ·m
C DI-!
Constant Delta Alliludc
Conlmander
Command Module
COITlma nd Module Pilot
Check out
Coe llipti c Sequence Initiation
COITlmand Service Module
CDP
CM
CM P
c/o
CSl
CSM
OOl
DPS
DST
Descent Orbit Insertion
Descent Propulsion Subsystem
Daylight Saving Time
EASEP
El
EVA
EO l
Early Apo llo Scientific Equipment Package
Earth (atmosphere) Inte rface
Extravehi cu lar Activity
Earth Orbit Insertion
GET
Ground Elapsed Time
lVT
Intravehi c ular Transfer
LM
LMP
LPO
LV
Lunar Module
Lunar Module Pilot
Lunar Orbit
Lunar Orbit Insertion
Loss of Signal
Lunar Parking Orbit
Launch V e hicle
MCC
MSFN
Midcourse Correction
Manned Space Flight Network
PDl
Powered Descent Initiat e
RCS
RNDZ
Reacti o n Co ntr o l System
Rendezvous
SM
SPS
SS
Se rvic e Modu le
Servi ce Propuls io n System
Solar Wind Compo sition
Sunrise
Sunset
TEC
TEl
TLC
TLI
TPl
TV
Trans Earth Coast
T ran searth In sertion
Trans Lunar Coast
Translunar Inserti o n
Terminal Phase Initi at io n
Te levision
LO
LOl
LOS
SWC
SR
•
�•
AB BREVIATED APOLLO 1 1 TIMEUNE
LUNAR 1A NO ING
(BASED ON A NOMINAL LIFTOFF OF 8:32 a.m.
GET
Wed nesda
Jut
16
CDT CDr Actual
100,00 , 00
00:02:41
00:02:42
8 : J2 a
8 ,3 5
8 , 35
00:09: 11
8:4 1
8 , 41
8, 44
8 : 44
11 : 16
11,22
11:47
11 : 57
12: 4 2p
1, 12
1,33
8 : 17
10 : 0 2
00,09,1 5
00,11,40
00:11 : 43
02:44:26
02,49,46
03,15
03,25
04,09,45
04:39:45
05,01
11, 45
13,30
EVENT
Li ftoff
S- IC /S - I I Separation
S-II Ignition
5-1 1 /5 - 1V8 Separalion
S-IVB Ign i tion
S-IVB Cutoff
~: OI ( 100 om )
S- IV B Reigni t ion - TLI
S-IV8 Cutoff
LV/ CSM Se parat i on
CSM/LM Docking
LM Ejection
GET
76,19
78 , 27
80,09 , 30
cor
ON JULY 16, 1969)
cor cor Actus 1
EVENT
Saturday, J uly 19 (c ont 'd)
12:S1p
AOs:85 Min. ( 55-43)
2:59
AOS:85 Mi n ., ( 55 - 43)
4 :4 2
_ LOI 2 (S4x66 ) (SR+12)
REV
(SPS: 16 . 4sec )
80,37
81 : 32
81:46
82 , 35
83:41
83,45
84:33
CSM/LM Evasive ( SPs : 3seC) 1 85 , 00
6: 1S
AOS : 72 Min . (55- 33)*
Clear Tunne l - Ope n Hatch
LMP IVT To 1M
(Housekeep ing Chore s )
AOS:72 Min . (SR+39)
LMP IVT To CSM
Close LM Ha tch
AOS:72 Mi n ( SR+3S)
Beg i n Res t (9 Hour s )
1
5
S- IVB Slingshot
MCCI (SPS)
Begin Rest (9 Hours)
Sunday, July 20 (Luna r La nding Da y)
5 : 32a
End Rest
Thur s day, Ju ly 17
6,56
AOS:72 Min (SR+37 )
10
_ lMP IVT To 1M
22,30
7: 02a
End Rest
6,56
26 , 45
8 , 54
11:17
HCC2
ADS: 72 Mi n (SR+ 36 )
11
) 7,00
Begin Rest (10 Hours)
8,57
9:32 p
1M Powe r ON
9 : 22
CDR I VT To 1M
9:52
LMP IVT To CSM
_ 1MP IVT To LM
10,07
Friday , July 18
_ Close CSM & 1M Hat c h
10:27
47:00
7: J2 a
End Rest
10,53
ADS : 71 Min ( SR+37 )
12
53 ,5 5
11 ,37
2:2 7p
Dep l oy Landing Gear
MCC3
4,32
11 , 54
56,00
Cl ear Tunnel - Open Hat c h
GO/NO - GO For Und oc king
4,47
56 ,15
LM P I V! To 1M
12 : 47p
- Undoc ki ng
II
4 , 52
56,20
CDR I VT To 1M
12:51
ADS ( CSM/1M):71 Min(SR+36)
56,28
5, 00
1M Famil i arization
L 12
CSM Separat i on Burn(RCS:8sec )
5 7 , 45
1, 50
6 : 17
LM P IVT To CSM
GO/NO -GO For DOl
57,50
CDR I VT To CSM
2,11
6: 22
001 (DPS 2S . 5sec )(9x5S)
2 , 49
58, 00
Close 1M Hatch
6 : 32
AOS(CSM) : 72 Min( SR+36) ~
60,00
8,32
Begin Rest (9 Hour s )
2,51
AOS (LM) Cont i nuous l y
(22 Hours 51 Min.)
102,35,13
POI ( DPS:l1 Mi n 5Ssec)
102:47: 11
,
Touchdown( Lun.St a y21:3 6 :15)
1M Checkout & Si mulated
~~~___s
~a~t~u~r~d~a~Yw,~J~u~l~y~IZ9~-c____________-"
R~ev 102:50
69:00
5 : 32a
End Rest
Countdown
70 : 00
6 : J2
200,000 nm From Earth
103:50
4 : 22
Photograph Lunar Su rface
· 4 : 47
70:55
7: 27
MCC4
104 : 15
AOS(CSM) : 71 Min(SR+3 6) 15
71:18
7: 50
En te r Moon ' s Shadow
104: 2-2
4:54
GO/NO- GO For Lunar
73: 52
10 : 24
Leave }1oon' s Shadow
Surface Operations
' 105 : 30
6, 02
75 : 35
12 : 07p
GO/NO - GO For LOl l
Begin Rest -1M (4 Ho urs)
6 , 45
1106,13
75 : 46
12:1 S
LOSLM / CSM
AOS(CSM) : 72 Min ( SR+3S) 16
75 : 54:2S 12: 2 7
_ LOll (59x170)
1 107 ,05,)3
7,38
CSM Plane Change( sps: .8 g'·l·
7 , 52
(SPS:360sec)
11107,20
Begin Rest -CSM (4 Hours)
• Even t pe r forme d outside range of MSFN
"" After LOI2: Lunar day is aporo x. 72 mi n I on)".
Lunar night is approx. 46 mi n l Oll~
94,00
94 , 24
95,50
96,22
96 , 25
96,50
97 , 20
97,35
97,55
9S: 21
99 , 05
99,22
100,15
100:19
100 , 39 , 50
101: IS
101,38,48
102, 17
'1 102 •' 19
�=
ABBREVIATED APOLLO 11 TlMELINE (CONTINUED)
GET
109 , 30
110,09
110:32
111:21
CDT
CDr Actual
Sunday. Jul y 20 (Cont'd)
lO:02 p
10,41
11,04
11,53
EVENT
End Rest - 1M
REV
GET
127:28:08
1 127 ,36,57
Min(SR+34)
Begin Prep.For Egress.
End Rest-CSM
Hatch. Start EVA
(2 Hr. 40 Min)
1: 17
1,27
1,45
1 :47
1:52
1: 56
113:40
113:55
114: 08
114,42
11 5: 00
115 ,10
116,04
116: 12
116 : 18
116:20
116: 24
117 , 20
9 , 42
121,10
10,32
122:00
123,56
12,28p
124,23,26 12,55
124: 30 :44 1, 03
1 :42
125 : 10
125, 21, 19 1 :53
125,50,28 2,22
125,54
2,26
2 : 29
i..S: S7
126,19 , 37 2 , 52
126 , 58 , 08 3,30
1' 7,13,08 3:45
cor cor
4 : 00p
4:09
AOS(~SM) , 72
Actua 1
EVENT
• Rndz MCC2:LM ReS
• Be gin LM ReS Braking
AOS(CSM & LM)72 Mi n
(SR+32)
4,32
6 , 23
6:42
7,17
8,22
8,25
Docking
AOS : 72 Mi n( SR+3 2)
CDR IVT To CSM
3.1 sec)
135:24:34 11:57
AOS:72 Min(SR+3 1)
• TEl (SPS: 149 sec)
TV Deployment (CDR)
(CDR)
1M Inspection(CDR/LMP)
135 , 35
137,00
147 , 00
150 , 24
II
28
LMP I VT To CSM
ADS:7l Min(SR+32)
1M Jett is on(CSM-RC S:
Initial EVA(CDR).TV On
Sample Cotlect i on(CDR)
Initial EVA (LMP)
SWC Deployment (LMP)
Bulk Sample Collection
REV
(5 Maneuvers)
127,53
128,00
129 , 51
130: 10
1 130 , 45
Monday, July 21
1 131 , 50
AOS(CSH): 71 Min(SR+34) 19 131 , 53,05
Depress Cab i n, Open
112 :45
112,55
113,13
113,15
113,20
113: 24
Page 2
Tue sday. July 22
0:07a
ADS : Continuously
1,32
Beg in Rest (10 Hour s)
End Rest
11:32
2,56p
MCC5
EASEP Deployment
(CDR/ LMP)
AOS (CSM):72 Min
(SR+34)
Documented Sample
Collection(CDR/LMP)
Wednesday. Ju l y 23
160,00
Terminate EVA (LMP)
0: 32a
Begin Rest (10 Hours)
170,00
10,32
End Rest
Terminate EVA (CDR)
Close Hatch, Repress
172:00
12: 32p
MCC6
182,00
10,32
Begin Rest (7 Hours )
Cabin. End EVA
AOS(CSM) , 72 Min(SR+34)
Cab i n Depress
Duen Hatch-Jettison
Equipment
Thursday. July 24
Begin Rest - CSM(4 Hr.
5 : 32a
End Rest
189,00
50 Min)
192:06
8,38
MeC7
ReDress Cabin - 1M
194 , 50
Begin Rest-LM(4 Hr.
11 : 22
CH / SM Separation
195,03
, 27 11 , 35
E1 (400 KFT)
40 Min)
195 , 03 , 45 11 , 36
Enter S- Band Blackout
End Rest-CSM
195,04 , 49 11: 37
End Rest - LM
Peak G
Exit S-Band Bl ackout
AOS(eSM):72 Min(SR+32) 12 195 , 06,51 11,39
Drogue Chute Dep l oy
APS Lift o ff( 7 Min 18 Sec) 195,11,39 11 , 44
195,12,27 11:44
Main Chute Dep l oy
Orbit Ins ertion(10x45)
LOS (LM)
195: 17:22 11,49
Splashdown (25 Min
Pr i or to SR Loca l
• CS I :1M RCS(45 Sec)
1
Time)
• Plane Change:LM RCS
AOS(CSM):72 Min(SR+32) 26
AOS(LM),69 Min(SR.35)
CDH:LM ReS (1.9 Sec)
TPI :LM ReS (22.4 Sec)
• Rndz Mec :L~ ReS
29
�
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Heinz Hilten Collection
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/29" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Heinz Hilten Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
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Heinz Hilten Collection
Description
An account of the resource
At the start of the Second World War, Heinz Hilten (1909 to 2013) was drafted into the German army, where he worked with von Braun’s V-2 rocket team at Peenemünde. In 1954, Hilten made his way to America, where he rejoined von Braun.
Hilten helped plan the growth of Alabama’s Redstone Arsenal until 1960, when he began designing laboratories, control centers, test stands, and administrative buildings for the newly minted Marshall Space Flight Center; Hilten also helped design the Saturn rocket program.
Hilten was also a founding member of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Abbreviated timeline of the Apollo 11 mission.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Apollo 11 (Spacecraft)
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Space flight
Huntsville (Ala.)
Madison County (Ala.)
Description
An account of the resource
The timeline includes a memorandum from Friedjof A. Speer, manager of the Missions Operations Office, to employees of Marshall Space Flight Center. Speer notes that "astronaut Neil Armstrong is scheduled to be the first man to step onto the moon's surface." The timeline outlines the entire mission from liftoff at 8:32 AM on Wednesday, July 16, 1969 to splashdown at 11:49 AM on Thursday, July 24, 1969.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1969-07-09
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Memorandums
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
loc_hilt_000001_000005
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Language
A language of the resource
en
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Heinz Hilten Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
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���
Dublin Core
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Title
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Saturn V Collection
Relation
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<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/60" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">View the Saturn V Collection finding aid in ArchivesSpace</a>
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Saturn V Collection
Description
An account of the resource
<p>The Saturn V was a three-stage launch vehicle and the rocket that put man on the moon. (Detailed information about the Saturn V's three stages may be found<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_first_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">here,<span> </span></a>and<span> </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_third_stage.html">here.</a>) Wernher von Braun led the Saturn V team, serving as chief architect for the rocket.</p>
<p>Perhaps the Saturn V’s greatest claim to fame is the Apollo Program, specifically Apollo 11. Several manned and unmanned missions that tested the rocket preceded the Apollo 11 launch. Apollo 11 was the United States’ ultimate victory in the space race with the Soviet Union; the spacecraft successfully landed on the moon, and its crew members were the first men in history to set foot on Earth’s rocky satellite.</p>
<p>A Saturn V rocket also put Skylab into orbit in 1973. A total of 15 Saturn Vs were built, but only 13 of those were used.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
"Saturn I: The First Generation of Heavy Launch Vehicles Designed for Peaceful Exploration of Space."
Description
An account of the resource
The leaflet outlines the history of Saturn launches and gives a physical description of the rocket. The description includes a diagram of each stage; specifications of each stage's thrust, propellants, liftoff weight, and burning time; and engine specifications.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Saturn V Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1964
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Language
A language of the resource
en
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Leaflets
Still Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
spc_stnv_000001_000003
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Saturn Project (U.S.)
Space flight
Rocket engines
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SPRING 19S8
50.¢'
• FATHER OF ROCKETRY
Rolph I . Je nnings
• LIFE ON OTHER STARS
Dr. Ernst 5tuhlinge r
• THE REMARKABLE 'X' CRAFT
fre d e ri(k I. Ordway III
• ROCKET MAIL TO THE MOON
Dr. Harold W . Ritchey
�~
ENG..);
Exp loring
New
Concepts
Of
Precision
Design,
..
/UUJMUHl.-
EERING ,
IN C.
Engin eering And
Manufacture Of:
AUTOMATION, SERVOS,
MACHINES,
SPECIAL
GAGES, MACHINING
MISSILE COMPONENTS,
AND FABRICATING.
2300 CLIFTON ROAD
NASHVILLE, TENNESS EE
TEL. BR 7·0566
..
�r
spa ce journal content s
Vol. I, No.2
Spring 1958
de~i gn
p ~ tented
FRONT: L"yout and
mooring
by H ll rry Ltlnge. Sketch is space 5hip
by Dr. Robert H. Godd,trd. Photo of
Dr. Ernst Stuhlinger's ion space ships orbiting around Mars
is from Walt Disney's "Mars and Beyond."
BACK:
Oil painting by Le e Moore illustrates die m a r~er dissipa _
tio n upon impact of first rocket to reach Moon.
BOARD Of CONSULTANTS
Df. W or nner "on B,~ un
P r, Ern, t St uh lin ge r
Prof. Her monn Ob. ,th
HI ITOR_iN_CHIEF
4
SPACE JOURNAL ____ So Spencer Isbell
I
STRIDE INTO SPACE ________________ The New York Times
8. Sp enco r l , b. 1I
EDITORIAL STAff
___ _____ ____ ____ R"'lph E. Je nn ings
Rolph E. J onning '
MM~q . rg Editor
James L. D~ n i . I •. Jr.
A"oc i&t o Edi tor
Milch. 1I R. Sh. rp e, Jr.
A"oc;&te Eddor
David L. Ch,i,t en' en
A"i,loot Editor
21
__ ___ _ ___ __ Dr. Ernd St uhlin g er
______ Or. Ha ro ld W . Ritchey
THE REM A RKAB LE 'X ' CRAFT ________ Fre deri ck I. Ordway III
G RAPHICS STAff
Lee R. Moore, Jr.
___ _____ _ ___ _ ___ __ __ sp",ce pre view
___ __ ___ _ _______________ space cadoons
___ __ __ _____ _ ___________ __ _ _____ reaction
Dir.ctor
H .re ld E. Price
G r .p~·c,
Loyou t Oi,,,olo,
H."y H .-K. Lon go
Ad Diredor
E. . .. 1t H. Ro b. ,ho n
Phot09r5phy DirecTor
35
BEYOND THIS STAR __ ____ _________ ___ J a mes l. Da niels, Jr.
BUS INE SS STAFF
Yew,,11 Lybrond
Jomo. P. GMdMr
Geor90 A Ferre ll
GENERA L MAN AG ER
R,<h.,d T. H•• ~y
PUIIUSHER
St., e y
~_
~o , n.
Jr ,
SPECIAL CRt DIT S
Of.
Photo~ .. p~, ono mot.".1 10' · ·F.t~ .. 01 Rook.h,"
COPY"9hted ono "ere I"n',o.d b. M".
E"he. C. Godd •• d· mo'. r;.1 fo' "Mo" .,d ~y<>"d" .. e'. f"",,t-od by Con Podoroon: ··Oul·O,,"
Spoc. ·· <",'oon' ... ~r. c,U'ed by Con f~d . ""n 0.<1 O.;,V L.,go: . ,1100', 0';on fo' "$'r:de in'.
S".~o· -, b, Gordon W; lI h:le "0 leo Moo,. : ."1""";0" '". "'Lde 0 ' 0''", St.,," .'. by
Iho", o, ,pe,oO' o"d He;" 0 . ,de,ell. : -llu,". "'" 10' 'R<x~.' Moi' '0 ,~. Moon" i, b, Lee
"'00'. ' .,0 ,11 " ,1'."0"' fo, "Boyo"o I~" St. , "' .,. b, Ho", H _K, L. n~ •. Pho'09roph, OI od i "
' M." ' ,,o 8eyo,d" .'. cop"i9h,.d by W.lt O'"ey p,odo""""'.
CON TRIBUTORS
R<»~ M_ Motto" )e'l HamiU",. "'oll~ Doe Scott. M oo~ ) e"""~' , " I, i, Ho".,d.
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"bsc,:ptio", '0 SPACE Jo",oo l, 1o,
journa l
K~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _space
_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
�(OITORIAL
g
\'Iit~
spa ce j ournal
By B. Spencer I sbell
.ditor
P UTNIKS a nd now our own Explorer ha\"e changed a 101 of things b)' opening the
eyes of Ihe p ublic to t he bct lllal space tra ' <c] has become :1 re:llil)'. As ),ou might
guess, the impact of 5.1tellite launching s upo n this fledgling publication has lx.'1!n ,·ery
favorable. One ne ws comtllenn<lor SHItN. " It (SpUllI ik) has shot treme ndous Ihr ust inlO
whal sla rlt.'"<l Oul as AmeriC:L·S fi rst, fa lteri ng space magazine called SPACE JOllrnal-dcdi.
GIlt.'<:! to publicizing fa CHIal discussions of interphLnetary m l,·e]."
S
The St.'Cond edilion of SPA CE J Ollrn(l1 was prepared prior 10 thc birth of Explo re r;
and , therefore, il was iml>ossibie 10 exploit Ihe \"aSI amount of new information for inclosure in this edi lion, Tht"!re is liule doubt that Explorer will h:l\e its effe.:;:t on expandi ng
the horizon for
SPAC I~
Jour n:.!.
Volume I, No. I broughl many ··lellers to the C(litor·'; (I few arc published in {his ed ition's Re action Department. Amo ng other things. some tellers requcsted predictions of
what thc future will bring in Ihe realm of space ltavel, explanations of rclativistic agi ng,
a nd repon s on whal progress has been made toward de,·elopi ng an '"electro-Sta"itic" propulsion s),slem for space ships.
Forthcoming issues will include articles which will atte m pt 10 satisfy these requests.
The next issue will includc ~.n :lr(icJe on what we have al re"dy learned (rom Explo rer.
\~ith due respect for our more imlgina ti,·e readers, we wero;: mo rc impresscd-and
should add , quite concerned- by the volume of mail rcceiv(.""(1 from our younger (a ns. AI·
mOSt illva ri ~. bly the)' wanted detailed information th:.t would help them to bu ild t heir ow n
rockets ( usually proposed as :. basemem project ), These young people "pvc"r resourceful,
if11 ngimLl ive, and capable of SOIlLC startli ng acco mplishments. Thc)' will be our neXI ge neration of scienlists and e ngi neers.
\X'hile t heir quest for knowledge and experience is certainly laudable, the dangcr to
life and p roperty in herent in amateur rocke t building and fi ring ohen creates a highly
undesi.l:able situatio n. This d ~L ngcr is recognized by the professional engineer :ond scientist. as well as the org:l!l i ~:lt i ons actively c ng~l gl'"<l in rocket and missile work. Dr. E<!w:lrd
H. Sey mo ur, Director of l{cse:.rch at It eaction " ·I otors, Inc., has prcpared a SF.eei a] !cner to
young scient ists. \'\fe feel Ih:1I il may help an evcr- increas ing n umber of youngste rs who a rc
interested in und ertaki ng o;:xperimems of th is type.
2
sp",ce iournal
�r
TO T H E AMATEUR ROCKET BUI LDER
W e were happy to ' <.'eein' your recent [clter. a nd 10 Jearn of your plan' for
a n cxpu imcmal rocket.
T he rocket engine is an intriguing dC"icc, and working
On ils develop m ent Can be an
inle r~5'inS
manufacturers. we arc
encouraged
3I w3)"
and ,,,.idying I'roje<:l.
(0
As r ocket engine
sec young people become c nl hus;as!;,
about this area of ani"ily, for i, is you ng men like you who will be Ihe e ngineers
a nd scientists of to m o r row and bdping .0 maiola in progress in this vital field .
Alt hough the approach 10 a n experimental \",i1 such as yOIl oudi ned a p pea rs
re aso nable, we have found .h a. it is n ol po.,ible for U5 10 determine t he fea sihility, Or c"en mOre importan t. the sa fet), of such ;' unit wi.hout more informa·
lion.
All cxpc;rimcnta l work must be reviewed carcfullr to determine how cal"h
pic~e
is to be built, and what trpc of operating procedure is to be u \.ed.
use 'he Sa me approach in our work.
\'ife
Each new d c, isn is carcfulLr ch ecked ,
" nd teStS arc ru n with cucfully planned an d supervised procedures.
Almost all rocket engine test ing, esp(>ciallr new designs, is done behind explosion_proof.
a re
s.~fely
re inforced COnaete
barricades,
separatcd from the uoit undcr ,cst.
training and c05tl)"
~q ui p m ent,
this ro "
wh~r~
a ll Ol",rating
T o t he am a teur, w;thou,
of
rl:s~arch
pl:rronnd
ext~nsi"e
is extremely hazardou s.
For your own sa fl:!)" as wcll as till: safNy of ot hcrs. we Cannot emphasize tOO
st ron);"ly the dangers inhcrcnt in this typc of work.
Ox ),!;en and propane, for
instance, contain more enNgy p<! r I>ound than dox'S TNT, J( it h appens to be
rdcasc<l explosi"ely instead of in normal bu r ning, considerahle danlage and
injury can OCCur.
am so rry we Can nOt give yOu a mOre dire<:t answer to yonr qucs! ion,
but experience h as shown u s that i. is no< p ossible to do th is without being r ight
on ,he sJ>Ot e"ery day, and th e importance of avoiding injury and damagl: is so
);"rea t that we fecI . ha t this must be our p olicy.
I would urge ,hat )'ou diseu" rour planned work w ith your high school
se;ence
t each~r,
"nd
inve~'i~ate .It~
possiltili.y of form ing an amateur r ocket cl ub.
It is far beuer to .ha re wi.h o thers the joyS and h a rd ships,
f~ilures,
(and incidentallr, th e
~xpen",s)
of work on such an
th ~
Successes ,.nd
<:xcitin~
l"oj"'t.
Th e, e are a number o f such sroups throughout th e country, m any o f th em
affiliated wi th th e Ame rican Astronautical
Fed~ra .ion,
a "ational organization
dedica.ed 10 th e coll",. ion "nd di.,."minmion of inform'lti on and th e promotion
of space flight, or with t he Ame r;can
R oc k~t Soci~ty.
W h~ther
ro n form s nch a
gro up or nOt, an)' fu.ure wo rk you d o shou ld be u n der the guidance of a
rC'lponsibIe adult such as your s.:ience
teach~r,
Should you d <><:ide to follow . he i,,,crest you h a,'c already shown in this
field, and we ce rlain l}' hope ro u d o, you will be coming into an
ex~iting
pro·
fessio n at th e m OSt d"""a,ic ,iml:. T hroushout the co u rse of history. man h as
always bc<: n intrigued b y exp loration of t his blan k e. of air that surrounds u s.
lII"ny o f his attem p ts to pie rce it. including Some o f those c urrem lr in progress,
h a "e '",en pla gued wi th failure. Nonetheless, he has p<!rsi;ud w ith a wi ll to SUC·
ceed that has put wi thin our srasp the means to accomplish hi s m ost fascinating
drea m-fl ight into outer space.
Dr. Edward H . ~~'mour
Director o f Research
R eaction lII otors, Inc.
3
space journal
-"---------------------------------------------------------
�S PACE
PHILOSOPH Y
stri de into space
R ep ri n t ed F rom The New York T imes
A
J.R EADY NOW it is clear that O Ctober 4, 1957 will go dow n imperishably in the annals o f humanity as th e date
o n which o ne of mail's fi llest a<:hievements
was acco m pl ished,
That which WOlS so
recent ly a subject only for theoret ical speculatio n or sciellce fi ctioll h;ls now become
re;IIi!},: a ma n ,made sp ace s.:ue!!it e now revoh'cs, for a time, around o u r globe. \x/ ilh
t hat feat h um anit y has mke n a gi:m t stride
toward space. The dream of the greatest
minds amo ng mllny past generat io ns is now
well on the way to ward becoming reality.
The sphcre which now revolves in t he
he avens ;.bo\,c us is t he guarlllllce that m an
ca n soon brc:ok comple tely the fetlers of
grav ity which have hitherto bound life to
thi s tiny planet. The long road to the
stars is now open .
It was the Soviet scie nti sts lind lechnidans who bui lt :Lnd laun<:h(.-d this concrete
sy m bol of mall's com ing lihcrlltion from
th e forces which have hitherto bou nd him
to earth . To them m ust go the congratula _
tions of all humanity. This is a feat of
which lIll mankind Call be proud . The
$oviet cit i..-;ens w ho accomplish(,-d it set the
peak on a huge tower w hi ch h,Ld bee n
raised by men of ma ny nlllions in t he decades and cenruries earlier. Newl'On and
Ke p ler, Galileo and Cope rni cus. Tsiolkov_
sky, God dard and Obcrth, al! these and
many others m;ode their contributio ns to
buildillg the edifice of knowledge which
made possible th is superlati ve Olchievelllent_
Every great ;ochievcment o f modern wehnology o pe ns up two rollds before humanity. One is the road of hope and pro m ise,
a road made possible if m en of a ll n atiOIlS
li nd all beliefs will work IOgether for the
good of humanit}'. The o t he r is the rOlld
of despair and di saster, the rOlld which is
4
space journal
followed if t he great ach ie"ements of un ive rsa l scie nce arc used for the purposes of
aggression , death and destruction,
So it is w ith the space siltelli{e. The
rocket m OlOrs wh ich se n t it inlO the upper
atmosp here can be harnessed for a great
cooperative h um an assault on the barriers
of diswnce whic h still sepa ra te us from
c,'en o ur nearest neighbors in space. Or
they can be incorporatc<1 inw in tercontinental ballistic missiles deliveri ng hydrogen bombs upon defcnscles.s milliOIlS. It
is fo r a ll ma nki nd ('0 <Iecide which of these
tWO roads shall be mken. And the fantastically rapid lCmpo of modern scienti fiC
a nd technical advance perm its no dawdli ng
over reaching the dec ision.
�..
DEDI CATI ON
lathe r 01 rocketry
B y R alph E. J enn i ngs
(ED ITOR 'S "';OTE: Th., aUlhor i, indebted
to Esther C. Goddard for making available 10
him p;clures and ;nforn,,,I;on " 'hieh han nen,.
before been published. In a lener .0 Mr . Jenning'- Mrs. Goddard ,Ia.ed : ' 1 am delighled Ihal
rou plo,,, 10 dediC'llle Ih", $oCCond i,we 10 m}' La.e
hU5band and hi, work on rockets." SPACE
Journa l lakes prioe in presenling ' 0 ;IS r",aucu
,om" hilherlo "np"blisheo on,,,er;.L concerning
.he life ami work of a g,,,,at Am",ican sdenl;sl. )
he ao;:quired h is M.A. and Ph. l). Aher l WO
years as a resea rch fellow at P rinceton Uni,·e rsit)'. he went 10 Clark Unh·crsi l)' where
he was 5ucccssi"ely lin instructor. assista nt
p rofessor. and professor of physics.
While at Clark. Dr. Godd ard set down
some recol1eo;:tions w hkh began: "Owing
to t he widespread intcrest whic h is certain
to a r ise ItHer regardi ng space navig:l{io n, o r
T
il E Fm ST t:LlG HT of :1 liqu id oxygen-gasoline rocket w~s obtai ned on
Marc h 5, 1926, in Auburn , Mass., and was
reponed 10 the Smi lhsonian Institution May
5. 1926... . The rocket lraveh.'<1 a distance
of 184 fccr in 2.5 seconds, as timed by SlOp
watc h, making the speed along the traje<:tor)' abouI 60 miles per hour." Thus wrote
Robert Hutchings Goddard in his second
Smithsonian repot!. " Liquid-Propellant
Rocket De,·elopmenl." \X/ hat seemed 10 be
an insignificant evenl aCtuall)' marked the
binh of a new era. For when Robert Godda rd's rocket lra,eled 184 fec i. the distance
was a step fo r ward in sc"en-Ieague boots b),
Ma n in h is long str uggle up from darkness
toward maSter), of his c n,·ironmenl.
In t hc words of Har ry F. Guggenheim,
presidellt of the Guggenheim Foundat ion,
Dr. Godd:lrd "was iusI as surcl)' the fa ther
of modern rocketS as the \V r ight Brothers
were of t he airplane." H e was o;:erw in ly the
greatest experime ntal pioneer in this subjecl- nOt (I mere d (lbbling inventor, but
one w ho unde rstood t he pr inciples involved and was capilble also of developing
the nec(.'Ssar), t heor ies, as was to be expco;:ted
from a man with his suco;:essful academic
career.
Bo rn o n October 5, 1882, in \X' ora'ster,
Mass., young Goddard attended school in
Doston and then entered \\'I'o ro;:eSle r Polytechnic Institute, obtaining a B.S. degree
in 1908. He was a ph)'sics instrunor at
\'(lo rceSter until 1911, d uring which period
COPY I!lGIIT IlY ),IRS.
1I01l ~:RT
II. GOOOAltO
Dr. Roherl H. Goddard lIlakillg adjustmellts at tbe upper elld oftbe rockel com·
busrioll chulIlber. ArOll1lt1 tbe cbamber
are slIIa/l coils oj copper tubillg for "aporizillg liqllid lIitrogell ill order to "rodllce
pressure for the Juel tallits alliJ Jor opera/·
illl{ cOlltro/s. PUIII/JS were used Jor Ille
/iqllM Jlle/s. Pbolograpbel/ ill 1940.
5
space iournal
�record of suggestions..•• T he suggestions
wcre very dh'c rsified, and concerned the
possibility of using the magnetic field of
the eanh; sllCOting ' nllteria l to a 'spacc
ship' by means of elcclric, and other , guns;
an airplane opera ted lit high speed by lhe
repu lsion of charged particles; :Irtificiall y
stimu lated rodio-activil),; artificial atoms of
g reat energy, consist ing of mov ing posili\'e
nnd negative charges; p ropulsion in space
by repu lsioll of charged panicles; reaction
agai nst dis p lacement Currents in space; re·
sltmds
frame before tbe world's first flight 01 a
liquitl-propclltlill rocket 011 i\larch 16,
1926.
interpl nnemry studies, it seems wonhwhile
to nOte t he developme nt of the writer's
ideas a nd experiments upon the su bject .
.
Dr. Goddard neve r published these notes.
\,(I h:1I he published principally we re his
p:ltcnlS and twO repons to the Smit hsonian
Institution, the product of yea rs of independent and methodical experimenta tion.
''<'hat he did not p ub lish were h is spec u lations on sp:lce flight-Ix.'Cuusc he thoug ht
more of them, not less o f them. At o ne
point, he fil ed these spt.'Cui;ltions a way in
a fr iend'S S:lfe and ma rked (hem: "To be
op'ened on l)' by an o p timise"
They are now being opened, in the
cou rse of prep:lring Dr, Goddard's biogr:l_
phy. Mrs. Godda rd is engaged in editi ng
h is expcrimem:il nOtes for publication.
Scie n tistS and laymen alike wi ll be interested in Dr. Goddar<i's resume of some of
these speculations whic h he set down between 1904 ami 1908 wh ile he was an undergraduate nt 'X/orccstcr. " I bought a
n umbe r of green-cown.-d notebooks," he
w ro te, "and started to make a systemat ic
6
space journal
thelter III Jhe If/tlrtt Farm, Aubllrll, i\ltlJS.
PholoC",ph ttlRe,t 0 11 Jllly /7, 1929,
pulsion o f high ly healed materi:d particles
at the focus of parl~ bolic mirro rs; Ihe lise
of solar energy, by light de\·iccs. on u 's pace
sh ip;' th e idea of the mu hiple charge rocket ; the usc of liquid p rope llants; a nd several
other plans." A su mmary of 26 methods was
w r inen on December 28, 1909.
Like other men of vision who have made
" a lllable contributions to fund ame ntal and
his im portant wo rk were lill ie known Juring his lifetime. In Ihe cou rse of h is pioneering im 'csligations, I)r. Goddard achieved
m any "fi rSts" in rocket research, anyo ne
of which would be sufficien t 10 assu re him
a permane n t phlcc in the history of mo<lern
science and eng i n(.~ ri ng.
�7. He deveLo]X-J thc mathern,nica! theory
of rocket propuLsion and flight .
8. H e fi rst proved. both mathemat icaLLy
a nd by actual test, that a rocket will work
in a vacuum.
\'('hen the United St(ltes entercd the fi rst
\'('orld \'('ar, Dr. Goddard volunteered his
services and was given the task of exploring
the military possibilities of roc kets. He
succeeded in developing a trajectory rocket
which (ued intermine[J{ly, tllc charges be·
ing injected imo the comhUSl ion chamber
by a method simi lar to tha t of tbe repeating
r ifle. H e also devcJo]X-J sewral types of
projectile rockets intended to be fired from
a launching tube held in the hands ,IOU
steadied by twO short legs--much like the
bazooka of \'('orld \'\!ar U.
Dr. Godd,ml ill bh laborato r), at Clark
UlIiI·ersity witb tbe rocket tested 011 May 4,
1926. Tbis rocket h tbe second "//Iodel 0/ a
iifJllid-propeU'1II1 rocket first f/OWII 011
Ma rc/) 16, 1926,
Amo ng the principal oncs arc the following :
1. He developed the basic idea of the
bazooka in 1918 during \'('orld \'('ar 1. The
weapon was nor uscd until \,\'orld \'('ar H.
2. He developed a rocket motor using
liquid fuels and uscd it in a liquid· fuel
propelled rocket in L926.
3. H e was Ihc first to shoot a rocket faster
tha n the speed of sound.
4.. H e developed a gyro5Copic steering apparatus for rockets ten years before it was
developed in Europe.
5. He was thc first to use vanes in the
blast of the rocke t motor for steering rockets.
6. H e patented the idea of "step-rockets."
These weapons were demonstrated quite
successfully at Aberdeen P ro,·ing Grounds
00 Novembe r 10, 1918, before represcnt~'·
ti ves of the ~lrmed services. However, the
armist ice on the foLLowing d:,y pllt an end
to the war and also to immediate interest
in these weapons .
.i.\"lany a great man owes much of his success to the loyaLty, devotion, and eacourage·
ment of a woman who is vitally interested
in his career. These qua lities were brought
into Dr. G oddard·s life by Esther Kisk
whom he married in 1924. She took an
acri,'e ioterl'st in his experiments and served
as the official photographl'r of his tests.
Dr. Goddard's resea rch and exper iments
during (he oext twO decades were summa rized in twO papers, "A Metho<l of Reaching
E"Heme Altitudes" and ·' Liquid-Propella n t
Rocket Development." These tWO famous
reports d id much to estabL ish on a world·
A rocket tested 011 Jill)' 10, 1927. Note tbe
similarit), of arrallgemel/l to Jbe V ol.
7
space journal
.
�w ide basis the sc:entific and engineering
w lues in rocket nnd jet propulsion research.
Dr. Goddard even made some tests to fi nd
OUt how much powder would be required
to make a Rash visible at a dista nce of 2!4
m iles, lind from this he c:.lcu lated thllt II
rocke t weighing about 3 \4 Ions would be
requ ired to carry sufficient Rash powde r to
make a visible fl ash o n the moon. He went
o n to make fhe further r.It he r vague state·
ment (G odd ard's imlics): "Th is pla n of
sendin g a Illass of flas h powder to the su r·
f:"c o f the moon, althoug h a maner of
ru m;\, gencnd interest, is not of o b vious
sciemi fi c importance, There are, howeve r,
tICI'eio/wHlm s 01 Jhe gelle l'nl lIIe/botl under
t/i1cuSlioll, wbicb ;1I1'o h 'e n IIlIlIIber of im·
portallt fealllres 1I0t herei.. mcntioned,
whic h cou ld lead to results of m uch scien·
t ific in teren. T hese developme nts invoh'e
nlany experimenta l d ifficulties, to be S\Ire;
b ut th e)' depend upo n noth ing tha t is really
im l>ossible." It may be arri"ed at by con·
jL'Cwre that the unspecified de"elopments
might be tIl ken to include manned inter.
p\ane("olr), It;H·C!.
Dr. Goddl. rd 's precocious talents and prophetic w ri tings are analogous (0 those of
Leonardo da Vinci whose original and dar·
ing theories might we ll ha"e revolutio ni zed
the thollght of h is day had they been ex·
tracted earlier from his "oluminous manu·
scripts, whic h remai ned unpublis hed until
recent ti mes. Dr. Goddard 's proposal to
explode :. load of flash J>owuer o n the moon
set o ff a Roman Holiday nmong newspaper
men. The idea of it blinding man·ma<\e flash
on the Illoon c:'ptureu t he imagina t ion of
the public, And (0 compou nd the excite·
ment, Ih is was nOt tho! in5:Ule proposal of
th e stCreotYI'L-d l':lflUloid scientist of comic
strip lore who slirround<.-d hi mself in his
slu m attic w it h bubbling caldrons of green
mist. It was the ide:. of a d isciplined,
p sp;:holog ically well.adjusted teache r of
ph ysicS. It wns the p roposal of a man who
rocket ;11 t be sbop a' R oswell, Neill ,\ lex;co, 011 f eb",ar) 6, 1940. i /lfscd ,"'!liPS
jor fllels alld II'US approximalel)' 1Z feet IOllg,
8
space journal
�r
AmeriC"J. n magaz ines on an ar licle which
presu med to suggesl Ihllt ato m ic energy
would onc d ay propel II rocket into inlerplanetar), space. One edilor rep lied: " The
speculation is imeresling, but the impossi.
bility of e,'e r doing it is so cen a in th at it
is nOI p rac tically useful. You have writlen
well a nd clearl y, but nOI helpfu ll y to science
as I SC(! il..
I relUrll the p aper wi th
thanks:'
Specul at ion on whether our ge ne rat ion
will li"e to see the p redictions of Robert
Hutchings Godd nrJ become real ized fans
is not of pa ramount concern. Bllt whet her
(here is 10 be li n llggressivc con tinu ation
of fund amental research in n climate of
tolera nce is the concern of eve r)' li"ing
Ame rica n. It is imperative Ihnt such a climate incl ude aid, encouragement, and prop·
er recog nilio n for men like Goddard who
in spite of tC1:hnical d ifficullies, disbelief,
and ri dicu le persist wi th dogged reso lu tion
u nt il they rea lize the ir a ims. The true fu lfillmem of our hopes for a p<'IIceful a nd
beuer world lies in the (ru it of the ir labors.
Tbe begimling oJ a fligbt 011 March 17,
/938. Th e IIi/mch;II!; lou'er shows a calapull arrill/gell/em,
had eMlled his Ph.D. in his ow n flcld and
who us a commissioned office r had improved
sisnal rockclS for the Navy. 10 addition, Dr.
Godd nr<I's work had the blessings of the
Srnithso ni:w Institution.
A few months :ther Dr. Goddard had been
elecled 10 t he BOil Td of Directors of the
Amc riClm Rocke l Society, he died on AugllSI
10, 1945. " The life·wo r k of Goddard," wrote
th e di rcclOrs. "both as a scientist and a
man, will always remain a brillian! inspira.
t io n 10 those who are privileged to carry
o n his e ndeavors, and 10 enr}' other bold
explorer on the frontiers of science. In lime
10 come, h is name will be SC I among the
foremos t of American Icchnical pioneers."
Fifty )'clln ago, in Ja nuary, 1907, Goddard
as II SlUde nt lit Worcester Tech received
rejcclion lette rs from Ihree highl y esleemed
9
space journal
.
�SPAtf.
AMALYSIS
lif' on oth,r stars
B y Ern s l Stuhlinger
di,.ctor, , . ,u,ch projuh ollie.
.,my b.lli,!;c, millil •• ~.ncy
(Editor. ,.ot~: This is ,he firs. inn.llmenl of
• Ihree·part arlide. The Olhe. ' ....0 parIS ....·ill
follow in l ubsequenl iss ue, of 51'ACE Journal).
N l:ORMER TIMES there was no q uestion about life on other stars. The com·
mon belief followed a literal interpretation
of the teachings of the Dible. Our earth was
though I 10 be the center of the uni\'e rse, the
only place inhabited by Ih'ing beings. At
Ihe lime of creation all the plants and aninlaiJ had come into exislence as they arc
now, acco rding to ODe well-conceivcd master
plan. No change occurred-no development,
I
Figll'tJ 1. Relative sizes 0/ Ihe plalJeIl al letJlI
10
space journa l
no expansion. The nalura l K iences, 100
much in their infancy, a nd 100 stricli)' limilcd to a selcclcd few, did nOl provide enough
cogen! evidence to the conlrary to make a
mooificadon of this com mon belief necessary.
Some few hundred years ago, the h uman
mind entered into a new phase of itS evolution. It developed an inquisiti\'e curiosity
10 know morc about the worid. Tooay our
earth is no longer accepted as the perfect
masterpiece of one six-day creation. It is
recognized as a small planet among billions
f,011l
fbe e(.frtb.
�PLUTO, . -1
• MOO N, . '0,27
•
MERCURY I
•
r - 0.39
MAR S, . -0.52
•
VE NUS, .. 0.97
•
EARTH •• -!.O
NEPTUNE •• >3.9
URANUS , r - 4,0
Pigure 2. Relati ve shes of the plal/ets.
and bi ll ions of Stars in a boundless universe.
E\"olution, not perfection, setS the grandiose
stage on which we are the actors and the
Spcct:ltots as well. We came to realize that
the human mind has the capability of learning and, to a certain degree, of unde rsrand·
ing how this world came into being, how
it is built, and how it de\'elops. To Ihe
\'isible world a rou nd us which was accessi ble to our forefathers, modern scientists
h;n 'e pdded ncw wo rlds: the world of the
tHoms, ;md the world of the stars. \Xle ha\e
fOUlul tlmt there :Ire universal h.w5 of natu rc
va lid equally in th ese three worlds which
help us to unde rstand their interrelations
and some of thei r mystcries. The natural
sciences today offer uS the foundation for
a concept of the world which is nor o n ly
more correct, but also much grcater, a ~d far
lIlore magnificent, th om any concept our
forefathers could de\"elop in their tilnes.
Life o n other stars ? It would have been
a profanity in medieval times 10 believe
that it might ha"e existed. Today this q uestion is one of the 11100t challenging problems
of science. There is hardl y onc grea t scho lM
who d ocs not g ive it his attention, and many
of t hem arc rew;Lrdcd br brill iant new ideas.
The remarkable fact is that e\'ery branch of
natu ral science bears upon t his problemastro nomy. physic~, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, and all the others. Once
we have the answer, its impact will be felt
C\'en b r sciences as sublime as philosophy
and theology.
The questioo of whether life exisUi outside
th e bounds of ollr earth cannOt be answered
by a plain yes or 00 tod ay. If the answer
should be positive, it may well be th at ""c
will have it as soon as a manned sutellite
around the earth offers a platfor m fo r observations. \'\' 1' certainly will know when
our (ust imerplane wry space ship takes us
to t.hrs; and this nmy pmsibl)' happen be·
fore the cnd of our centurr.
It is anot her thing if we ask what the
prubability is that life ex ists on other celes·
tial bodics. \Xle know the external cond itions lI nder w h ich life was ab le to de\"e lop
and subsist on earth. Wc know much abou t
th e environmental conditions which prel'ail
on other planets in our solar sy5teOi. and
cven on other fi xed stars. Comparing the
necessary conditions lor life with the exist-
II
sp~ce journal
�II
ing conditio ns o n stars, we can conclude
wit h a h igh degree of probability whe t he r
lifc shoul<1 be cxpeclCd (here, a nd into
what forms it may have dc,·eloped.
This way of reasoning may seem rather
bold. Howe,-cr , count less obscn~.l { i o n s o n
t his ciln h have shown Ihm w henever the
conditions for a certai n dc\C~ l opll1c[)[ a rc
favo rable, natu re docs nOt hcs italc 10 sian
this dc\·clopmcnt. Scientists arc confident
that this Tille, so ohen confirmed on eaflh,
may St ill be applied when the dC\'clopmclH
is IIml of living organisms, a nd w hen t he
place is nOt confined 10 this c:Lr\ h.
Our original questio n about t he e xistence
of life outside the ea r th, t he refore, reduces
10 the question of cnvironmcoml condi·
tions on other Slars and of nlXessary condi .
lions (or the development of life. These
q uestions clI n be answered to a considerable
degree uxl:.y, pa rt ially from d irect observa.
tions :lIId experi ments, part ial ly fro m extra·
pollH ions and log ica l de<;luc l ions.
Althoug h we usually Ih ink of planets only
when we discuss Ihe chances of finding life
o n other celestial bodies, 1I't' sholdd II0t
ol'ulook Iht' pOJSibility 0/ lift (Itf'tlQPillg
Illso 011 Iht "("uk" COlI/fioU CIII of a dOl/ble
jlllr, whe re lig ht and hea l wou ld be avail·
able fro m Ihc "bri ght" com ponen t. In t he
p rese m anicle we reSl r icl our considerations
10 p laner.like bodies whic h are much small·
er than the central Slar t hat gives t hem light
and hear,
\X'e will div ide our sub ject fro m he re
on into Th ree pans; T he as tro nomical as·
FigJlre 4. T he Crab NebJlla, a Ieflof'er of "
mPeNIQI'a e,.plQsiQIl i,1 /054 A.D .
pc<:ts, t he physica l cond itio ns, and the
biolog ical problem, The present article
will dea l wit h the astronomical aspt.'(:15 o f
life on othcr stars.
\X' hen we Ihink of life o n orher celestial
bod ies, we are incl ined 10 associate its
I>ossible exislence wit h c nv i.ron melllal con·
dilions as we havc t hem on o ur earth. T he
average lemperattlfe should nOI be: al>o\'e
60 C to 80 C, and not m uch below the
freezi ng point of water; the re should be
a n atmosphe re wi l h at lcast somc oxygen
or carbon d iox ide; Ihere shou ld be wate r;
nnd Ihere should be occasional sunshine,
or nn eq\livalellt smrsh ine. As we will sec
hLter, these cond itions ilfe mandatory.
T hat such an accumu latio n of condi lions
lIlay well occur in planetnry s),StemS is
proven by our own enrth. T he question is
thclI: \X' hal is Ihe probability thai a pl:lnemr)' s),stcm like thc solar fam ily occurs
among the fi xed Stars? De fore answe r ing
th is q ues tion, we take a sho rt look at t he
Structu re and the history of t he solar sys·
tern, of our galaxy, and of th c stellar uni·
"erse,
Jiigure 3, Relati,'e
tlis/at/eel
o/Ibe platlets / rolll ,be
Hili .
�One of the mOSt impressive fe:lIures of
t he solar syuem is the smallness of its componentS as compared to t heir distances. If
we should build a model of the sun and ilS
planets, a nd if we chose a sphere of three
inches in diameter, for example. an orange
for the su n , the planets would have the
following diametcrs and distances: Mercury,
0.01 inches u 10 feet; Venus. 0.026 inches
at 20 fcc t; earth, 0.027 inches at 27 fee t;
!\lars, 0.015 inches at 40 feet; j upite r, 0.3
inches at 135 fcct; Saturn, 0.25 inches at
255 feet; Ura n us, 0.12 inches at 525 ft.'Ct;
Neptune, 0.12 inc hes at 810 feet; Pl uto,
wit h as )·et unknow n diameter, at 1,060
feet (Figs. I, 2 and 3.) In the same
mode l, the nearest fixed star would h:1\'e
a dista nce o f 1,000 m iles fro m the sun, and
the e nd of our ga laxy would be 20 million
miles away. Besides the nine planets, we
find a belt of ma ny small astero ids berwecn
the orbits of Mars and j upite r; about 1,500
of them ha\'c been ide ntified. The mass of
the sun comprises about 99.8% of the tota l
mass of the solar system; the planets only
I:;gllrtl , . Th, big sp;rlll1leblllll ;" AmlroflleJIl.
0.2% . On the o ther hand, the combined
angu lar momentum of the planelS is about
98%., and that o f t he su n 2%. of the total
angular momentum of the system. The
sun consists of o,'er 90% hydrogen; heavy
clements arc rare. On the earth, heavy
c lements arc much more abu nd ant. The
composition of the planetS, disregarding
thei r atmospheres, is "ery probably similar
10 that of the e;lrth.
The la rge angular mOlllentum o f the
p lanelS is a very strong p roof agains t the
assumption that the planets were in former
times a part of the su n, or e\'cn that the
sun and Ihe planet5 werc formed in onc
p rocess out of a big diffusc nebula. A more
satisfactory expla natio n is possiblc only if
anothe r star, in add ilion 10 the su n, is assumcd to havc participated in the plane.
togcnic process. Theories by Chamberl in
and Moulton, a nd in n very advanced and
refined form by jeans, succeeded in describing many of thc detailed features of
the solar syStems by assuming the closc approach of anOlher Stur. Gravitational
�I
forccs WQuld p rod uce huge tidal wa,"es
a nd would c ,"en pull large amounts of mat·
rer out of the $u n , in the form of
II
giga n tic
" /illlnlcOI." This lila ment would finall y
break up unde r ils own gravitation aod
form a number of separate bodies wbich
finally would mo'"c around the sun in plane.
{'.try
orbits.
Their
angu lar
m oment um
would ha\"e been provided by t he passing
Slar.
The
s;\ffiC
p la net-fo rming
process
would a lso accoun t for the moons of lhe
pl:Lncls. One conspicuous faer remains
1I1lcxpinincd by this lhcory~thc fast rota·
lio n of some of the pl:mcls. I n order to
make this rot ation unde rsta ndable, J effreys
supposes a
"gm~ i ng
collision " between a
StH r and the sun, instead of n dose approach.
Frictio nal forces, in addition to g ravita.
tional forces, oou[(1 then accounr for the
rotlu;omll motions o f Ihe planet.
\'(' ilh t his assumplion, the obsen'ed rOtlllion and the total maS5 o f the planeu can
be explained s.,t isfactor ily. Howe\'cr, the
lurge :mgula r momelllum o f the planeu
then remains a myStery.
A new idea was introduced by R u~ 1I
a nd de\'elop<.od further by Lynleton. They
pointed out tlmt many of the Stars, almost
one-half of them, a re twin nars, revolving
arou nd each other at d istances w hich may
count fro m aOOm a third of a light year
down to less tha n the diameter of o ne of
them. POI:lri S, ollr north sta r, is k nown to
be II (I'lintupl et; CaSto r is e\'cn composed
of six indi vidual Sta rs, all orbiting Mound
ellc h other. R usse ll ass\lllled Ihat our sun
hlLd a [win, 100, 0.1 about the dist;mce of
the major planets. This twin was hi T and
snmshc,d to pieces by anot her star. Some
of the frag ments re mained in solar orbits;
they a rc our planets now.
This theory is able to explain Ihe rota·
lio n. Ihe angula r momenrUlll, t he distances,
a nd many o ther features of the planets. lis
sho rtcoming is the eXlremeiy sm;11I prob.
a bility for a direct hit between stau. To
help th is situation, Hoyle made the sug·
14
space journal
geslion that t he tw in Star may nOt hn\'e
been h it by another sta r, but may ha\'e
go ne through the naturJI cycle of its e\'olution, w hic h terminatc<l in a C:lIaclysmic
explosion. The hea\')' pieces of this ex·
plosion were hurled fa r Out inro sJY.Ice; a
huge cloud o f gases a nd dust remained in
the sola r gra\'itado na l fiel d , but with the
angular Illo men tu m which was left over
from the twin sta r. This gas and d ust cloud
first spread OU I arou nd the sun in a riog.
shaped disk, but later il contracted into
discrcte blobs becausc of eddy currents and
gravilllliona l inst1lbililies. Most of the
mass contained in (he g(IS nnd dust cloud
was finally concenlrnted in the ninc planets.
This th,--'Ory of planetary origin is part
of a comp rehensive "New Cosmology" by
H oyle and L),ltletOn. Allhough it is by
no means free of conlro\ersies, it offers very
intriguing desc ri pl ions o f the life cycles of
5(,ITS, of their energy hal;lIIce, and of the ir
compositio ns. T he explosion of the sun's
twin sta r, in the light of this theor)", would
be a "supernO\'a," the laSI phase of o ne
specific grou p of SUles called supergiants.
Three supernovae were observed within
our ga laxy in historic t imes: the firs t was
seen in 1054 by the Chinesc; rhe second in
l 572 by T ycho Brahe; :I nd the third in 1604
by Keppler. The firSI 5u pe rnO'~1 left a
gllscous mass, the well·k nown Crab Nebula
( Fig. 4), which has heen ex panding dur ing
the paS t 9DO rears with a peri phcral velocity
of abou t GOO miles per second.
Supernova explosions arc kno wn from
other galax ies. Their outburst of light is
so treme ndous t hai they ca n be observed
from the earth. Althou1,;h the final development sta1,;e of a supergi(lnt which
leads to a supernova mo.)" weB extend o\"er
millions of )Cars, the explosion itself I:1St5
only fo r a few da}s. T he frequency of
supernova explosions, according to I),'ade
a nd Zwicky, is about once in "DO or 500
rea rs per gal:lxy, a fi1,;\ue wh ic h agrees well
with rhe three supern ovae ohscT\'ed wit hin
OtiC ga laxy during the last 900 yea rs.
�H oyle's theory is well Cllpablc of explain.
ing many of the outstanding features of our
planetary SYSlem. It e\'en explains why
we find an abundance of heav)' e lemenu on
tile planetS, but not on the sun; heavy
nuclei a rc fo rmed in energy-consuming
nuclear processes during the collapsing
phase of a superg iant, shortly before its explosion. During this same phase it is likely
t hat a supergiant emits electromagnetic
waves which are obsen-cd by redia astron·
omers on earth. The last phase of the
entire process, the cont raction of the gas
lind duST cloud into diSl; retC planets, has
heen studied in great det:lil by von \'(feiz_
saecker. );xpanding Ihe law5 of fluid dyna mics to an aSlConomical scale, and Ill'plying them to the specia l case of II gas
and dUSt cloud around the sun, he could
derive many of the speci:11 properties which
we observe in t he plane tary s)'stem.
It cannot be said today whether this concept of planelogenesis comes close to the
truth. H owever. it ~ms to lead to less
controversies than older theories, and we
may well IIdopt it unti l bener theodes are
available. The probllbilities (or all the individual steps of {his planemry history can
be est ima ted from observations and mathe·
matical deduct ions; we finally can calculate
how of len a planetary SYS{ClII may ha\'e
,Ie,-eloped within our galaxy since its beg in ning.
Th is article is fa r tOO short to give an indiOltion of the demils of the various
theories or of rhe methods of o bsen'ation
and reasoning which a rc applie<1 by aStrOnomers to o bmin n u merical resultS. The
rollow ing !l umbers a nd f'gure$ are there_
fore only transmitted as (acts without
fu rther arguments.
Pigllrtl 6. A Sla r 'cloud' ill SagilJarills. This is onl) II lIl;'llll e porlion of the slars ,.isible i'J
Olle glllax)'. lVi/bill Ibe ellrtb's range of absen'lltioll Ibere lire abOli1 100 mil/;oll ga/a:des.
Each glllllX)' ilia), colliain 100,000 se//- slI#tlillillg plal/ets.
15
space iournal
�Our galaxy has an age of aboul " billion
years. \Vi(h one SU I>c rnova explosion e"cry
400 years, about 10 million supern ovaI.' must
have exploded (luring our gabxy's life
span. Eve ry second o ne of (hem may havc
hee n one component of a twin star, giving
risc to a c irculllstell:ar gllS and dust doml,
and subscquemly to a family of planets.
E\'en if it may be tOO oplimislic to assume
Ihal each of the resulting 5 million planetary syStemS COlllains at leasl one planet
wilh condilions favorable fo r Ihe developmem of life, it is cen ainly not un realist ic
to expect that onc planetary fumily out of
50 includes a mcmber o n whic h condi tions
similar to those on our c,tnh prevailed at
o ne time o r anOther. Tbis lIIeUIlS (bllt we
sbollid eX/Jeff tbal Ii/' ill Jome form may
bal'e det ·eloped. dllrillg tbe laJt 4 billiD"
)earS, f)l1 ubolll 100,000 ,IiUert'''' pial/tis
wilbitt Ollr gala:.:y.
O ur own !;lllalCy show the structure of a
spi ral nebula. Its size and shape resembles
"ery closely one of its neMeSt neighbors in
spnce. the benutiful spirn l ne b ula in Andronu.xI(1 ( Fig. 5). w h ich is "only" 1,500.000
light rears away. The diameter of our own
galaxy is about 60,000 light years. It conmins belween 10 and 100 billion Slars.
Comp;oring (his treme ndous number of
stars within our galaxy with Ihe 100,000
planets which may possibly bear life, we
must conclude that lifc is, on a n absolute
scale, a fre<.luCIlI e"ent within Ihe galaxy.
Re\;olively speaking. however. it is elC(reme-
I'ig ure 7. A rllISler 0/ galaxies ill tbe CorOIl(l
110realh. A lllbtl il/distillct b/otciJes ill Ibis
(Ibotogr(lpb, uboll~ '0, are galaxies app rox;.
11/lIlel)' Ibe size of Ollr OW".
16
space journal
Iy rare. Only one in about a million stars
is privileged (0 send its warm ing sunshine
out to a satellite o n which livi ng organisms
dc,·elop.
Our most powerful telescope o n Mount
Palorll(lT IS able to discern ynlaxies as far
out as one bill ion light reMS. \Vithin rhis
obscT\'ation range there are about 100 million yalaxies ( Fig. 6 and 7). I:ach of them
may (;ontain lOO,<XlO life-sustllining planets,
lI·hirh leads /IS /0 a to/al 0/ tell thousalld
billioll plallets, witbi" totllly'J obJfrr.·"ble
mlil'erse, ubicb IIllly be il/b(lbited b)' liI·il/g
beillgs. The toml n umber of stars in Ihis
vo lume is te n billion billions.
It is well to remember that this yiga ntic
n umber is numerically eq ual to (he n umber
of mo lecules within one cubic centimeter
of air.
H ow long will life continue to prosper on
our earth? The heal bala nce of the eMlh
depe nlls almost em ire!y on the su n. Solar
heat is cons(;lntly produced by the fusion
of hy{lrogen nuclei into helium nuclei.
This hcat production will go o n with :I
slowly increasing rate for :lbom 50 billion
yea rs. \X' hile the hydrogen supply is g radu_
ally consumed, the sLln will slowly heat
up and, at the sa.me time, swell to a
diameter about as brge as the orbit of
,\I:lrs. From then on the S\lIl will stan to
sh ri nk. II w ill not expl<xle like :I supergi:mt, but ,"cry gradually cool off. At the
end, (he sun will be a black dwurf. Lnng
before t h:lI, life on any of t he sobr " hltlelS
will Im"e become impossible Ix.-causc of Ihe
he:ll increase during the hydrogen-helium
con\'ersion. BUI (here is a good chance
that life w ill persiSI on eart h for se"eral
billions of rears-as far liS t he sun is concerned.
In (he neX I edil ion of SPACE J ournul
wc w ill (liKUSS the "ar),;ng p hysica l conditions whic h arc found on a pla nc.! in (he
coursc of its life cycle, and we will sec: in
pllTt icular w helher the earth is prepa red
to su pport life for some more billions of
years.
�SPACE
PROJECTION
ro ck, t mail to the moon
What should the stamp cost, based on current propulsion technology?
B y Dr . H . W .
Rit chey
lech~ic81
dirodor
Ihio~o l chemic81 corpO'8 l ion
red, lona divi.io"
M
OST AS P ECfS of space travel oave
been covered extensively in a great
volume of literature that has appeared on
t ois subject over the laSt few years. The
problems of propulsion and control have
received a treme ndous amount of attention.
Other problems relating to the survival of
the h um an being in space and his psychological and physical reactions to wide variations in g ravitational fields have also received considerable attention.
Perhaps t he one greatest problem now
impeding progress is that of the subconscious inhibitions buried in toe minds of
those technologists now «'pable of effecti ng
space travel. This problem may be solved
for future gencwtioos by the publicity now
being released in the semi-tech nical publications and on television. The yo unger generation, now in the for mative swge, h'n'e
seen animated cartoons and other demonsn;.tions of the feasibility of space travel
to the extent that they now look upo n it
as an accomplished fact. On the other
hand, our present generation of scientists,
even those who arc able to prove logically
by eng inee ring calculations t hat space
travel can be accomplished, have been so
subjectively inhibited by their early condi t ion ing that most of t hem still regatd
it as impossible in some segment of their
mind bur ied deeply in subconscious. Only
wi t hin the last few years has it been respectable in sciemific circles to discuss seriously the feasibi li ty of space trave l.
The actual fact exists that we arc now
capable of sending an objcct outside the
influence of the e~rth's gravitational field
and, therefore, with an adeq\l~te system of
guidance could send this objcct almost anywhere in {he solar system. The design
chMacteristics of a rocket system capable of
propelling an object outside the earth's
gravitational field are so weB understood
that it is possible to make reasonably accurate calculations of (he cOSt of such a
propulsion system. Such a propu lsion
system could carry rocket-mail letters to the
moon or to a planet, ~nd we are then able
to estimate to a fair degree of accuracy the
cost of a rocket·mai! stamp needed to send
a rocket·m~il !eHef to ourer space.
The problems inherent in the necessary
prop ulsio n sySl'em have already been solved
by progress in the field of so!id-propellant
rocketry. In the so!id-p ropellant rocker
engine, the propeJlant is properly mixed
and " injected" into the combustion cham-
17
space iournal
�bet at the manufacturing plant.
II
A com-
posi te type of sol.id p ropellant can be
processed a5 a slurry in the m an ufacturing
p lant lI od OUI directly in to the pressu re
veuel. A typical engine of this type is
shown abo.·c.
The charge burns o n all the exposed inside
su rface of a speciaUy·s haped propel.l ant
cavi ty. Since bu rning occurs from the
inside outward, the flame docs not contact
the walls of the pressure vessel until near
the c nd of t he b urning period. If a proper
fue l bind er is used. the charge can be
bonded 10 the walls of th e p ressure vessel
lind pc nnilics i n we ig ht (I re pa id for support
of the propellant. Although the performance characteristics of present rockets cannOl be disclosed, calculati ons urili:dng obvious assum p tions concerning propellant
de nsit ies and de nsities of the high-stren g th
st rucmrol matcria ls can be used to show
that it should be rc lat ivcly easy to make a
SOlid-propellant rocket engine in wh ich
86"AI of the gross weight would be propel1:1111. Si ncc both this ratio and Ihe propellam sp<.'Cific impu lse are related 10 combust ion c hamber pressure, it is assumed
that this ratio can be at tained wit h a propellam u hibiting a 5ea-Ie\'el impulse wit h
an optimum nozzle of 195 Ib-s«/Ib. H
such u rocket is designed 10 operate somew here ncar opti m um in the ,'cry low-pressure co ndilions e)Cisting at h igh ald tude,
this speci fic im pu lse figure will r ise to a
"alue of about 230.
M:Hl y muJciswge. solid·propellan t rocket
ve h icles IHlve been fired and the ca pabi lities
of staging and of high.altitude ignition
lw,'c already been dcmo nstrated in such
missiles as t he Loc k heed X 17 ;Hld the
multismge, solid-propellant test vehicles
fired by NACA. For the purpose of estimating thc f1lke·off weight ill an "escape
"elocily" missile, the stage load rotio of 1:4
has been assu med; in other words, each
rocket cnginc weighs four times all the
load that it carrics. ThC5e performance
valucs and design criteri a arc thc n used
in the following equation for rocket mo' tion;
18
space journal
,
v
~
V
~
I ••
~
•
-
W,
-
W,
~
I." x g x 2. 303 log
W,
W,
velocity. ft/sec
propella nt specific impulse,
Ib-sec/ lb
g ra"italio nal accelcration, 32.2
It /sec?
initia l we ig ht of syste m
fi na l wc ig ht of system
Thc calculated velocity, unco rrccted for
drag and gravitational efT~t, is shown in
T ab lc L This ve locity is the n COrtt'Cted
for drag :tod gravitati omll effect b y su bfracting an o\'cr:tll gross " loss" figurc, convcned 10 equi valenl vclocity loss.
It has becn assumcd that eac h rocket stage
is a fa ithful linear scalc rcp roduction, in
w h ich case t he fo llowing sclle re lat ions hips
obtain:
Burning lime of Rockel B = scale facto r
times burning lime of Rocket A
T hr u~ t of Rockct B _
:scalc raClor
5quared timcs thrust of Rocket A
Gross wcighl of Rocket B = scale factor
cubed times g ross wc ight of Rocket A
Using thc5e rclationsh ips it is easy to
esti mate the time of burning and obtain a
corrcction for the so-C'J.llcd "8" losses of
,·e lacity. This corrt'C ti on is also shown in
T able T. II is morc difficult to arriyc al
:to accu ratc corr~ti on for at mosp he r ic d rag,
eSf>Cci:llly sint"C dcs ign of the specific aero·
dynam ic con figu rat io n is beyond th c scope
of this article. Based on c)Cpcricncc, how·
e\'cr, it wou ld seem reasonnble and adc(l\I(\CC
to incorporate a corrC(;tion of 2,000 it/s«
as the loss to be incurred by atmospheric
drag for the smaller, "h igh_g" rockct, and
1,400 ft/sec for fhe larger rackct. T hus, as
Table I illustrates, it is possible 10 attaiD
escape vclocities wilh a one-pound payload
using a missilc hlt\'ing II lotal take-off
weight of less than 3.200 pounds.
It is also beyond the scof>c of this article
to estimate thc productio n cosu of such a
m issilc ; however, expericnce w it h relatively
small numbers of rockets made in research-
�I
TA BLE I
M A il ROC KET TO TH E MOO N - SPECIFICATI ONS
"oG'
......
"
~ .,
.. ,..
'''''"f
.... "lA.,
~"
" "0
.
H',.,'"
.... H . .. '
, ,,'"
,.,g.",, ' ,
. ......,
' • '0
'
1
f
(
. RETRO
~ ... nO"'D
< IT
0
Wl1HO UT
...
"",
'0'"''
II ...
~OC ( H
W ,TH
5
5
,
0 .85
230
8dOO
1 ~8dOO I
2.0
,
25
20
0 .85
230
8400
8400
,.<
,
125
100
0.85
230
8400
8400
59
2
'"
SOO
0 .85
230
6400
8400
10.0
1
3125
2500
0.8 6
no
7200
8400
17.1
AVDW
15, 625
12,500
0.86
7200
29.2
195
195
40 , 80 0
40,800
lOSS
1,400
2,000
D' AG 1055
2,000
1,400
37,400
37 ,4 00
lOlA'
•..
""
,
--~
without " ,e t, o -,ode'"'
aml-Jc>'clopmCnt qu a nti ti es wou1d indicate
th at 20 such syStemS could be :.ssembled ill
a total cost not exceeding 5 10.00 per pollnd
of missile weight, amou nting (0 $}2,000 1:>cr
vehide.
Cer tain olher problems wOllld natllnrl]y
exist if such a project were to be attempted.
r or e xample, there is hardly m:ed to se nd
a roc ket-m a il letter (0 the moon unless
someone were there to receive it. This
problem is norrllally not related to the COSt
of t he smmp. l(Od, therefore , the cost of
placing a recipient in Ihe rig ht location has
nOI been included.
T here is also the problem of either hil ting the mrgc. object with i' free-flight
ballistic missile or providing some type of
wilh ",e lro -rocke t" '
termi nal guidance. Since the moon subtends a "isual angle of aooU! [0 mils, it
shollid not be tOO difficult a task to la unch
a rocket in the right dircction and with
sufficient velocity to hit the moon on a frecflight ballistic trajectory,
T he recipient POSt office on the moon,
of course, IllUSt bear the COSf of fmding
the rocket at thc impact poinl a nd recover·
ing it. Here we get into a nebulous area
where it might ver y well be argued th a t the
COSt of finding and recove ring a rocket
wou1d far exceed the COSt of the vehicle itself. [n fact, the expe nse of remi ng one of
the cOIH"cmional l;wnching sites for [aunching the >-e hicle might very well (all LnlO
the sa me category. l.et·s assume, howeve r,
19
space
journal
�tlmt it rc(!uircs inve~trllem of two man-da ys
time li nd $2,000 in amortization of C<juipment in order to Iliunch the rocket_ So far
as recovery is concerned at the other end of
the !Inc, ir hardly seems reasonable to per_
mit the rockel to impm;:t on the moon's
surface with the incre mental "elocity
C<ju ivalem to free-fa ll in the moon's g ra,-i.
rnrional field p!U$ what ,'e!odty is left at
the "tu rn -over" ]loOi m , In other words, in
order to pte,'ent th e rocket from being completely dcsltop:d o n impaCl, it would be
neccssary to ,:a nee! out about 8,500 ft/see
accu lll ulau.'(1 vClodty shortly before impact. Th is would be done by \.sing the
last stage as a " Tetro-rock et" and by adding
on a new firsl stage weighing fOUT times
the 3.125 poullth appe:. ring in T able I.
This adds a n addil iona l 12.500 pounds to
our rake-off weighl a nd :.ddilio na l $1 25,000
to thc COSI.
The pay!o:ld will be a one-pound object
consisting of a steel shell, a properly constirutcd dre marker. li nd the mail will be
micro-filmc<1 on 16n1l11 film. Eac h Hamp
will allow the scnder twO pages of correspondence which would be tr:Ltlslllitled in
the form of twO micro·fillll frames, Since
vo lnt ility of the dye Illarkcr would be a
matter of eXlreme importance. the dye
marker will consist of carbon black and a
small e"plosi,-e chnrge, the tom l of which
we ighs four ounces and which will be at·
rlmged to explode on impHct SO that the
impact point will be mnr kc<l by the black
powder,
The steel shell comaining t his load will
weigh two ounces. The burned-out ' retrorocket" itself will act as a buffer agai nst
impact damage, and it is e"pec(ed that the
steel shell conraining ten ounces of 16mm
micro-fi lmed corresponde nce would $uT\' ive
a n illlpact at sc,'era] hu ndred feet per second . The COSI of recove ry and delivery at
the receiving end will , in accortl:tnce wit h
U. S. Postal policy, be subsidi zed by the
U. S. Governme nt , and, Iherefore, these
COSts (lfe not includc<1.
T he len ounces of micro·film w ill contai n
12,800 16mm frames, and will r('(luire
6,400 l>O$tage stHmps 10 send 6,400 leuers.
A summary tabulation of the COSt of mail
service is as fo llows:
$125,000.00
Addcd Siag e
32,000.00
Other roc kels
2,000.00
Amort iza tion launchi ng
e(lu ipment
250.00
Two mun-days (consult·
am rate)
159,250.00 -:- 6,400
525.00 pe r
stamp
Di vidi ng by Ihe number o f letters th nt
m ay be mlllsmiued, this leaves U$ a COSt of
25.00 for rockel-mail stamps to the moon.
the
20
space journal
mOOll.
�L
SP.t,Cf.
FLIGHT
remarkable x-craft
By Fr e d e ri ck I. O rdway, III
"'n.p. e •• dent
9 ue •• 1 •• Ironeulic. co.poretion
T
H E UN ITED STATES h as seen R uss ia
slowly dose the wide ak- power gap
that once se parate(1 the twO nat ions. Mil itary experts 1I0W agree that in many areas
lhe Soviets arc <Iuantinlti\"e l)' ahead of us,
and as far as quality goes they a rc catching
up rap idl y.
To offset any c hattenge to our ae ri al
supremacy, the Un ited StalCS has embarked
011 an ambitious experimental research air·
eraft program th:lt, it is hoped, witt insu re
the mailllena ncc of leadership in superior
q ua lity a irpla nes and missiles in the years
to come.
i\hny of th e exotic spaceships of th e
scie nce-fiction world we re prefixed by th e
letter X; tod ay many of the astO n ishing rese:lrch missiles and pl:lnes being developed
by American tcchnology have the same in·
trod uctory Iclter. The X-series is our pre"iew of tomorrow's aeria l wcaponr)'.
The idea for seui ng up a researc h series
of :Ii rcraft bcgan d uring the course of
\': 'orld \\7 ar It , bu t work was no t t)Cgun
seriullsly until the end of hostilities in
19'15 . T he Air Force, Navy, and National
Ad visory Conuninee
for
Aerona utics
Bell X-I
Bell X-III
(NACA ) coocei"ed of, aod ha"e conti n ued
development o n, an ad " anced series of re·
seMch vehietes.
t)(:t:lils, from few to rather complete, arc
available on more t han a do~en X -craft.
\X' e fi nd that thcre arc three t)'pes of veh i·
clcs that ha\'e been gi"en the X.designation:
(I) manned rocket ai rpl anes, (2) manned
turbojel airplanes, and (3) unmllnned missiles. Ra ther than tfy to look at them
in n ume r iC'.!.1 order (X- I, X ·2, X·3, X·4, etc.)
it should be more in teresti ng to th ink of
them by caICgory. Since the most exci tin g
frontie rs of flight 'Ire usu:tll y :tssocialcu
wi th man :LS well as speed a nd altitude,
leI us look at what has been (lone with our
pilOted rocket airplanes.
The l.icll X·I was the first a irplanc in
the world (Q reach supersonic speeds in
Ic,-ei fl ighl, crossing whut W:lS known as
Ihe "sound barrier" in October of 19-1"7.
T his WIIS an c "c nt of tremendous il1lpor.
ra nee to the aero nautical sciences, :md was
accomplished by designi ng and fl)' ing :l
rocket.prOI)C!led ;,i rplane th a t was ~ Imost
lilenl ll)' a m:lnn(.-d m issile. The pl:Lne was
lJeff X-Ib
/jell X·2
21
space journal
�driven by a powerful Reaction Motors
GOOQ·pound t hrust rocker e ngine operating
on liquid oxygen a nd alcohol. It p rov ided
milir;u·y a nd induslrial aeronau tical reo
searche rs with invaluable data about t be
t hen.virtual1y.unknown reg ions o f high.
speed flight, a nd d ata derh'ed from rhe
program were fed into late r combat air·
p lane des ign.
A modification o f the early model was
the X·IA. five feet longer thall its prede.
cessor. After thorough teHing in 1952
and 1953, this I:.rget plane amazed t he
wo r ld by tt;lve!! ing ,I( 2V2 t imes the speed
of sound, or 1,650 miles per hour, in Dc·
cemlJcr of 1953. In another flight it
reacht.'d :1 record altinuJe of 90,000 feet,
whic h liter:,lIy brought ma n to the fron·
tiers of sl).lce. \'I:' hile the X·I cou ld only
sUSI:dn PQwered flight for 2V2 minutes,
the X·tA could e n joy four minutes of full
power since it ca rried considerab ly more
fue l.
An X·1 11 was bui lt and speciall y instru'
mented for resc<Ltch on high speed frictio n
he:lling. As the myMeries of the sound
harrier were dispelled, thosc of the " thermal
barrier" wNe explored. All of thesc X·I
ai rp lanes were nornlally air·l,. unched from
specially adapted bomber.t)·pc four.engine
airpln nes. Th is ('nil bled the X.plant'li to
util i:,.e their precio us fuel on ly for the re·
scarch purposes (or which they were de·
signl.'d. without wa~ting ill. )' for take·off
and cli mb to Hlti t ude. The planes can and
Imve. howc,'er, wkcn off from the g round
under Iheir own powcr.
It is imercsting to know that the X·IA
:md D plu nes weigh about 16,000 pounds
and arc crammed with 1,000 pounds of in.
strulllentation to record the variety of tests
that the pian(.'s \U1dergo at the outer reaches
of the tLlmosphere and at extreme ,·elocities.
NOt al[ ai rplanes of the X·I series were
successful. X·I Numbe r 3 was destroyed
during a fuel opcralion, a modified X·IA
exploded in 1955, and a model D of the
series also WaJ destroyed.
It is "'1.'11 know n that air in motion
possesses kinetic energy. Now if we de·
22
space iournal
cide to b ri ng to a halt rapidly.movi ng air,
the e ne rgy contained in it 1I1L1St be con·
ye rted soUlehow, a nd we find that we end
up with heat and pressure energy. A simple
equation tel ls aeronautical.design engineers
and ilerodynamidsts what the tCIllpt:'taturc
rise will bc of :m object encountering a
rllpidly.mov ing air Slfealll. As ai rplanes
and missiles roar t hrough the utmosphcre at
e\·er.;nc re:,sing speeds mo re and mo re
,"elocity energy is convc rted in to hcat.
\'\Ihlle some o f this heat is cond ucted
through wh:1! is called t he boundary layer
and w h ile, especially at extreme altitude,
some is radiated out the air frame , much
has to be absorbed .
Specially prepared timniu m, stainless
steels. ilnd ceramics are used to prOlOCt the
aircraft from th is heut. Moreover, each
craf! hilS a cerrain heat capaCit )'; bur " ircraft
designers kn ew that sooner o r lau~ r re·
frigeration syStems would ha,·c to be in.
corporated if man anJ materiHls were to
sut\·i,·e the "thermal barrier."
It is ohvio us th:1! the denscr the atmos.
phere the more acme the heat p roblem beCOUles. To study the thermal phenomenon
propedy, greal speeds a nd high.altitude
mpability arc necessary. If we were to fly
tOO low a t tOO high a velocit)" we would
burn up like a meteor. Man ht.s found
trmt if he w,mts to go substantiall y funer
than he d oes today he mUSt gCt be)'ond the
thick anllos pheric blnnket ilnd into the
rnrefled upper le,·cls.
Till.' X·2, :mOfher Hell- Air PorceNAC.t\ rocket rescMc h nirplane, w:.~ spe·
c ifica ll y designed to explore this thermal
barrier. In J ul), of lasl yea r il had reached
a top speed of thrcc limes the speed of
sound or ahout 2,200 miles pcr hour. To
get th is eX1C1I periormllilce a Curliss-\\ltight
liquid.propellilnl rock"t engine. de"eloping
15,000 pounds of thrust, w .•s u!ICd. Perhaps
e,"e n more astounding than the 5p'-'Cd produced was the record altitude flight of
126,000 fCCt , o r nearl)' 21 miles straight up.
The powerful rocket engine a llowed
d am 10 be gained of airplane l)('rformance
at hig h angles of :Llmck. When spee<ls
�I
of .Mach 2 to 3 are reached, the temperature of the skin may r ise from 250 0 P to
650 ' F at high alt itudes. Designers have
therefore fitted the X-2 with t'emperature·
resistant glass and a heat-insubted cabin
to provide protection for the pilot. Furthermore, special alto),s were used in critical
parts of the plane. In else of airpbme
malfunction, the elbin could be ejected and
parachute· lowered to an ah itude where
the pilot could separate and complete the
(lcscent with his own parach \lte.
One of the X -2's exploded a nd was intcmionall), jettisoned fro m its mothe r
launching aircraft in May 1953. The last
X -2 crashed because of stability prohlems,
killing the pilot, Capt. M. Apt. So the X·2
progr;lm is officiall)' over.
T o carr)' on the work st:Lrted b)' the X- I
and X-2 ;lirplanes (as well :.s the rocketpowl.'red Nav)' D-5S8-2. not a part of the
X.program), one o th er manned rocke t craft
is being developed, dle X·lS. The Bel!
X _I E witt be used for .Mach 2 research
until these new pl;lnes are ready. Its (ust
flight occurred in June of this )'ear.
Details are shaping up about the North
American X-IS , which is sponsored by the
Air Force, N avy and NACA. it will in\·estigate the unknow n velocity regions at
five, six, or more times the velocity of
sound, and il" will p robe 100 miles above the
su r f;,ce of our planet. IFe ellll almost COI/.shier the X-15 as II IIMlmed stUlcesbi/J, alUl
it will t1rob"bly be Ibis progressioll Olltwards illl)eiocit}, Iwd "di:Jt"'lce Irolll tbe
eartb" that will bring /IS to lull·fledged
IIUII/lled spflCe fligbt .
\'(Ie S'IW that the old X-I planes produced
6,000 pou nds of thrust, white the X-2 built
up 2 V2 times that; as much power as put
Out by a typical Navy cruiser. T he X-IS's
rocket engine, to be built by Reaction Motors of New Jersey, will release 60,000
pounds of thrust, :lnd will fire from 1 to 3
minutes.
Despite this enormous amount of power,
despite the fact that the a irplane is designed
to explore areas where no man has yet been,
and despite the fact that frictio n heat generated may rise 10 ISOO Df to 2500° F, the
plane is considered quite safe. Depe ndi ng on
the c ircumsta nces, the p ilot, in case of a mishap, will have a 90 to 100 per cent survival
chanl·e. The airph10e has been carefu!!y
designed from th e human enginee r ing poi nt
of vicw, with :,erome<!ical scientists of the
Air Force ;1Od Navy cooperating closely
w ith the manufacturer. It will be heavil)'
inst r umented to record conditions of ree n try from sp.Ke into (he earth's aUllos,
p here, heating, st;lbility ,It high speeds and
a1cimJes, and comro!' The X_IS wi!! be
the first, {fUe hypersonic boosted glider.
The initial flight test is expected in 1958.
Although less spectacular, high I)' import'lm work is bei ng, ;'nd has been , accomplished by rurboiet-powered research
a irc raft such as the X-3, x·4, X-S, X-l3,
X-1 4 and X-lS. A!! manned , these planes
have probed a v<Lriety of aero nautical unknowns, :md results are rapidly :lnd effi·
ciently being "ploughed back" into industry.
DOllglas X-J
�The X-3 h as often b<.-en referred to as
the " Flying Pencil" ix'Causc of its long
(nearly 67 feet), thin shape. Powered by
tWO ' Xlestinghousc jets. it produces 14,000
pounds of th r ust and land s at a brisk 215
miles per hour. The wing loading (a term
dcnoti ng thc gross we ight of the airpla ne
divided by thc a rea prcsented by its wings)
is somc 200 pounds for cach square foot, a
"ery unusua l figure.
This m i(l·w ing airplane carries 1,200
pounds of research instru mcntation a nd a
rcf r igen ltion system for cool ing the cockpit and instrumen ts. An imcresting fact
is th:or it uses somc of its fuel to circulate
in the nose arca fo r cooling. The a irpla ne
was desi gned to tCSt out slIStll;lIed, \'ery
high speed flight. and was a joint A ir Force,
N:lvy and NACA projecl. Much of the
craft was madc of lilanilllll.
Meanwhile, the X- 5 is :! plane featuring
a var iable sweep wing; that is, t he backward 51(.nl of the w ings can be :tdjustcd
durillg flight . W h ilc landing and taki ng·
off the sweep is about 20 degrl'e5, and in
fli g ht it can be positioned b:lck to ~ degrees. The w ing·sctting mechanism is
coupled 10 an a pparatus th aI immediately
compensates for the shift in the center
of g ravity of the IO,OOO-I'ouod ai rpl ane as
the wi ngs arc changed. T he usc of sweptback wings bOlh delays and red uces transonic elTects, but the exact degree of swccp
is often a problem. AsSO(:;ated widl 5W(,'CP,
howe"er, is a number of <Iiffie"!ti,, such
as t he thickening of Ihe so·callcd hound:lry
In)'c r ncar the tips. flow \'clocitics along t he
wing, necessity of large anglcs of aWlCk at
high lift. and d ynamic stabi lit y. Thc X·5
was designed to im·cstigare the aerod)·namic
cfTecu of swccpback and change of sweepback . Two airplanes ha"e crashed in thc
leu program.
'Xle now turn ((I anot hc r type of turbojetpowered research airpl:.ne known :IS the
V'\'OL {meaning Verlica l T (l kc'off (' n<l
Landing ) , represented by the X·I3, X .1 4,
and X·lS. All t hree planes ha"e come into
Norlbrop X-4
T he Northrop X -4 :H1J Bell X-5 rep resent a d ilTe re nt sort of airp lanc in that they
arc not prim:! rily designed for speed and
altitudc testing. Thc x -4 is charactcrized
by a tailless configuration wilh swept wings,
being pattcrned after thc well-known "fly_
ing wing" design. Ele\'ons on the Iraili ng
edge of the wing act us uilerons and ele,'ators. It is u SllIa ll plane, weighing only
7,000 pounds (11\d measuri ng less th:1II 27
fccI long. Much valuable in formation has
been gained on sUl b il ity ,md {light charucteristics from th is a irplane in rhe subsonic speed region.
Bell X-5
24
space jou rnal
,
;
�the news vcry recently, and all three ofTer
different approaches 10 the same end.
The X- 13 is pop u lar ly knowo as the
Verl i jcf, and its a pproach 10 vertica l takeoff is very d i rcc~: SCI the plane in a l u il-
downward, nose-upward positio n, a nd lake
otT. It is launched from a trailer bed
which is hydraulically r:l ised infO the ven iCli position .
•
The plane hangs from a
hook on a stretched albIc, and when ready
10 fly build s up power from its Ro lls.Royce
A von e ngine ulltil thc thr ust (,,,",eros Ihe
weight of t hc :lirplanc. In Apr il the first
" mulSit ion" flight was made when t he plane
,·cTli(.-ally look nIT, "conve n ed" 10 the horizontal position. flew at a rcspccra bl)' high
speed, agai n con vened and nmd c a ve rt ical
la n<l ing.
A jet reactio n
CIl,l[Tot
system is
A SUI'(,rson ic VTOL lighter has reporl(,'(!'
Iy been des igncd based on the X · 13 which,
it is claimed, could climb to 15,000 ft'Ct d ur o
ing the ti me II cOIH'cmional fighter is be·
coming airborn e. Th is and o ther VTO l.s
w ill probably re\'0Iutioni7.c the concept of
aerial warfare in tha t no ebborate (a nd
vu lnerable) land ing fields and carriers will
be necessary. Gi.·e the VTOI. a littlc sp;\ce
in the b;\ck )';\rd lind thllt is all it :lsks.
The sh rouds of mili!;,ry sccreg' have o nly
been lifted from the Uell X·14 which
might be call(,'([ a hori 7.0ntal VT OL. lis
two Armstrong·Siddeley ASV. S Vipcr jet
engines produce hot disch:lrge gases wh ich
are di.·erred downward du r ing take-off 10
p ush the a irpiline upw:trds. The total
JUSt
e mployed during periods of rising, lower.
ing o r JUSt ho."ering; the pi lot del1ectS the
jet exhaust by thrOllle control. Onl y 24
fect long. the plane has Jirecti onall)·-controlled bleed jets on the wingrips, and exceltern performance character istics (good
climb. m"neu\'Cr"bility, etc.). The Air
I;o r«:, Na\·y. and N ACA have "II su p ported
th e program at one stage or anmher, al·
though Ihe Ai r Force supports the
as such.
x·n
IJell X·14
thruSI is 3.500 pou nds. As the plane rises,
the exhauu gases arc di rected by special
vanes more and more rearward and hor i·
zonml fl ig ht can commence. Three com·
p ressed ai r jets arc used to comrol a!litude
when the plane hovers. The pl:'ne has
a lready completed preliminary f1 ig hl lests
both co n\'emionall y and unde r VTO I. con·
ditions.
RY"'I Verlijet X·13
T he fina l X·VTO t plane lIbout wh ich we
know sollll'lh ing i5 H iller Helicopters' lilt·
wing X . IS, which feature s four turboprop
engines, with twO COunter-rotating propel.
lers. This approach [0 Ihe VTO t a.rt
relies o n tilti ng Ihe w ings fro m the hori·
zo nlal 10 t he vert ica.l posi tio n and allow ing
25
space journal
�the ClIrboprops to literally screw the plane
up into (he air. Small turbojets in {he tail
provide comrol dur ing hovering operatio ns.
This p lane will pro b;tbly be used to nans-
I.
port troopS anJ supplies
to
and from arcas
through thc atmosphere into sp:lce (a pproximately 200 miles) then tilt and , with
m otors still fi r ing, emcr the earth's atmosphere at fiftccn times the spccJ of sou nd.
All this is done to test re ·entT), proble m s
where no airfields arc av:,iJablc. J{ eportS
arc tim! it (:UIl rno \'c along rather rapidly.
H iller X-J8
Wre now come TO the third a nd hml\
category in our su r vey of the X-sedcs, Uflm a nn('d missiles, the X-7, X - tO "oJ X-17.
Lock/)«etl X-7
[Oleh is powered by " different type of
engine; each has ils own specific rC5Cilfc h
purpose. Lockheed has twO, the X-7 al1<1
X·17, and North Arncriclo one, the X -IO.
A 11 :ITe c"lled {cst veh ides.
The X-7 is powe red by two ramjet cogines, being what is called a (CSt bed for
the type of powe r pl;ont that propels the
Boman: intercepter missile. The missile
has heen under development a nd test fOT
approximatel y ten ),ears and will continue
at leaS[ one more. It is usu:lll)' air-launched
and boosted by :l rocket e ngine to accelerate
the missile to the point where (he ramjets,
whic h need ra m :lir 10 sustain their opemlion, C:ln take over.
Unlike most missiles, X·7 is not expendable, and Gm be parachute. recovered for
continued use and evaluation. It ohen
lands nose fu st on a nose spike. Dat;L arc
tra nsmitted to the surfacc by a radio telcmc u y system.
The X-17 is a more a m bitious rocket,
being a three-st"ge affair, 40 feet long.
Normally, the roc ket will take off and fly
26
space iOlKnal
and the vit;d nose-cone aspect of the forthcoming intercontinental ilnd intermediaterange b .. llistic missi les. On one flight,
whcn the tilt ing mechanism did not function, the missile flcw to an altitude of more
t han 600 miles a nd a r,mge of more than
700 m iles. During flights in April and
July speeds of 9,000 miles per hour were
reported and later confirmed.
.i\fore than 20 of thc G·wn . solid.propelled
rockets havc been fired from the Air Force
M issile Test Center, most with good results. \Vhi le the findings TO d ate have bccn
i,pplieJ by thc Air Forl'e to its Atlas, T itan
and Thor b"I!istic missile projects, the
Navy may coorinue to fly the X - 17 as a
test vchicle for its submari ne-based Polaris
l R.BM .
\Vhere"s the X·7 and X-17 use ramjc[s
and rockets resp<.-ct i\'ely, the X·lO is provided with twO wrbojet engines. It is a
test vehicle fo r the rt.-cent!y-cancelled Navaho XS M-64A imercontine ntal-range cruise
�l..ockheed X·1 7
Nortb AlIIericlIIl Nambo X-IO
\
m issile, nnd it is e mployed 10 check out
nerodynnmic problems, electronic co mpo nents, :md gu idance features. Flight testing of the X·tO has been successfully CO Ill pleted according 10 the A ir !'orce. It has a
lnnding gear nnd ca n be reco vered after
fli ght fo r re-use, offering a great savin g in
money. Na"aho, the end product, was to
ha\'c bee n I>owc roo b)' Tam jets and boostoo
by three 120.000'pound li(IU id rockeu.
ila"ing brieR)' lookoo at t hese spectllcular
X-crnh , we mn)' ask : "" 'l?hat next? 'Vhat
w ill happe n 10 to 15 yea rs hence?" Th e
Air Force has IIlreally predicted lIIt1l11lt!d
rocket tI;rcrlljt flJillg tit um times t he speeli
oj SQI/lld u'i/hill tI~is lime perimi. If the
X ·15 re~c hcs 100 milcs, a laler X·plane,
which may then be calletl a spaceship, may
re:tc h 500 m iles, 1.000 miles, or more. T he
I>op u iur dist inc t ion bctwo:."en airplanes and
missiles 1Il1ly fude as the y blend imo tomor·
row' s space "chides. !I1ilitary
pial/lien
lire alread), Ihillkiug oj Ih e possibility 01
II'ars jOl/ghl ill the s/,(f(e slI rro mulilig tbe
e"rlb 11111/ ils Jlilllospberic bl'lIIkel.
,\ t th e $,'I me t ime our cruis<', interceptor,
:lIld ball isti c mi ssi le prog r~ ms w il! become
highly sophisticated. 'Ind again, if peace
conti nues, techniques c\'oh'oo could lead
to rockct nnd ramjet·propelled commercial
air liners ('d rr)' ing passengers at thou s.'I nds
of miles per hou r at the Olller fr inges of
the uimosphe re fi nd, of course, spaceships.
Tbere seems lillie doubt Ibtlt b~llisli~ mis·
siles <llId rOcitel ~irpllllles u ·HI be lII~ted
IlIIII del'eloped ;1110 lIIalllled r ebides IbaJ
will 0118 lilly re'lch t be 1110011.
27
space journal
�SPACE P RE V I E W
" mar s and beyond "
N DECEMBER 4th of last year, view·
ers of ABC·T V's " Disneyland" hour
watched the third of \\1all Disney's T omor.
row/and space ser ies unfold, MarI and Be)mJd,
in the 48'millllte documentary
"so:;:iencc·factual" fo rmal, sur passes its tWO
O
excellent predecessors, ,\ 11111 ill Space and
Ala" (lOul tbe M oo'i.
Now being re leased in T cchnicolor for
IhClllrical dist r ibu ti on, Ma rJ a"d Beyond
rcprescnu the culmi natio n of IWO rears'
research, w riting and artistic en<lcavor br
D r. ErllSI StuhlillKer, a /ea(ling scielltist ill t be rocket IIlId !SliMed lIIissile fieM (/e fl ,) ami
D r. "" ember /10 11 /Jral/II, rQcket ellgillee r (right), cOllfer Q II a sCIl/e mode/ of Ih e IIt omic·
electric splice sbi/! Ihal wOII/(1 make 1,01$ib/e Ib e I OllK trip 10 MarI ill tbis scelle frolll
IVlIlJ D ist/ey's j\I / IRS IIml BEYO N D.
28
space journal
----------------------------------------~i
�I
a dO;j;cn Disne y specialists, under the n'r·
s:u ile direction of W ard K imb.111. The film
aS$Li15 the enormous subject of life o n other
worlds, firST by a ca n oo n sequence tr.lcing
ma n's cosmic specu lalio lls througho ut his·
lory, then by a sober ,·iew of comcmporary
scientific hypothesis and conjcnutc.
E"olution of the solar system and life, the
conditions of m an a nd hi s environment, and
t he condi ti ons he may expect on other
,,1:1110::1$ IIfC conside rations wh ich form the
I11I1;n th read leadin g us to the rC(1 planet
liS the only other habitable sphere with in
Ollr solar f:ullily. After a dramat ic pc r usal of
(aCI5 lind spccu i:ltiol1 on Mats a nd its m ys·
ecries, co nducted by towcll Obscrval'O ry 's
Dr. Earl C. Sliphcr,
II
Its {/escelll slowed by a (Irag rhllte, a
Martiml Imutillg rmlt Ilears tbe m r/l1ce of
Mtlrs,
method of space
!light new 10 t he gcneral public is p re.
sc n{c<I: the io n propubion system devised
b)' Or. Er nS( S t u hling~r .
In a simulated trip to the fo urth planet.
the atomic-e lcctric spaceshi p and irs orbit
are broug ht om in a nimated ill ustra tion
which captu rcs the imagination. The ac·
curate presenrution. carcfu l allcm ion to de·
rail, and concise narratio n cstablish Dr.
Stuhli nge r's ha rd ware as a revolutionary but
.sound means of ext raterrest ri,,1 navigation.
In tclcscoping the }'ear·and ·a·half "oyagc
into :1 few minutcs on the screen, lll ar$ alld
lJe)oml achic ,'cs th e dream li ke re:llity of a
Chcslcy Bo nc5tcl1 pa iming brought to lifc.
Crew members 0/ a M art;a" ship obsert'e
a lefet'hiOIl srree'l the progress 0/ Ihe
lille 0/ the other ships hi tbe fir$l exped;.
tio" 10 the plauel ,\Iurs,
0/1
Thc olllswnding virtue of this motion
picw re is pe rh aps its success in prese ming a
difficu lt s\,bjccl to $0 w ide an audience.
"I";me, in a rev iew of u n usual praise. points
oul , "The)' d id not confuse thc popu lar
wit h Ihe vu lgar, avoided th e error of talk ·
ing down to t he viewer."
SPACE J ou rn al recommends ,ll4rs alld
He)o/Ill to all aStrona\us who want to in·
troduce th eir ne ighbou to the age of space.
I;or those who saw it on television, you will
be surprised ar the added dimension afford ed
by a l:lege scree n and the superb colo r for
which it was designed.
Crew memhers ;11 bottle suits mOI'e Ihe
rorkel fa"di"K rrafl aU'a), from Ibe Martiall
ship a"d il/lo positiol/ prior 10 attemptillg
Ihe hazardous 600 mile drop 10 the M artiall
SIIr/aCtl.
29
space journal
�SPACE CARTOON S
out-our space
"Good heaIJem, tlfe
Ibe 1110011.'''
}'Qtl
CQillC to build it to
"Uh_ob •••"
J.I-l£
~Dv£nTU1~:£\
30
space iournal
�RIE O\ CTlOI
VO X pDpuli
(EDITOR'S NOTS: The ~m edition of SPACE
Jnurnal broughc che following reactions from
r..,.ders. ) ""
, , , You may not remember . hi5 little SlOry.
Professor Obcr.h, because it is so typical of
you that it might ha\'e happened many
times, hut it is as fresh in my memory as
if it had occurred yesterday,
It was early in 19·'13 at PeenemeunJe, the
Ge rman rocket developme nt center on the
banks of the Baltic Sea. \'(Ie test·f.red one
of the first V2 rockets, and bec'.IIlSC the art
of rocketry wns still in its infancy in those
J t,ys. there was no "pad safety" to hold us
hack from the launch ing site, When a
missi le was fired, we stood under some pine
trees not more than 300 feet away from ,he
firing plalio r m. and we were happy to feel
the dust and ,s,"l nd. and e\'en the fringe of
•
the hot biaSI, right in Oll r faces. T he V2
missile wen! off fine dun Jay, anJ our eyes
followed it until it had d isappeared in the
deep· b lue Baltic sky.
When I turne(1 my eyes earthward agai n,
saw your filce close 10 me. I h:.J never
seen you before, but immediately recognized
you from pholOgraphs. YOII gazed at a
disrnnt point somewhere in the sky, but
not at all in t he direct ion in whic h the
hig rockel had jusl disappeared, I felt very
happ y to stand so close to such an extraordi.
nary man and perhaps 10 listen 10 what he
miglll say, n ut you did not care to ta lk.
After a long silence, I finally said, " It must
I
.--.-,.~=---=
.. _-_.------._--.-
-
.
---
31
space journal
�certai nl y be a most gratifying experience
for you, Professor Oberth, to see how beautifull y you r ea rly dreams and concepts of
large rockets hll,"e now come to life." But
}'ou ne ither answered nor changed your
ex pression. I was convinced tbat I had said
so me thing "ery stupid, if not offensive.
Afte r a long ti me, you slowly turned you r
head , and you ke pt turning unt il you looked
fa r ouc in the opposite dircction . After
anothe r long pause, you talked, selecti ng
rour words as carefully :Lnd slowly as only
a dee p .probing thinker does: " 1 have the
greatest ad miration fo r the engineers und
Il'chnicians who buil t this rocket. But be·
yond th at, it does nm lILean IILILch. \'\Ie havc
known before that a rocket w ill work
within and beyo nd che atmosphere. This
rocket is only the first litt le step toward a
much grea ter project: the exploration of
ou ter space. Out th ere, there arc still so
lIl uny thi ngs whic h we do not know and
which a re perhaps far beyond our im"ginat ion . The re exploration is w hat really
counts. \'{Ie must not fo rget this goal in the
en th usiasm cha t a mere technical success
may g ive U5."
After th is. you contin ued to look sile ndy
into the depth of space which was far
away from your eres but so ve ry close to
you r heart.
H urll$vi lle, Al a.
Ernst Stuhl inger
Dear Editor,
Vol. I, N o .1 , was handed to me fo r comment. . . . . I have just fi nisll(xl read ing it
from co,'cr to cove r, somet hing I very rarely
fllld time to do with any journ a l. P lease
enter my su bscription, effective with the
fir S! issue if possi ble. I fear you have (!Stab·
lished slU;: h a hi g h level o f :lChievemcnr
with t his first issue tha t yo u will not be ab le
to sustai n ie, but the I>cst of I,,(:k 10 ),OLL in
t his ende:l,·o r.
In(:id ent aUy, regarding Dr. von Braun's
contribution ( React ion, p. 39) in which he
all r ib\L te5 rhe " Becau$C it is t here" remar k
to Sir Edmund H illary; I ha,"e not checked
any refe rences on t his but wasn't th is rc-
32
space
iournal
mark actually mad e by eiche r Ma llory or
In·inc quite a few yea rs befo rc !-lillary's
t imc?
Yours sincere ly.
Capt. Edwi n R . Arc hi b."lld USAF
Holloma n AF8, N ew Mexico
Dear Edito r,
I hne JUSt read )'ou r magalci ne SPACE
Journ al, and I like it very muc h. Howe,'c r ,
I wish to !,oint OUi an error in the React io n Depa rtment. In his first paragraph, Dr.
VOIl 8raun refers 10 th e answe r " l3ecLuse
it is there" to the questi on o f wh y anyone
shou ld want 10 climb Mt. Eve rest. I-Iowe"er,
this a nswer was not give n by Sir Edm und
l'l illar)', but by George leigh-Mallory, who
dis."lppeared on Mr. E"erest in 1924. On this,
his third attempt 10 co nquer Mt. J~ ,"eres[,
he and h is companion, Andrew Irvine, were
hLst see n by N . E. Odell, hig h up the mountain. I'm sure that Sir Edm und was moti.
vated by the d r ive to which Dr. vo n I3ra un
refe rs, but hc d id not make the remark
:lllrib uted 10 him.
Yours truly.
Euge ne Edelstein
New York, N . Y.
R ~gd~rI A rfbibnld ami f!.d~ls/~ill <Ire correel ill snj'itlg Ib,,1 Ibe sl<lletllellt I/'ns firs l
lII<1de by George Leigh-Alallar,. Dr. 11011
Brallli is <llso corren ;1/ <lUribll/;llg tbe reo
1II<1t1t to Sir Edmlmd. Itl tb t! fi/111 fiocllllle"t·
;lIg tb e eXf!Cllit;o" , Sir EdllI/lml /lJed tbe
pbrnse, g;Ii;lIg Le;gb-Mallory crefiil, alld
said tbat be /lias 1IIolil'''/{u/ b)' tbe sallie
reaso ll. Elli/or.
Dear Edi tor,
I w ant a one·year su bscription to SPACE
Jo urna l. Start me wit h the winter issue ..
Eadl iss ue of SPA CE J our nal COSIS SO
cents :LIld it is published quarte rl y. \Xlhy
docs it COSt $2. 2S for a one-yea r su bscri ptio n ? \Xl hy the ext ra 25 cents?
Yo urs trlLl y.
Leo Bigos
III Ibe rllSb /0 gel Ihe first issue 0111, a
good mall)' 1!J;'lgs bettll/lt! eOllfusednmOllg tbem tbt! priet! on tbe fO~'t!r of tbe
�I
scrolld prillll"g oJ the first ediliOIl. 'rhe
(OrTecl price per co/') is 50 cellI!; )early
Jlfbscriptioll prire;s 2.00. GrQwj,lg paillJ
of " Jledglillg publirlllioll were also tbe
callst! 0/ tbis de/a)e,1 steo"d cJilioll. The
ubeJule ;s /l OIlJ Slabiliud. &iitor.
Dcar I:ditor,
I :un enrolled in a Icacher training pro·
'.
•
gram at the local un;.crs ity and
study ing the dcvc lopnU'nI of a
~Lm
UlI;t
now
in the
upper clemen wr y leve l. W'ilh the cmpl13sis
placed on man and science in the world
IOday, we ha,·c choSl' n the Study 01 Ainu
as the theme of our initial unit dcvcJo p'
mCIH; its relation to his en vironment; its
effects [II difTerem altitud es ;",<1 depths; and
the co m pcnsnlio ns Ihal a rc n«C55:.r)' to
enable him 10 :';0 beyond the stratosphere
(:111<1 into space. if (:n:r).
Do you hl"'C any pamphlets or in form:uion tlml we could have in relation to our
IOpic? A bibliography and a lin of sources
of inform:uion would also help grcatly.
Ewa, Oahu. l!:awaii
i\laSo"lko K iyabu
A Iisl is 0'1 Ibe ",ay. &iilor.
Dcar Editor,
You·,·(' starled a publ ication which is
mosl welcome. an([ J ca n'l co ncei"e of "
beller group 10 hand le it. The SPACE Jou r.
nal ce nainl y n~doo 10 coulHcract some of
Ihe poo rl y wcineo "space a rticles" now appea ring in al m OSI e"ery newspaper and
m ag:11,ine o n Ihe newssta nds.
BUI my first reaction, when [ saw your
firSI issue al Ihe local m agazine shop, was
disgust. II's nOt bad enough that we're
behind the Russiuns on Ihis thing. I thought
- now here's another sensa tio n-ha ppy p ub.
lisher It yillg to ma ke a fasl buck on it. .. ,
So I bo t hered to pick up your fust issue
ami g lance down the list of contributo rs
on Ihe co,'er. \V'ell, il looked rat her good
-50 then. finally. I searchoo ins ide for the
small print telling who did publish this
magazine. /\nd I bought it.
Consequently, my first suggestion would
be thai )'ou incorporate 50me of that small
print somewhe re on Ihe front co\'er, giving
due cred it 10 the Rocket Cit y Astronomical
Association of H untsv ille. Alabama,
Secondly, I wou ld suggest thnt you ski p
Ihe pocU)' . • • . But th e mOSt serious re'1ueSt I ha,'c 10 m ake is th at ),ou omit any
science fiction. at least until the magazine
reaches a sufficient size to spare a few pages
on a sho rt slOry, InStead. I would much
rather ha\'~ some good biographical studies
of such men as Newton. Copernicus, and
I:ermi, as well as GOOd:lrd and lowell---Qr
eyen H. G, \'(' e lls or Daedalus, . , .
Chic:'so, ll1 inois
Joe Gibson
Tballks for tbe ideas, Joe. A"d (IS a slart.
ree tbe currem issl/e for a., <I,lide 011 Prof.
Go(l(ltml. Editor,
OeM Ed ilor,
I htuc read 5C\'cral arlicles in you r first
issue of SPACE Jou rn:ll, aod find myself
particularly intrigued widl D r, Yon Braun's
"Where Arc We Going?" nnd Mr. W hi p_
p l ~'s " \'(/ hy Conquer Space." I find that the
inspiration expressed by these could use
some backing in S P ACE Journal in OIher
forms than Icehoi",11 articles. . . . .
I call 10 mind particularly Ihe appeal 10
youth, And I can So"ly from my own ex.
perience that m)' present interest in astron_
omy has its founda tion s not o nl y in the
popular books 50 readily a\'a ilable on thc
subject , but 11 150 in li n aCli\'c participation
in some astro nomical experiment, I am sure
Ihat lmd I nOI observed an eclipse of the
moon in 19.f3 o r 1944, or lookl..x) at the
sky w ilh bi nocu lars lind 1:lIcr II telescope
(ho m em:,deJ. I would not have show n much
ell1husiasm fo r Ihe HatS, For m~ny peo p le
Ihe reading of books a nd art icles is ad·
c(pHl!e. bllt I fecI Ihol expericnci ng t he fecI
of looking through a Iclescope on a cold
night o r developing t he f,cst negrll i\'e of an
attempted moo n pholOgmph odds an
essentia l ingredient 10 th e flourishi ng of an
interest,
Somehow. I fee l t hat suc h an ingredient
should be pllt into SPACE Journal. As an
eX:lfllple YOll migl\l sup pl y information on
the frl..'quencies and noture o f the signals
10 be used by the \,:l riO U5 satellites' lransmitters 50 Ih:1I amaleurs with Iimiled equipmelll can cnjo), so me of this "acti ve p."lrtic ipation," That the R ussian Sputni k had
o ne signa l 50 com'enientl)' 10000led in the
33
space journal
�spectrum as to be available to inexpensive
short w,lve receivers was well suited {O
this. The satellite (.·ould be easily heard and,
for example, its pulse rate established
(counti ng pulses) and its signal strength
could be graphed. And thnugh no useful
d ata may be recorded in sllch a fashion,
what is there lost, if this helps boost someone's interest in the conquest of space?
I do not particu larly have in mind that
another Moonwatch be established. J USt
something that can put the amateu r in
direct connlct w ith the activities, nOt
through reading alone, but by "accive partic ipation .. · ' ,>,hat would be lost?
Ikrkeley, Calif.
',>,ill iam E. K unkel
Absolutely 'lotbing would be (mt, alld it
is O/le of tbc aims of tbe SPACE jOf/rnal
to stimulatc ;11$1 S/lcb illtercst amollg <I//latcurs. Ir1e pla'i to do i/lSt that ill fortbcomitlg isSllCI. Editor.
Dear Editor,
It is with considera b le enthusiasm that I
discovcr<.>d )'our journal, not in the sedate
and musty atmosphere of the public Jibr:try
of Los Angeles, but deep in the skidrow
section of Main Street. There in a bookstall famous for its girl)' magazines, foreign
car publications, art smdies, and pin-ups,
my ere fe11 on your exciting effort to interpret SP,KC [(....·hnology for the world.
Particul"rl), of interest arc the philosophical remarks or intellectual justification
for your acrivity. This I believe is importa n t for Americ;l11s, as we do not often u ndersmnd anything w h kh is devoid of economic motive. Thus far there has been no
mcntion of oil wells, uranium deposits, or
d iamond mines on Mars..
Just the pure
possibility of discovery. I approve of this.
The technical side of th is is of i[]{erest to
me as I h,l\'c a sm;111 part in the technics of
space travel: 1 work for a company Ih,1.[
manufaClllres vihrorrons, the vibral"ing wire
type of tra nsducer wh ich me:tsures pressures
with t;reat ,1(CUr;lCy ...
t et me compliment yOllr staff on its
rarc huma n appro;,ch to one of the greatest
teChnological efforts of all time. Dr. von
34
space journal
Braun, for a European, has considerable
insight into the th inkint; of Texas. Ev ident_
ly they, roo, have been co ndiIione<l by
"space" limitations,
Y ours sincerely,
V. E. Jenkins
Tusti n, Calif.
Los Allge/es, it appears, possesJeI OIIC of tbc
more (/iscrimifltllillg skidrows ill 'he Call/Itry. SPACE 10m·//al, it also "PPCIITI, elljoj's
evel1 a widcr audie/lcc tball we bad at first
supposcd. Il7bilc tbc fint issllc contained 110
"mel/tiOll of oil wells, "'·allium tICIJ05il$, or
ditmlO"d mines on ,\I"rs," succeedi"g issues
will illclude <lrticles 011 all pbases of tbe
1I1IlII)' facel$ of sl,ace e.v/JloratiOIl. . illellitl·
ing thc col/Jmerci,,1 possibilities of estabJisbiug illtlllstr)' 011 Mars, if such be feasible.
SPACE 10url/al is collcef/zed with alll'rob_
lems alit! I,o ssibilities illvoll'cd ill space
travel, alltl i" tbe futurc it willlJrillt (1Tlieles
accordillgly. Editor.
TH E ROC K ET CIT Y AS·
TRONOi\I ICA L ASSOCIATION
re-elected four officers and three
board mcmbers to their posts for
1958. Re·elected were:
Dr.
' ,>,eruher von Braun, who on
January 29 received the Space
Flight Plaque of the American
As tronomica l Society, presiden t ;
Mr. Conrad Swanson, vice president; Mr. Geort;c Farrell, secretary; all<I M r. Quincy Love, treas·
u rer.
Also re-elected as board membe rs of the association were Mr.
',>,ilhelm Angele, M r. B. Spencer
Isbell, and i\l r. Gerhard H eller.
Assoc iate board members elected
wete i\I iss Susanne H iltc n and
" I f. H artmut Schillint; to fill the
positions vacaled by M.r. Gerd
Schilling and M.r, Gerald SwanSOil.
�I
SP ACE
FIC T IO H
beyond th is star
B y James l . Daniels, J r.
B
RAO PIU;SSED T HE BurrON be-
side the buoyant cushion on whic h
he lay. The seamless fabric CO"cr ing slid
down from h is body and J isappcan.'<1 into
t he footboa r<1. He stretched to loosen h is
dormam muscles. So rhis was t he laska of
the attempt. I..aska, day; he was eyen \Ising
their wonls now. So flu, !iO far-from
th:ll blue-green Earth wi th ils you ng gree n
hills and azure sky. wilh irs sun_warm days
and rhi nestone ni ghts. More than six
months now, earth time, he had been here
0 11 this dead moon so far from Earth.
Now, if the csc-.. pe ancmpt worked, he
must go back with the disappointing an·
s .....ers-the few that he had. The only
reward for the whole long· heralded expedition was the p roof of (he Animate P rogression theory the Palomar Group had championed so long. The regimcntation, the
5lagn:1n1 Sffile of humanitr herc, the whole
cr:unpot.-d and smffy, tomb-like existence
of a dead·soule<1 pcople in these Domes on
Ihis :jirless ic), world-C"en with its ever·
lasting nuwmation , it was nil so dead, like
these undecorated metal walls around him.
•
Bnld rolle<! up w sit on the side of the
bed. T hc warnlth of h is feet wuehing the
cool floor ~ICltlarl.."{1 the silent weathertron
somewhcre in the cemer of the building.
Th!! elose air sti rr!!d and freshened in th e
room.
Across the narrow room the blank door
in the wall b)' the View-scree n broke silen tl r open. The liquid blonde girl who
entered came toward hi m, smiling-flowed
as if wil hout feet under her g listening Jegelinging skin. K ay-ba r! She alone could
make him think of the folly of the a llempt.
H e held out his (lrms for her. She g lided
into them.
"You sleep so long,
was warm (l Ito.
Ill)'
One."
Her voice
"Am I suc h (I fool to go?" Urad held
her out from h im. I ler face s,'"ldde ned.
" Is the lime so soon, Urad?"
T he answe r hurt within h im. " I suppose
knew th:1I you would know, Ka y.bar, b ut
couldn't (ell yo,,:' 1·le stood lip, Sl id ing
her hnnds from his nrms, and turned away.
The skylight had folded back, nnd the
perpetual sodiulll light caSt pale re llow on
the "~dlls of the room. Up beyo nd the
mile-high cry stal dome the awful sputtering g iant, J upiter. W(lS almost direnl)' over·
head. " 1 gue5S no 10"er in rour cons of
history, 1I0r in the shorr t ime of man on
earth, e ,'er faced a part ing an)' differently.
How does a m:1II tell his woma n, ' I am going- amI wi t hout )'ou.' l:wfI when he is
going to leln'c her. not jllSt hundreds of
mi les or thollsu nds, bm millions, behi nd
him."
" I, like your I::. rth·poe u ' love rs, would
sa)', 'T ake me with )'ou.''' She touched
his should.:;r gent ly, Her breath was warm
ugl. inst his back. I-Ie clasped the 11(lIIds she
folded around h is waist. "But I will not so
(lsk. I know thllt YOLl ha\'e ro, da rling; that
it is not for you r p«Jplc or m ine; not for
rour world or millc, bUI e"e n for all our
kind, that you go. Goodbye, Brad, and
may you Ih'e 10 see your green hills of
Earth agai n." Urad's brCflth ached in his
throat as she sli PIl,ed away and Out of the
room.
35
space journal
�" \'(filh how
sleps w<.' lea\'<.' the
dream couch, w which I wandered
afur," I-Ie finished the line wilh his
words, fo r truly his cOIning h:I<J been
afar.
lm'efrom
own
from
A long dme afterward. in the San i-closet,
with the cleansing son ic W:I\"<.'$ dngling his
skin like a neC(lie shower, he closed his eyes
to dream of Earth.
He had been tingling with neeJI('s of excitement when he had first climbed [hosc
long Slone stairs up to the oak.panel door
of the Observatory.
I I was t('n r('ars lal('r before he was
ready. bcforc [h('y e,"en loid him that hc
would be one of the three Ollt of Ihe thirty
in the organization. the P:.tomar Group,
who would take that long jump beyond (he
pale bl ue Earth into dark space-to find
those ancient answers.
Since the mid-century war the basic ques·
lion had been simple: "Can man endure
in the face of contimlL'<I fratricide, with
weapons in hand tnat can oblileratc life?"
36
space journal
,
Hut the sim plicity of the question had be·
lied the complexity of the answer. Neilher
Science nor Philosophy had been able to
begin to answer. The ]>ondering of the
q \lcsdo n had been bel:ned , pessimistic, and
negative.
In desperalion. Drs. Wherry, Carl, and
others of Ihe first Palomar Group in the
sixties had IllrnC(1 (0 the discarded theory
of Animate Progression. which was simply
Ihat solar syStem life had begun in eo ns
past on the outermost planet when proper
condi ti ons had e"olved; then as that planet
wilh ils own cooling. the diminishing he:1I
of the sun, and its own outward drihing
from the sun, had lost its atmosphere a nd
d ied, the life of the plnnet had moved on.
or hud been mo\',,'!! by unknown coslllic
forces, to the next planet nearer the Sun.
The process had repeated irself u ntil our
own Earrh had e\'olved life a nd l)Op ulated
itself. Most scienti fic and research groups,
infl ue nced by such limited theorics as
\Xlildl's atmospheric cornposirion theor)"which would preclude ex istence of earth·
�,
lorm life on the other planers-had dis·
claimed the An imate t heory and scoffed at
the Pa lomar Group. But the grou p con·
ti nued it.s astronom iC'll 1 resea rch. \'Vh ile the
wodd sciences de\'oted research toward
greater weapo ns and man rushed madly
toward annihilation, the Pa lomar G roup
de\'oted itself to t he Animate P rogression
research, turning its spectroscopic swdles
10 each pi:lnet in rurn, constructing a n ac·
curate sp:lce AIi:lS, and preparing men for
space travel.
Confident t hat t he guided missile and
man ned rocke t programs wou ld inevitably
overcomc ti,e tec hnological harriers to space
trave l, the G rou p directed research tow;lnl
sclecling the beSt possibility among the
solar system planets lo r surv iving life. They
reasoned that if [he Animate theory were
correct t here would be a strong possibility
that life had surv ived o n at least one of
the o lder 1,IaneIS in the progression, and if
such life had survived then the inhabitants
by "irtue of the very cons of thei r existence
shou ld be far wiser than earth's man. T he
proper presentation of the question of man'S
surviva l wou ld be to such "O ld Ones," if
the)' uistcd.
" b nned satell ites in the late sixties had
helped (0 make possible t.he technological
b reakthrough. The Moon Obsen'awry had
been completed in 1971 and the Palomar
Group, now redllime.:1 by science and the
governmen t, 1110v&l. in the re in ri me for
unobscured observations of Mars during its
dose llpproach in August of Ihat year. Mtlrs
prove<1 to be a ruSty d ri e.:l.up p lanet, but,
d uring the nex t yetlr, electro·spectroscopic
studies, without 1:1lrth's vapor Hnes to inter·
ferc, revealed tim! Ve n u~ aClUally did have
WlHcr vapo r in ils atmosphere. f urthermore.
tI,a! atmosp he re wns actually evolving into
a com l)Osit ion thar would support li fe for ms
such as found on Eurth. Heartened by their
Jisco\'eries, t he Grou p searched w ith re·
newed lcal for some sign of sur vivi ng life
on the outer planets.
h was only w hen they began t.he ir study
of the satellites that a real posSibility was
fo\,nJ, Europa, the thi rd moon o f J upiter.
Only sligh tly sma llc r than and tw ice as far
from its parent as I:arth's 1I100n, it fasci.
nuted t hc Group because o f its h ig h re fl ec·
ti"if)', so high that fro m t he Moo n itS albedo
pro"ed to be twe n ty times that of Earth.
There SCi!med no way to explain it other
than t har ir muS! be due to something a rt ificial. A nd art ifice in the Un;"crse could
only mcan life.
No t long aftt( the cad)' chemical space
(Irives had taken man fO t he I\100n, Dr.
Reinhold, wo rking with Neulfon ics Elec·
tric, hnd dC\'cloped his G·Null Converter.
R einhold had simply coupled Stuhlinger's
Ion drivc experime n ts w it h the f orce·field
Trtlnsmiue r developed in 1970 by H och·
berger at M .1.T. and had comc up with a
device for tra nsmitting a positive force
ficld to a p rescribed area ahead of t he shi p
and simultaneousl), pola ri zing t he entire
sh ip to negnti\,e. It wou ld sim pl)' draw the
shi p forward b)' lIU(nction, with its speed
regulated by the strengt h of the field. By
reversing the direction of the field from
front to rea r and adjusting the strength,
thc ship could be eased downward against
a gra\,ir.n ional pull nt a controlled speed,
thus simplifying landings on an)' planetary
body. The legendary Paragraviry Device
was a fact.
• • • •
i-iencc, the destination was determ ined,
the course c harred, :md a feasib le sh ip un·
de r construction when Brad Hudson. Myron
Drake nnd Sieve Arnhearst were Sl'lecte<1 fO
form t he crew of the SfA RI'fRE. T he
Sf / JRPIRI? had bunched from t he moon
in the spring of n inety. three.
Fo r the ent ire nine months there had
no r been a single major malfunction-just
the vast da rkness and the mo notonous h"m
of the G·Null Converter in the compart·
ment next to h is bun k. At times it had not
been easy to hold back the shrill \'o ice in·
side t hat kept trying to sh riek out agai nst
the h um and the weightlessness that "'en
t he mag net ic sole5 had not been sufficiem
to overcomc. The), st iU left o ne wi th the
feel ing o f hanging from the ceiliDg by the
shoes.
Another n inety hours would bri llg tbe
sh ip in to the J up iter gravitational field.
37
sp.!lce journal
�38
space journal
------------------------~
�T hen wou ld come (he real test of Reinhold's
Com "cncr. If it could build up sufficien t
braki ng power 10 ho ld aga inst t he J upi te r
fie ld, at least un ti l they cou ld get into a n
orbit arou nd t he tin y Europa! Re inhold
had been confidcm , but th en he was the
(:lI her o f the thi ng and was (J ot the o ne
hav ing 10 leu i l . Brad was som ewhat 11 (>prehensh -e. H is r ig id stomach m uscles assu red h im of t hllt.
•
•
•
Forwa rd, in the bu lbous nose of the ship,
t he shore squa t A m hearst am id dial s and
panels h unched suddenl y forward w ith his
eyes g lued to t he ele<:troocope, sca n n ing the
now baskct ball·s iwd J upiter and the rapid
e ll ip ti c swing o f Euro pa aro und it.
" Beue r gC I up here, you t WO," A m hcarst's
hoa rse "oice b las ted sudden ly loud over t he
he lmet inte rco m . Brad Soar u p as the lank y
D rake brushed paS! h im with his robot-like
wadd le_ Afte r twO yea rs of (raining and
ni ne months out, Dra ke st ill had n't lea rned
to coordi nate h i5 moveme ntS wi th t he alternate left- right, on-off, automatic switc h ing
of the magnetic soles for walking. Brad
followed the long man 10 the from. Beyond
the forward port, J upitcr was ballooning
at a terr ific rate.
" \Vhat ?" Drake's calm rationa li ty came
t hrough, C"en in his voice. The cool· headed
bean pole had been the smbilizing factor
th roughout the long ,·oyage. Amhearst, in
:lnswer , mot ioned IOward the forwa rd port.
" Europ:I'S Ihe lillie mile 10 t he right now.
Y Oll {;:Ln see it with t he naked eye."' And
Ihere it was, a tiny brighl light, sliding
across Ihe red Aurry of J upiter'S south tropi.
cal disturbance. "Now l:heck the electro·
scope!" Am hea rSI slid b.1Ck from the face
picce. Urad p ressed his own helmet to the
scope. T he enla rged scope image broug ht
the little moon a Ihousand ti mes closer. It
was ice wh ite wit h crystal-like specks dotting the face of it.
"T here's lifc--or was!" Brad forced himself to re lax against his childis h desire to
jump up and down. H e enriched his oxygen
supply and breathed deliberately slow and
long.
\Vithin ten hours Ihe crystal spotS had
resoh'ed in to dea r dome like Stnl{;t uces on
the ice,co" ered moon, spaced geometrically
m'c r t he su r face. T h us, the high albedo was
accounted for. In a nother live hours city·
likc arrays o f Structu res could be seen in
each of t he g ian t Domes.
Dur ing h is third ten· hou r w atch since
t hc ol»cr vatio ns had begu n Brad could
make o ut cylind r ical a nd hemis pherical
bu ild ings, g lint ing b r igh tl y me ta l.lic in t he
art ificial ye llow glow inside the Domes.
By now Ihe appre hoosion had again rep laced the exci teme nr: W ou ld the li fe th at
had crea ted th is hu man· like arc hi tecture
still exist inside t hose bu bbles t hat had no
do ub t enab led t he m to survive afte r the
death of their wo rl d? T he apprehension
doub led into cold sweat when Brad called
th e ot hers to statio ns for the fie ld reversa l.
110r now wou ld be the teSt- hu rtl ing in.
wa rd toward J upi te r Ilt one hu ndred thous... nd m iles pe r hou r. Dmke and Amhearst
sl rappcJ in and checked. Brad glanced
o,'er the panels and d ials.
"Nowl" he 5o.. id. He locked the la nding Con tro l in lO the orbit of Europa. H e
sucked in his breath and he ld it, Aashed
the red panel ale rt, and {;ut t he Con,'ener
to Zero. He pressed the Field Re,'ersa l
leve r to Automatic. The Field· D ial needle
snllppt.oJ across the face of the dial and
locked on Re\·crsc. Now, wou ld it hold?
Brad breathed again. lea ned back and adjusted his body straps. The slow ing bodylUgging tlcceler~lI ion began. Fi ve hours
of this and t he n lan<ling. Quite suddenly
Ihe b lackness came, and he knew no more.
\Vhen Ihe inwa rd Aow of returni ng con ·
sciousness ehbed, Urad was aware of an
ac hi ng while lig h t. It S<.-etned 10 ha ve no
sou rce. H e was not on the ship! H e mUSt
have rni.scalcll l ~lIed the decell'ra t io n rate.
So the AulQmat i{; had landed them. He lay
on a dllis of some k ind in the center of a
rather bare and cold hemisp heriC-oil roo m.
On one side of the room were te n whitecloaked figures scared behind a panel of
desks. After a momenl Brad reali~ed that
he was the object of their attention. He
bl inke.:l again, (o r the len were idemicalstmiglu coal·black ha ir, pale skinned and
heavy browed. As Urad studied the cold
39
sp ace journal
�impassive faces, the one in the cemer spoke.
"You, Space Comer, are in the presence
of Primesters. I am Ko-Pa ll, the J udge
Superior of th is world. \Xfe b(we ascertained that you are the Prime One of the
comers." If/bill of tbe olber$.' Urad cou ld
not spea k. " To know you nnd your race
we have kept )'OU unconscious as we found
you, for ou r psyc ho.physio exam inations.
Now, we must exam ine )'ou in a conscious
state. You w ill tOuch t he protr usion unde r
rour right hand, please." T he b:ISS ,·oice
/l owed Out with a hrp nolic resonance. The
ma n's f(lce rem;, ined expressionless, but
there was a sinister hardness a round the
da rk glinting eres.
Brnd fingered the knob under his palnl
and pressed. T he dais resolved itself imo
a n eas)' cha ir shape, leaving him in a comfortable up right position. So smooth was
the tr1H1sfoTm;,tion tha t Drad's reltex tensing
had not time to brace his bod)' agai nst it.
Now the tenseness weLU au I . The r;Ul{ness
in his head !Old him that his hod{s relaxed
condition was Slill part of the elTC(:t of
whatever narcoleptic inducing agent they
had used on hint.
" YOII have of course hccn thoroughly exam ine<1 by our l'srcllO- Physiological 1X."Ople
and aLIT Dio·7...QO logiC;11 staffs while you were
narcothi7.ed. as h""e the o t hers of your
people." D rake. AIII!ullr$t_ tl·bere are
the) ? Urad stra ined to speak.
" In a moment," Ko-Pall s.1id, "YOII w ill
be able 10 speak. As for your friends, if
that is rou r concern , they life safe. They,
tOO, ;. re being studied. \X' e will not harm
)'ou. I aSSure )'OU tha t Ollr interest is
pu re ly scientific and ratio nal. Idlc curiosity
has no place in our world. You w ill, of
cour§('. obscn'e that we corwer§(' in rour
langwlge. This we know will not surprise
)'01L. as rOil people had on your "chide
p r imit i"e electron ic tnLnslators ' ;,"d deciphering devices; hence, rOLL Me ;Iware of
the sim pl!! process of defining and reproducing ;1 language. You k now t hat the
neX t ste p is a de"ice for imposing the
mechanics On the brain of Ihe lea rne r. All
extension of m ncmonics docs il."
Of course, Urad t hought. So /I'e Bartb·
40
space journal
1/1611 hll!!e gOlle $0 far with 16(bnology tbat
we f orgot Ibe simple lillIe hUlllal1 elemBllls.
-rbirty dll)'s bath September-.
" If you arc wondering about the Prime·
SIers you see here, we arc thc go,·e rn mc tH.
The Primesters' specia l illlerest in ),011 is
political not clinical or scientific. Our
Science a nd T ech·Councils have th ose areas.
Our exam ination need not be feared . Now,
you arc advanced as a life form , otherwise
you would 110( !la,'C ,'cntured through
space. You are ad"anced as a race, otherwise you could not. Natu rally we must
dete r mine whether you ;rre a t hreat to OlLr
world. Our Tech-Councils, tlfter their eXIlIlIi·
nation of you r ship and other equ ipment,
hn"e all assured us that you can be such a
threat. Now, we must ;Iscermi n your politi .
cal intentions and I:>otemiai for we know
that it is pol itical and commercial Ilmbition,
not scientific potent ial, that initiates cooAict."
Ko· Pall clasped whi te bony hands before
him on rhe black metallic desk top . "W'e
;Ire. of course, a m a~cd that your life form,
e"en though more primiti,'e in its e.-olu·
tio nary nate, is similar to ours, fo r our reSClrrch has prove n com patibilit y of man y
;md radically different life for ms wi th
the uni"c rse. \'(Ie ha"e dc term in('d that you
arc of Planet Th r~ of Our Solar S)'Sfem?"
The cold man paused as if wa iting for an
answer.
Brad's '"oice (:ame now, but hoarsely.
"Yes. we are from I~arth."
" \Xle had detected life there but thoug h t
it more primiti"e." Ko· Pa ll's face d ispla)'c<1
some slight signs of inte rest now. "\Vhy
did you come here?"
Brad's '·oice came easier. He explained
the Animate theory. the question of man's
sor"i"lll. a nd the nal\1r111 curiosity of
1:lL rthlings. \Vhen he had fioishe<l, the
Primeste r Council filed solemnly out, like
a panel of robed English judges.
The)' let him slc.:.-el' e ight hours in a
cubicle off the central room-then back for
quenion5. Question eight, sleep eightmethodically (he)" continu(.-d fhe e:o;aOl ina·
lion. co"ering cver)' face l of ea rl h life.
Sociel), and gm'ern ment, they prolx.-d unt il
�(here was nothing in his mi nd in those
areas t hey d id nor know. The food COli ·
«'n mues Ihcy b rought him w(' rc tasteless.
He grew weary. Ko- Pall grew morc persistent, a] mOS I sadistic, un til th e cold ha n]
face and mClhods fused inw a brinle si n ister
•
personal ity.
And B rad knew fhe man was
d:l!Igc rous.
He beaullc so cTuc ll y h uman
-the racket boss, the d ict'dlor. In his nea r ly
n umbed 5 1111(', Brad s:nv the possibility of
answer to Eanhrn an's dilemma fade and die
in Ihc face of this self·centered man. So
here, nfle r cons of ('xistcnc(', was man. Surviv ing, yes, bUI s[;l1 thc sa me selfis h, powe rmad Cf(~alurc that was dlc younger 1::lrth
kind.
T hen, abruptly, Ihe cxamin:uions ceased
w illi Ko- Pall's p ronOllnce mc n l tha t t he
Ear t hmen were teu l), a ducal to Europa.
B rad k new that here would be Ko-Pall's
•
,
stepping stone fa mo re powe r, the eli m ioa·
t ion of the t hreat.
T hey had sem him to ~ hl-bar the n" I u- bnr the D ireclOr of Bio-Sciem:es for
Euro pa. It "':1$ to this w i;,;ened little /11:10
with cri nkl)' cornered eyes and gemle
mouth, :ond 10 his daughte r Kay.ba r, thnt
Brad owed h is survival these six mon ths
since the Primester's inquisitio n. Ko- Pa ll
had conceded 10 Mu·b:lrs· demand and hud
grallted a six· mont h observat ion pe r iod.
Under this guise " III-bar had taken 13md
into his own apartment. There. w it h Kay_
bar's <ln ily com pany, Brad hild learned the
comforts of this hermetic world- t he sonic
shower, where now he su)()(1 tingling; the
d cct ronic app lian ccs wit h no wires; th e
tcle" ision and tclepat hic SClnners. projccIOrs. il!ld monitors, c,'en to control sleep and
rest: the diseaselcss cities; the illg:!e nnd
plnn k ton food production ; Ihe ar ti ficinl
su n light and I>ower harnessed to Jupite r's
ceaseless hyd roge n eruptive acti"ity, tha i
was thc great n ed Spot. And with Ka)'- ba r
he leMnc<;! the 10"e he had nO! had time fo r
in his I;art h ),ears of ime nse st udy and mlin·
illg.
\X' ith M u·b.1r Brad lea rn ed t he ho rrorsregimentation a nd hollow commu nal liv.
ing, controlled genes thul rep rOl.h,,:ed euc h
human type necdc<;! for specifIC blots in t he
economy, w h ich expluined the similarity
of the P r irneSlers. He learned of t he incessan t nnd aocient m ig rnt ion of the race.
He leurned how ,\Iu-bar, in revolt against
the order. had ahe red the state prescri bed
genetic st r uct ure for h is own da ughter Ml
that she Imd been born a throwb:lck, an
individulil . unordered, unpatterned, q uile
h uma n-nnd \'err fe male.
Now in his da rk cubicle shower, Bead
tried \0 bring it ;'uo focu$--the cold "i ndic·
th'e Ko- Pall, the rfll iona l but dy ing world,
his ow n lo nely years of fierce objectivity,
his own self·sufficient Earthkind. Eres
closed, he leaned aga inst the close meta ll ic
shower w ;.]1. [r)·iog to reclaim Mlrtle di rt>ction from (he swirling weariness, w hile the
whole unive rse coalesced, and all the outward flow o f sense And life from t he center
o f h is being re"e rscd a nd w horled inward
to compress within dIe boundar ies of consciousness. And he was awa re of the buf_
fe li ng flow-Ihe baffl ing reco il And wi ldly
r ichocheting out flowing force of self. For
ooe bright 1110melll, poised on the p recipice
of "ast incomprehensible k nowing, he knew
the basic fl nw of the man :lII il11al: that ration al ou t.flow ing. t hat cente ring ;n self of
all that is k nowledge, a ll t hat is bei ng in
time and space, all that is li fe-the misconception rhat humanity is in itself comp lete, the cen ter of the cosmos, und that
mn ll is in cont rol. T hen in a moment it
was gone and Br:ld was there again in t he
sho wer, JUSt a setlred lillie man in an a lien
land five hund red millio n miles from ho rne.
-To btl cOlltbllled ill thtl 1It1.\·t isslltl of
SI'ACIJ }(JllmalIT IS OF GR EAT IMPOR_
TA NCE that rhe gene ral public
be give n an o pportunity to ex·
periellcc--conseiousIy und illle]·
ligeflll)"-the efforts and resu its
of scientific resea rch. It is not
sufficient t il tH each result be
rake n "p, elaborated, and applied
br a few specialists in t he field .
Rest r ict ing the body of k nowl·
edge to a small g roup deadens
the ph ilosophical spi rit of a 1)(.'0pIc alld lead s to spiri t ual povert)'.
- AJ be rt Einstein.
41
space journal
�F[Co Win d M, ,,,o,y Co",p~I., _ on
old .,h •• 1I0"'[I<>liollol .y.I .... op.'·
01. wilh Doppl...
No miuile syttemt can be
illustrated because of Ihe
level of classificalion. fiCo
is doing extensive work in
ABMA's Redstone and Jupi·
ler programt, in Iho Navy',
Torlar and Terrier programs,
and in other projects.
42
space journal
FICo Vi '''''~nd • • Computillg Tim.r
- <onl.ol. up 10 RYe .... iol <0 ....0.
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FICo hh ..".1 T."'p . .... u•• [nd iu,_
t ... _ .ang. 200' C 10 lOOO' C wilh
fiCo Anolog·to·Dlgl, .. 1 Conyo,te.
_ for oi.bo... ... dng .y.t... I.. ,
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<..nhol.
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Ford Instrument provides the systems
•
Navigational Systems and Compulers
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Cru ise Controls
Sensing Systems fo r Traffic Control
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Drone Controls
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Computing Timers for Aerial Phologrophy
Computer and Control Components
Plouin9 Equipme nt
FORD INSTRUMENT CO.
DIVISION OF SPERRY RAND CORPORATION
31·'0 Thomson Av enue, Long It la nd Cily 1, New York
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f., i"'-,mat'" ... fI C. ', aero one! .Issile " ",,,5 I11III (ClpClbililies, write to fiCo', AIRBORNf EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT.
43
space iournal
�44
space journal
�I
snow nor
or gloom of night
•
,
"We ;.... now capable o( • .,ndmg" an object ouuide
the "arlh'. gnvltational held. Such a propulaion
.yatem could carry rook'" rn"'II"lIero loth" moon,
and we nre able t o cUunal" 'he COlt of a ro ck~ 1
m"il ltamp needed . The probluTIS i nh~r"nl in the
oyl t ern have a.l ready been lolved by progre •• in
.olid propellan t rocketry."
0,. . H. W. Ritchey
Projecu .ueh ", "Rocku Mad to the Moon" m .. y
be nec,,"ury looner , han we think. S1<,illed, te~h
nlcal1y t ... IMd ,nd.v.du",h are needed byThiokollO
"nabl .. '"ell t,,\u,e projecU . Adda .. "''1U1rie'' \0:
DIVI!oIO .... . HUNTSVi llE. ALAtAM" : : =
•
45
space journal
�guidi ng ha nd
f or tomo rrow's power
Skilled hands coupled with keen minds made tOOay's rocket
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Engineers, Scientists-Perhaps yo u, too, can work wilh America'sft,sr
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40
space iournal
i
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space journal
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48
space iournal
�,
On the lefl. aoon'. i~ the huS" cylinder of
sirtl a nd aluminum ~no..-n U Rt:DSToSt:
(built by Chry~tcr Corporation) the larg<'81
balli.,ic ",i•• ile in full indll~trial produc.
tion. I'crftx: led ill Illl all.iltlpo rlnll ' projec t
at I I 1Inl~\'ilk, Ala!>ltrna, by th e Army,
Red,lOne
i~
more
Ih~n Il ...·CII(IOn.
It
,3
a
mile"IOne of irnmru:;e proporuolU.
On the right-and goin!; inlO 11'OO:]IIcl;on
unde r anI'''' Arl11 y ~onlraC I "jIlt Chry~lcr
Corpora lion - is Jt'Pl'TE R - the first off·
Kpring of R{'II,lone.
DODGE
a n inlcrmooiale
ra"g<'l mi~ile clIpable of tranoling 1.'ioOO
mil.:-•. \\ illlOut Red< lol)l', Ju pi ter would
uever have come jll \O heing with the
1l!lonishing '''I,;<li'y tha i hn markco:i iu
STO",t h from e~ perinM'nla l iM.. 10 produc_
tion ~talll~. Milly of t he f'rinciplc! u!<!(]
in J upiICr- Vf()pllt~ion. suida uc<: alld oou·
Irol, mcasuring &ys t em~ ani l fligh t con trob
THE FORUI'ARD LOOK
PLYMOUTH
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- hale be e n pro l<e d in &ucce n fu l
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Ch rysler Corporalion i5 proud of il8 role
in helpi"~ to create two ~ neTlition~ or
Iluided n\l S!i lc~< Along wilh the men who
have made the Arm y Hllllisti c Mi,.ile
A,,'ellcy the mo.t succe5I!ful rn i~iJe head·
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This, /00, is
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Serials Collection
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Serials Collection
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
<i>Space Journal</i>, vol 1, no.2, Spring 1958.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Rocket City Astronomical Association
Space Enterprises, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Serials Collection
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1958
Language
A language of the resource
en
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Periodicals
Still Image
Text
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
spacejournal_1958_spring
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1950-1959
Subject
The topic of the resource
Life on other planets
Rocketry
Cold War
Goddard, Robert Hutchings, 1882-1945
Propulsion systems
Space flight
Space race--United States--History--20th century
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/78/1596/spc_horn_000001_000064.pdf
c2ae57303a43f8277ca1a11814cb08e7
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Helmut Horn Collection
Title
A name given to the resource
Helmut Horn Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Helmut Horn (June 24, 1912 to January 1, 1994) was a member of von Braun's Rocket Team.
Helmut Horn earned an MS in engineering from the Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, in 1939. Shortly afterward, he began working at Peenemünde, where he stayed until 1945. He was brought over to Fort Bliss in United States on November 16 of the same year.
Horn became a lecturer in Applied Mathematics at UAH in 1952. By 1965, he was employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center, and by 1969, he had become Assistant Director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. "Later he served as deputy director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory" (Lundquist).
Sources
Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/55">View the Helmut Horn Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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spc_horn_000001_000064
Title
A name given to the resource
"General Formulation of the Iterative Guidance Mode."
Alternative Title
An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.
NASA TM X-53414
Description
An account of the resource
From the abstract: "This report discusses the iterative guidance mode and its application to three-dimensional upper stage vacuum flight. It is an inertial or closed system mode in that the only inputs required after liftoff are available from the onboard navigation system. That is, the iterative scheme computes steering commands as a function of the state and of the vehicle - velocity, position, longitudinal acceleration, and gravitational acceleration - and the desired cutoff conditions. The guidance commands are updated each guidance cycle, using the updated state of the vehicle. The iterative guidance scheme is a path adaptive guidance scheme in that it will retain its optimization properties under all expected types and magnitudes of vehicle perturbations without any loss in accuracy at liftoff."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Smith, Isaac E.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1966-03-22
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Inertial guidance
Spacecraft guidance
Space flight
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Reports
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Helmut Horn Collection
Box 1, Folder 59
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_horn_2020_04
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/78/1597/spc_horn_000065_000085.pdf
74cc66d74f9fe6a766427f82b8735f37
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Helmut Horn Collection
Title
A name given to the resource
Helmut Horn Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Helmut Horn (June 24, 1912 to January 1, 1994) was a member of von Braun's Rocket Team.
Helmut Horn earned an MS in engineering from the Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, in 1939. Shortly afterward, he began working at Peenemünde, where he stayed until 1945. He was brought over to Fort Bliss in United States on November 16 of the same year.
Horn became a lecturer in Applied Mathematics at UAH in 1952. By 1965, he was employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center, and by 1969, he had become Assistant Director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. "Later he served as deputy director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory" (Lundquist).
Sources
Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/55">View the Helmut Horn Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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spc_horn_000065_000085
Title
A name given to the resource
Draft of "Concepts of the Iterative Guidance Law for Saturn Launch Vehicles."
Description
An account of the resource
The summary notes, "In 1960, research work was begun to develop new guidance concepts for the Saturn space vehicles. [...] This paper presents the basics of the Iterative Guidance Law developed for Saturn launch vehicles to meet these new requirements of space age guidance. The development of the Iterative Guidance Law and the results and ideas presented in this paper are due primarily to Mr. Helmut J. Horn and his associates in the Dynamics Analysis and Flight Mechanics Division of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory." Marked "Research Review, OK" in the upper right corner of the first page. The document includes corrections and additions to the text in red pencil.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Saturn launch vehicles
Saturn Project (U.S.)
Spacecraft guidance
Space flight
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Reports
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Helmut Horn Collection
Box 1, Folder 60
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_horn_2020_04
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/78/1598/spc_horn_000065_000085.pdf
74cc66d74f9fe6a766427f82b8735f37
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Helmut Horn Collection
Title
A name given to the resource
Helmut Horn Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Helmut Horn (June 24, 1912 to January 1, 1994) was a member of von Braun's Rocket Team.
Helmut Horn earned an MS in engineering from the Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, in 1939. Shortly afterward, he began working at Peenemünde, where he stayed until 1945. He was brought over to Fort Bliss in United States on November 16 of the same year.
Horn became a lecturer in Applied Mathematics at UAH in 1952. By 1965, he was employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center, and by 1969, he had become Assistant Director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. "Later he served as deputy director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory" (Lundquist).
Sources
Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/55">View the Helmut Horn Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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spc_horn_000086
Title
A name given to the resource
Summary of the Iterative Guidance Mode.
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Inertial guidance
Spacecraft guidance
Space flight
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Reports
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Helmut Horn Collection
Box 1, Folder 64
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
A related resource
spc_horn_2020_04
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/78/1599/spc_horn_000087.pdf
f1127dba270f437e1f27b5a6c711071f
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
Helmut Horn Collection
Title
A name given to the resource
Helmut Horn Collection
Description
An account of the resource
Helmut Horn (June 24, 1912 to January 1, 1994) was a member of von Braun's Rocket Team.
Helmut Horn earned an MS in engineering from the Institute of Technology, Darmstadt, in 1939. Shortly afterward, he began working at Peenemünde, where he stayed until 1945. He was brought over to Fort Bliss in United States on November 16 of the same year.
Horn became a lecturer in Applied Mathematics at UAH in 1952. By 1965, he was employed at the Marshall Space Flight Center, and by 1969, he had become Assistant Director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory. "Later he served as deputy director of the Aero-Astrodynamics Laboratory" (Lundquist).
Sources
Lundquist, Charles. "Transplanted Rocket Pioneers," 2015.
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/55">View the Helmut Horn Collection finding aid on ArchivesSpace</a>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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spc_horn_000087
Title
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"A Comparison of an MIT Explicit Guidance Principle with MSFC Iterative Guidance."
Alternative Title
An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific.
Aero-Astrodynamics Internal Note 23-64
Description
An account of the resource
From the summary: "Both [guidance] schemes steer toward a specified end point. The MIT scheme uses thrust to cancel out the effective gravity, a nonlinear term, which may be inefficient in certain cases. The MSFC scheme is more closely connected with calculus of variations and optimization theory in a reasonable degree of approximation."
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hart, Judson J.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1964-09-30
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Inertial guidance
Spacecraft guidance
Space flight
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Reports
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Helmut Horn Collection
Box 1, Folder 2
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
Relation
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spc_horn_2020_04
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/194/3120/spacebusinessdaily_19651101.pdf
ca2124e5d1df6eebe742cb6a60bc6371
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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<em>Space Business Daily</em>
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Space Business Daily</em>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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spacebusinessdaily_19651101
Title
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<i>Space Business Daily</i>, November 1, 1965.
Description
An account of the resource
This is Vol. 23, No. 1 of Space Business Daily, a Space Publications newsletter. Topics include ComSat's Apollo satelite, upcoming Gemini flights, the Voyager contract, the scheduling of the first flight test of the French SSBS, Lockheed Missile & Space's contract to study possible countermeasures against anti-missles, planned nuclear engine test activities, the launch of the Geodetic Explorer XXIX, the first underwater missiles delivered to the Navy, the developmet of "Dynaflare" for the Saturn program, and Department of Defense contracts.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Baker, Norman L., 1926-
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965-11-01
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Serial publications
Space flight
Space race
Washington (D.C.)
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Newsletters
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Serials
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Relation
A related resource
spc_businessdaily_2021_02
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
-
http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/194/3121/spacebusinessdaily_19651102.pdf
eab4a5893f107e325bc6080095aa24c8
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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<em>Space Business Daily</em>
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Space Business Daily</em>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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spacebusinessdaily_19651102
Title
A name given to the resource
<i>Space Business Daily</i>, November 2, 1965.
Description
An account of the resource
This is Vol. 23, No. 2 of Space Business Daily, a Space Publications newsletter. Topics include the acceleration of Soviet space testing activities, requests for advanced satellite tracking studies, the first flight model of the French satellite family, Gemini VI and VII, upcoming conferences, financial backlogs, earnings, and sales changes, contracts awarded, and several negotiations.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Baker, Norman L., 1926-
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965-11-02
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Serial publications
Space flight
Space race
Washington (D.C.)
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Newsletters
Text
Still Image
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Serials
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
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en
Relation
A related resource
spc_businessdaily_2021_02
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.
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http://libarchstor2.uah.edu/digitalcollections/files/original/194/3122/spacebusinessdaily_19651103.pdf
3c02cbafeed4675f69d5f3a3059723fa
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
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<em>Space Business Daily</em>
Title
A name given to the resource
<em>Space Business Daily</em>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Identifier
An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context
spacebusinessdaily_19651103
Title
A name given to the resource
<i>Space Business Daily</i>, November 3, 1965.
Description
An account of the resource
This is Vol. 23, No. 3 of Space Business Daily, a Space Publications newsletter. Topics include the Apollo-support satellite system, the first manned Apollo flight scheduled, Soviet space acttivities, financial information, upcoming conferences, the future of space satellite systems, contracts awarded, and negotiations.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Baker, Norman L., 1926-
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1965-11-03
Temporal Coverage
Temporal characteristics of the resource.
1960-1969
Subject
The topic of the resource
Project Apollo (U.S.)
Serial publications
Space flight
Space race
Washington (D.C.)
Type
The nature or genre of the resource
Newsletters
Text
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Serials
University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives, Special Collections, and Digital Initiatives, Huntsville, Alabama
Language
A language of the resource
en
Relation
A related resource
spc_businessdaily_2021_02
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
This material may be protected under U. S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S. Code) which governs the making of photocopies or reproductions of copyrighted materials. You may use the digitized material for private study, scholarship, or research. Though the University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections has physical ownership of the material in its collections, in some cases we may not own the copyright to the material. It is the patron's obligation to determine and satisfy copyright restrictions when publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in our collections.